diff --git a/FindBugsFilter.xml b/FindBugsFilter.xml index e394446..3fd87f9 100644 --- a/FindBugsFilter.xml +++ b/FindBugsFilter.xml @@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ - + diff --git a/build.xml b/build.xml index 272ed2a..228b861 100644 --- a/build.xml +++ b/build.xml @@ -2,23 +2,23 @@ - - Main build.xml for the source code for - Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel - Code available at http://www.MindView.net - See copyright notice in CopyRight.txt + + Main build.xml for the source code for + Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel + Code available at http://www.MindView.net + See copyright notice in CopyRight.txt - Ant available from: http://jakarta.apache.org/ant + Ant available from: http://jakarta.apache.org/ant - To see options, type: ant -p - + To see options, type: ant -p + - - - + + + - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + - - - + + + - - - - - + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/chapterOrder.xml b/chapterOrder.xml index 4f5a16e..5fb0731 100644 --- a/chapterOrder.xml +++ b/chapterOrder.xml @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ + basedir="." + default="run" + name="Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel (chapter: access)"> - - build.xml for the source code for the access chapter of - Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel - Source code available at http://www.MindView.net - See copyright notice in CopyRight.txt + + build.xml for the source code for the access chapter of + Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel + Source code available at http://www.MindView.net + See copyright notice in CopyRight.txt - Ant available from: http://jakarta.apache.org/ant + Ant available from: http://jakarta.apache.org/ant - To see options, type: ant -p + To see options, type: ant -p - This file was automatically generated by AntBuilder - + This file was automatically generated by AntBuilder + - - - + + + - - - - - - + + + + + + - - - - - - + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/src/access/cookie2/Cookie.java b/src/access/cookie2/Cookie.java index a53e651..cc4fe01 100644 --- a/src/access/cookie2/Cookie.java +++ b/src/access/cookie2/Cookie.java @@ -2,10 +2,11 @@ package access.cookie2; public class Cookie { - public Cookie() { - System.out.println("Cookie constructor"); - } - protected void bite() { - System.out.println("bite"); - } + public Cookie() { + System.out.println("Cookie constructor"); + } + + protected void bite() { + System.out.println("bite"); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/access/dessert/Cookie.java b/src/access/dessert/Cookie.java index 3c7624f..0f10ced 100644 --- a/src/access/dessert/Cookie.java +++ b/src/access/dessert/Cookie.java @@ -3,8 +3,11 @@ package access.dessert; public class Cookie { - public Cookie() { - System.out.println("Cookie constructor"); - } - void bite() { System.out.println("bite"); } + public Cookie() { + System.out.println("Cookie constructor"); + } + + void bite() { + System.out.println("bite"); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/access/mypackage/MyClass.java b/src/access/mypackage/MyClass.java index fdcfcf2..7a4f2f6 100644 --- a/src/access/mypackage/MyClass.java +++ b/src/access/mypackage/MyClass.java @@ -2,5 +2,5 @@ package access.mypackage; public class MyClass { - // ... + // ... } ///:~ diff --git a/src/annotations/AtUnitComposition.java b/src/annotations/AtUnitComposition.java index a80fd7c..ae050f8 100644 --- a/src/annotations/AtUnitComposition.java +++ b/src/annotations/AtUnitComposition.java @@ -1,22 +1,28 @@ //: annotations/AtUnitComposition.java // Creating non-embedded tests. package annotations; + import net.mindview.atunit.*; import net.mindview.util.*; public class AtUnitComposition { - AtUnitExample1 testObject = new AtUnitExample1(); - @Test boolean _methodOne() { - return - testObject.methodOne().equals("This is methodOne"); - } - @Test boolean _methodTwo() { - return testObject.methodTwo() == 2; - } - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - OSExecute.command( - "java net.mindview.atunit.AtUnit AtUnitComposition"); - } + AtUnitExample1 testObject = new AtUnitExample1(); + + @Test + boolean _methodOne() { + return + testObject.methodOne().equals("This is methodOne"); + } + + @Test + boolean _methodTwo() { + return testObject.methodTwo() == 2; + } + + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + OSExecute.command( + "java net.mindview.atunit.AtUnit AtUnitComposition"); + } } /* Output: annotations.AtUnitComposition . _methodOne diff --git a/src/annotations/AtUnitExample1.java b/src/annotations/AtUnitExample1.java index 890f2a4..c0a417a 100644 --- a/src/annotations/AtUnitExample1.java +++ b/src/annotations/AtUnitExample1.java @@ -1,28 +1,49 @@ //: annotations/AtUnitExample1.java package annotations; + import net.mindview.atunit.*; import net.mindview.util.*; public class AtUnitExample1 { - public String methodOne() { - return "This is methodOne"; - } - public int methodTwo() { - System.out.println("This is methodTwo"); - return 2; - } - @Test boolean methodOneTest() { - return methodOne().equals("This is methodOne"); - } - @Test boolean m2() { return methodTwo() == 2; } - @Test private boolean m3() { return true; } - // Shows output for failure: - @Test boolean failureTest() { return false; } - @Test boolean anotherDisappointment() { return false; } - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - OSExecute.command( - "java net.mindview.atunit.AtUnit AtUnitExample1"); - } + public String methodOne() { + return "This is methodOne"; + } + + public int methodTwo() { + System.out.println("This is methodTwo"); + return 2; + } + + @Test + boolean methodOneTest() { + return methodOne().equals("This is methodOne"); + } + + @Test + boolean m2() { + return methodTwo() == 2; + } + + @Test + private boolean m3() { + return true; + } + + // Shows output for failure: + @Test + boolean failureTest() { + return false; + } + + @Test + boolean anotherDisappointment() { + return false; + } + + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + OSExecute.command( + "java net.mindview.atunit.AtUnit AtUnitExample1"); + } } /* Output: annotations.AtUnitExample1 . methodOneTest diff --git a/src/annotations/AtUnitExample2.java b/src/annotations/AtUnitExample2.java index 88f9b39..26a15ff 100644 --- a/src/annotations/AtUnitExample2.java +++ b/src/annotations/AtUnitExample2.java @@ -1,36 +1,48 @@ //: annotations/AtUnitExample2.java // Assertions and exceptions can be used in @Tests. package annotations; + import java.io.*; + import net.mindview.atunit.*; import net.mindview.util.*; public class AtUnitExample2 { - public String methodOne() { - return "This is methodOne"; - } - public int methodTwo() { - System.out.println("This is methodTwo"); - return 2; - } - @Test void assertExample() { - assert methodOne().equals("This is methodOne"); - } - @Test void assertFailureExample() { - assert 1 == 2: "What a surprise!"; - } - @Test void exceptionExample() throws IOException { - new FileInputStream("nofile.txt"); // Throws - } - @Test boolean assertAndReturn() { - // Assertion with message: - assert methodTwo() == 2: "methodTwo must equal 2"; - return methodOne().equals("This is methodOne"); - } - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - OSExecute.command( - "java net.mindview.atunit.AtUnit AtUnitExample2"); - } + public String methodOne() { + return "This is methodOne"; + } + + public int methodTwo() { + System.out.println("This is methodTwo"); + return 2; + } + + @Test + void assertExample() { + assert methodOne().equals("This is methodOne"); + } + + @Test + void assertFailureExample() { + assert 1 == 2 : "What a surprise!"; + } + + @Test + void exceptionExample() throws IOException { + new FileInputStream("nofile.txt"); // Throws + } + + @Test + boolean assertAndReturn() { + // Assertion with message: + assert methodTwo() == 2 : "methodTwo must equal 2"; + return methodOne().equals("This is methodOne"); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + OSExecute.command( + "java net.mindview.atunit.AtUnit AtUnitExample2"); + } } /* Output: annotations.AtUnitExample2 . assertExample diff --git a/src/annotations/AtUnitExample3.java b/src/annotations/AtUnitExample3.java index 583c4a6..338036a 100644 --- a/src/annotations/AtUnitExample3.java +++ b/src/annotations/AtUnitExample3.java @@ -1,31 +1,53 @@ //: annotations/AtUnitExample3.java package annotations; + import net.mindview.atunit.*; import net.mindview.util.*; public class AtUnitExample3 { - private int n; - public AtUnitExample3(int n) { this.n = n; } - public int getN() { return n; } - public String methodOne() { - return "This is methodOne"; - } - public int methodTwo() { - System.out.println("This is methodTwo"); - return 2; - } - @TestObjectCreate static AtUnitExample3 create() { - return new AtUnitExample3(47); - } - @Test boolean initialization() { return n == 47; } - @Test boolean methodOneTest() { - return methodOne().equals("This is methodOne"); - } - @Test boolean m2() { return methodTwo() == 2; } - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - OSExecute.command( - "java net.mindview.atunit.AtUnit AtUnitExample3"); - } + private int n; + + public AtUnitExample3(int n) { + this.n = n; + } + + public int getN() { + return n; + } + + public String methodOne() { + return "This is methodOne"; + } + + public int methodTwo() { + System.out.println("This is methodTwo"); + return 2; + } + + @TestObjectCreate + static AtUnitExample3 create() { + return new AtUnitExample3(47); + } + + @Test + boolean initialization() { + return n == 47; + } + + @Test + boolean methodOneTest() { + return methodOne().equals("This is methodOne"); + } + + @Test + boolean m2() { + return methodTwo() == 2; + } + + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + OSExecute.command( + "java net.mindview.atunit.AtUnit AtUnitExample3"); + } } /* Output: annotations.AtUnitExample3 . initialization diff --git a/src/annotations/AtUnitExample4.java b/src/annotations/AtUnitExample4.java index 67f8c8f..cd59111 100644 --- a/src/annotations/AtUnitExample4.java +++ b/src/annotations/AtUnitExample4.java @@ -1,65 +1,86 @@ //: annotations/AtUnitExample4.java package annotations; + import java.util.*; + import net.mindview.atunit.*; import net.mindview.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class AtUnitExample4 { - static String theory = "All brontosauruses " + - "are thin at one end, much MUCH thicker in the " + - "middle, and then thin again at the far end."; - private String word; - private Random rand = new Random(); // Time-based seed - public AtUnitExample4(String word) { this.word = word; } - public String getWord() { return word; } - public String scrambleWord() { - List chars = new ArrayList(); - for(Character c : word.toCharArray()) { - chars.add(c); + static String theory = "All brontosauruses " + + "are thin at one end, much MUCH thicker in the " + + "middle, and then thin again at the far end."; + private String word; + private Random rand = new Random(); // Time-based seed + + public AtUnitExample4(String word) { + this.word = word; } - Collections.shuffle(chars, rand); - StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder(); - for(char ch : chars) { - result.append(ch); + + public String getWord() { + return word; } - return result.toString(); - } - @TestProperty static List input = - Arrays.asList(theory.split(" ")); - @TestProperty + + public String scrambleWord() { + List chars = new ArrayList(); + for (Character c : word.toCharArray()) { + chars.add(c); + } + Collections.shuffle(chars, rand); + StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder(); + for (char ch : chars) { + result.append(ch); + } + return result.toString(); + } + + @TestProperty + static List input = + Arrays.asList(theory.split(" ")); + @TestProperty static Iterator words = input.iterator(); - @TestObjectCreate static AtUnitExample4 create() { - if(words.hasNext()) { - return new AtUnitExample4(words.next()); - } else { - return null; + + @TestObjectCreate + static AtUnitExample4 create() { + if (words.hasNext()) { + return new AtUnitExample4(words.next()); + } else { + return null; + } + } + + @Test + boolean words() { + print("'" + getWord() + "'"); + return getWord().equals("are"); + } + + @Test + boolean scramble1() { + // Change to a specific seed to get verifiable results: + rand = new Random(47); + print("'" + getWord() + "'"); + String scrambled = scrambleWord(); + print(scrambled); + return scrambled.equals("lAl"); + } + + @Test + boolean scramble2() { + rand = new Random(74); + print("'" + getWord() + "'"); + String scrambled = scrambleWord(); + print(scrambled); + return scrambled.equals("tsaeborornussu"); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + System.out.println("starting"); + OSExecute.command( + "java net.mindview.atunit.AtUnit AtUnitExample4"); } - } - @Test boolean words() { - print("'" + getWord() + "'"); - return getWord().equals("are"); - } - @Test boolean scramble1() { - // Change to a specific seed to get verifiable results: - rand = new Random(47); - print("'" + getWord() + "'"); - String scrambled = scrambleWord(); - print(scrambled); - return scrambled.equals("lAl"); - } - @Test boolean scramble2() { - rand = new Random(74); - print("'" + getWord() + "'"); - String scrambled = scrambleWord(); - print(scrambled); - return scrambled.equals("tsaeborornussu"); - } - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - System.out.println("starting"); - OSExecute.command( - "java net.mindview.atunit.AtUnit AtUnitExample4"); - } } /* Output: starting annotations.AtUnitExample4 diff --git a/src/annotations/AtUnitExample5.java b/src/annotations/AtUnitExample5.java index 28c0bb8..fc46a09 100644 --- a/src/annotations/AtUnitExample5.java +++ b/src/annotations/AtUnitExample5.java @@ -1,45 +1,68 @@ //: annotations/AtUnitExample5.java package annotations; + import java.io.*; + import net.mindview.atunit.*; import net.mindview.util.*; public class AtUnitExample5 { - private String text; - public AtUnitExample5(String text) { this.text = text; } - public String toString() { return text; } - @TestProperty static PrintWriter output; - @TestProperty static int counter; - @TestObjectCreate static AtUnitExample5 create() { - String id = Integer.toString(counter++); - try { - output = new PrintWriter("Test" + id + ".txt"); - } catch(IOException e) { - throw new RuntimeException(e); + private String text; + + public AtUnitExample5(String text) { + this.text = text; + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return text; + } + + @TestProperty + static PrintWriter output; + @TestProperty + static int counter; + + @TestObjectCreate + static AtUnitExample5 create() { + String id = Integer.toString(counter++); + try { + output = new PrintWriter("Test" + id + ".txt"); + } catch (IOException e) { + throw new RuntimeException(e); + } + return new AtUnitExample5(id); + } + + @TestObjectCleanup + static void + cleanup(AtUnitExample5 tobj) { + System.out.println("Running cleanup"); + output.close(); + } + + @Test + boolean test1() { + output.print("test1"); + return true; + } + + @Test + boolean test2() { + output.print("test2"); + return true; + } + + @Test + boolean test3() { + output.print("test3"); + return true; + } + + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + OSExecute.command( + "java net.mindview.atunit.AtUnit AtUnitExample5"); } - return new AtUnitExample5(id); - } - @TestObjectCleanup static void - cleanup(AtUnitExample5 tobj) { - System.out.println("Running cleanup"); - output.close(); - } - @Test boolean test1() { - output.print("test1"); - return true; - } - @Test boolean test2() { - output.print("test2"); - return true; - } - @Test boolean test3() { - output.print("test3"); - return true; - } - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - OSExecute.command( - "java net.mindview.atunit.AtUnit AtUnitExample5"); - } } /* Output: annotations.AtUnitExample5 . test1 diff --git a/src/annotations/AtUnitExternalTest.java b/src/annotations/AtUnitExternalTest.java index 2b5b057..962c849 100644 --- a/src/annotations/AtUnitExternalTest.java +++ b/src/annotations/AtUnitExternalTest.java @@ -1,18 +1,25 @@ //: annotations/AtUnitExternalTest.java // Creating non-embedded tests. package annotations; + import net.mindview.atunit.*; import net.mindview.util.*; public class AtUnitExternalTest extends AtUnitExample1 { - @Test boolean _methodOne() { - return methodOne().equals("This is methodOne"); - } - @Test boolean _methodTwo() { return methodTwo() == 2; } - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - OSExecute.command( - "java net.mindview.atunit.AtUnit AtUnitExternalTest"); - } + @Test + boolean _methodOne() { + return methodOne().equals("This is methodOne"); + } + + @Test + boolean _methodTwo() { + return methodTwo() == 2; + } + + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + OSExecute.command( + "java net.mindview.atunit.AtUnit AtUnitExternalTest"); + } } /* Output: annotations.AtUnitExternalTest . _methodOne diff --git a/src/annotations/ExtractInterface.java b/src/annotations/ExtractInterface.java index 27e5b96..6af32a2 100644 --- a/src/annotations/ExtractInterface.java +++ b/src/annotations/ExtractInterface.java @@ -1,10 +1,11 @@ //: annotations/ExtractInterface.java // APT-based annotation processing. package annotations; + import java.lang.annotation.*; @Target(ElementType.TYPE) @Retention(RetentionPolicy.SOURCE) public @interface ExtractInterface { - public String value(); + public String value(); } ///:~ diff --git a/src/annotations/HashSetTest.java b/src/annotations/HashSetTest.java index 2aa0533..36a0366 100644 --- a/src/annotations/HashSetTest.java +++ b/src/annotations/HashSetTest.java @@ -1,27 +1,36 @@ //: annotations/HashSetTest.java package annotations; + import java.util.*; + import net.mindview.atunit.*; import net.mindview.util.*; public class HashSetTest { - HashSet testObject = new HashSet(); - @Test void initialization() { - assert testObject.isEmpty(); - } - @Test void _contains() { - testObject.add("one"); - assert testObject.contains("one"); - } - @Test void _remove() { - testObject.add("one"); - testObject.remove("one"); - assert testObject.isEmpty(); - } - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - OSExecute.command( - "java net.mindview.atunit.AtUnit HashSetTest"); - } + HashSet testObject = new HashSet(); + + @Test + void initialization() { + assert testObject.isEmpty(); + } + + @Test + void _contains() { + testObject.add("one"); + assert testObject.contains("one"); + } + + @Test + void _remove() { + testObject.add("one"); + testObject.remove("one"); + assert testObject.isEmpty(); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + OSExecute.command( + "java net.mindview.atunit.AtUnit HashSetTest"); + } } /* Output: annotations.HashSetTest . initialization diff --git a/src/annotations/InterfaceExtractorProcessor.java b/src/annotations/InterfaceExtractorProcessor.java index b204051..02abbcc 100644 --- a/src/annotations/InterfaceExtractorProcessor.java +++ b/src/annotations/InterfaceExtractorProcessor.java @@ -4,61 +4,67 @@ // annotations.InterfaceExtractorProcessorFactory // Multiplier.java -s ../annotations} package annotations; + import com.sun.mirror.apt.*; import com.sun.mirror.declaration.*; + import java.io.*; import java.util.*; public class InterfaceExtractorProcessor - implements AnnotationProcessor { - private final AnnotationProcessorEnvironment env; - private ArrayList interfaceMethods = - new ArrayList(); - public InterfaceExtractorProcessor( - AnnotationProcessorEnvironment env) { this.env = env; } - public void process() { - for(TypeDeclaration typeDecl : - env.getSpecifiedTypeDeclarations()) { - ExtractInterface annot = - typeDecl.getAnnotation(ExtractInterface.class); - if(annot == null) { - break; - } - for(MethodDeclaration m : typeDecl.getMethods()) { - if(m.getModifiers().contains(Modifier.PUBLIC) && - !(m.getModifiers().contains(Modifier.STATIC))) { - interfaceMethods.add(m); - } - } - if(interfaceMethods.size() > 0) { - try { - PrintWriter writer = - env.getFiler().createSourceFile(annot.value()); - writer.println("package " + - typeDecl.getPackage().getQualifiedName() +";"); - writer.println("public interface " + - annot.value() + " {"); - for(MethodDeclaration m : interfaceMethods) { - writer.print(" public "); - writer.print(m.getReturnType() + " "); - writer.print(m.getSimpleName() + " ("); - int i = 0; - for(ParameterDeclaration parm : - m.getParameters()) { - writer.print(parm.getType() + " " + - parm.getSimpleName()); - if(++i < m.getParameters().size()) { - writer.print(", "); - } - } - writer.println(");"); - } - writer.println("}"); - writer.close(); - } catch(IOException ioe) { - throw new RuntimeException(ioe); - } - } + implements AnnotationProcessor { + private final AnnotationProcessorEnvironment env; + private ArrayList interfaceMethods = + new ArrayList(); + + public InterfaceExtractorProcessor( + AnnotationProcessorEnvironment env) { + this.env = env; + } + + public void process() { + for (TypeDeclaration typeDecl : + env.getSpecifiedTypeDeclarations()) { + ExtractInterface annot = + typeDecl.getAnnotation(ExtractInterface.class); + if (annot == null) { + break; + } + for (MethodDeclaration m : typeDecl.getMethods()) { + if (m.getModifiers().contains(Modifier.PUBLIC) && + !(m.getModifiers().contains(Modifier.STATIC))) { + interfaceMethods.add(m); + } + } + if (interfaceMethods.size() > 0) { + try { + PrintWriter writer = + env.getFiler().createSourceFile(annot.value()); + writer.println("package " + + typeDecl.getPackage().getQualifiedName() + ";"); + writer.println("public interface " + + annot.value() + " {"); + for (MethodDeclaration m : interfaceMethods) { + writer.print(" public "); + writer.print(m.getReturnType() + " "); + writer.print(m.getSimpleName() + " ("); + int i = 0; + for (ParameterDeclaration parm : + m.getParameters()) { + writer.print(parm.getType() + " " + + parm.getSimpleName()); + if (++i < m.getParameters().size()) { + writer.print(", "); + } + } + writer.println(");"); + } + writer.println("}"); + writer.close(); + } catch (IOException ioe) { + throw new RuntimeException(ioe); + } + } + } } - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/annotations/InterfaceExtractorProcessorFactory.java b/src/annotations/InterfaceExtractorProcessorFactory.java index a502563..e7d3dd6 100644 --- a/src/annotations/InterfaceExtractorProcessorFactory.java +++ b/src/annotations/InterfaceExtractorProcessorFactory.java @@ -1,22 +1,26 @@ //: annotations/InterfaceExtractorProcessorFactory.java // APT-based annotation processing. package annotations; + import com.sun.mirror.apt.*; import com.sun.mirror.declaration.*; + import java.util.*; public class InterfaceExtractorProcessorFactory - implements AnnotationProcessorFactory { - public AnnotationProcessor getProcessorFor( - Set atds, - AnnotationProcessorEnvironment env) { - return new InterfaceExtractorProcessor(env); - } - public Collection supportedAnnotationTypes() { - return - Collections.singleton("annotations.ExtractInterface"); - } - public Collection supportedOptions() { - return Collections.emptySet(); - } + implements AnnotationProcessorFactory { + public AnnotationProcessor getProcessorFor( + Set atds, + AnnotationProcessorEnvironment env) { + return new InterfaceExtractorProcessor(env); + } + + public Collection supportedAnnotationTypes() { + return + Collections.singleton("annotations.ExtractInterface"); + } + + public Collection supportedOptions() { + return Collections.emptySet(); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/annotations/Multiplier.java b/src/annotations/Multiplier.java index 96aca8f..f848eb5 100644 --- a/src/annotations/Multiplier.java +++ b/src/annotations/Multiplier.java @@ -4,18 +4,22 @@ package annotations; @ExtractInterface("IMultiplier") public class Multiplier { - public int multiply(int x, int y) { - int total = 0; - for(int i = 0; i < x; i++) { - total = add(total, y); + public int multiply(int x, int y) { + int total = 0; + for (int i = 0; i < x; i++) { + total = add(total, y); + } + return total; + } + + private int add(int x, int y) { + return x + y; + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + Multiplier m = new Multiplier(); + System.out.println("11*16 = " + m.multiply(11, 16)); } - return total; - } - private int add(int x, int y) { return x + y; } - public static void main(String[] args) { - Multiplier m = new Multiplier(); - System.out.println("11*16 = " + m.multiply(11, 16)); - } } /* Output: 11*16 = 176 *///:~ diff --git a/src/annotations/PasswordUtils.java b/src/annotations/PasswordUtils.java index 34fca6a..ab4177e 100644 --- a/src/annotations/PasswordUtils.java +++ b/src/annotations/PasswordUtils.java @@ -1,20 +1,23 @@ package annotations;//: annotations/PasswordUtils.java + import java.util.*; public class PasswordUtils { - @UseCase(id = 47, description = - "Passwords must contain at least one numeric") - public boolean validatePassword(String password) { - return (password.matches("\\w*\\d\\w*")); - } - @UseCase(id = 48) - public String encryptPassword(String password) { - return new StringBuilder(password).reverse().toString(); - } - @UseCase(id = 49, description = - "New passwords can't equal previously used ones") - public boolean checkForNewPassword( - List prevPasswords, String password) { - return !prevPasswords.contains(password); - } + @UseCase(id = 47, description = + "Passwords must contain at least one numeric") + public boolean validatePassword(String password) { + return (password.matches("\\w*\\d\\w*")); + } + + @UseCase(id = 48) + public String encryptPassword(String password) { + return new StringBuilder(password).reverse().toString(); + } + + @UseCase(id = 49, description = + "New passwords can't equal previously used ones") + public boolean checkForNewPassword( + List prevPasswords, String password) { + return !prevPasswords.contains(password); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/annotations/SimulatingNull.java b/src/annotations/SimulatingNull.java index 7cc2e3f..2bad97e 100644 --- a/src/annotations/SimulatingNull.java +++ b/src/annotations/SimulatingNull.java @@ -1,9 +1,11 @@ package annotations;//: annotations/SimulatingNull.java + import java.lang.annotation.*; @Target(ElementType.METHOD) @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME) public @interface SimulatingNull { - public int id() default -1; - public String description() default ""; + public int id() default -1; + + public String description() default ""; } ///:~ diff --git a/src/annotations/StackL.java b/src/annotations/StackL.java index 80fd0c0..4d5b11a 100644 --- a/src/annotations/StackL.java +++ b/src/annotations/StackL.java @@ -1,11 +1,21 @@ //: annotations/StackL.java // A stack built on a linkedList. package annotations; + import java.util.*; public class StackL { - private LinkedList list = new LinkedList(); - public void push(T v) { list.addFirst(v); } - public T top() { return list.getFirst(); } - public T pop() { return list.removeFirst(); } + private LinkedList list = new LinkedList(); + + public void push(T v) { + list.addFirst(v); + } + + public T top() { + return list.getFirst(); + } + + public T pop() { + return list.removeFirst(); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/annotations/StackLStringTest.java b/src/annotations/StackLStringTest.java index 710e8c2..985cb12 100644 --- a/src/annotations/StackLStringTest.java +++ b/src/annotations/StackLStringTest.java @@ -1,32 +1,39 @@ //: annotations/StackLStringTest.java // Applying @Unit to generics. package annotations; + import net.mindview.atunit.*; import net.mindview.util.*; public class StackLStringTest extends StackL { - @Test void _push() { - push("one"); - assert top().equals("one"); - push("two"); - assert top().equals("two"); - } - @Test void _pop() { - push("one"); - push("two"); - assert pop().equals("two"); - assert pop().equals("one"); - } - @Test void _top() { - push("A"); - push("B"); - assert top().equals("B"); - assert top().equals("B"); - } - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - OSExecute.command( - "java net.mindview.atunit.AtUnit StackLStringTest"); - } + @Test + void _push() { + push("one"); + assert top().equals("one"); + push("two"); + assert top().equals("two"); + } + + @Test + void _pop() { + push("one"); + push("two"); + assert pop().equals("two"); + assert pop().equals("one"); + } + + @Test + void _top() { + push("A"); + push("B"); + assert top().equals("B"); + assert top().equals("B"); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + OSExecute.command( + "java net.mindview.atunit.AtUnit StackLStringTest"); + } } /* Output: annotations.StackLStringTest . _push diff --git a/src/annotations/Testable.java b/src/annotations/Testable.java index 8ec59c4..333b66d 100644 --- a/src/annotations/Testable.java +++ b/src/annotations/Testable.java @@ -1,10 +1,15 @@ //: annotations/Testable.java package annotations; + import net.mindview.atunit.*; public class Testable { - public void execute() { - System.out.println("Executing.."); - } - @Test void testExecute() { execute(); } + public void execute() { + System.out.println("Executing.."); + } + + @Test + void testExecute() { + execute(); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/annotations/UseCase.java b/src/annotations/UseCase.java index 6b35f32..7777e2e 100644 --- a/src/annotations/UseCase.java +++ b/src/annotations/UseCase.java @@ -1,9 +1,11 @@ package annotations;//: annotations/UseCase.java + import java.lang.annotation.*; @Target(ElementType.METHOD) @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME) public @interface UseCase { - public int id(); - public String description() default "no description"; + public int id(); + + public String description() default "no description"; } ///:~ diff --git a/src/annotations/UseCaseTracker.java b/src/annotations/UseCaseTracker.java index 08f5db9..96daff0 100644 --- a/src/annotations/UseCaseTracker.java +++ b/src/annotations/UseCaseTracker.java @@ -1,27 +1,29 @@ package annotations;//: annotations/UseCaseTracker.java + import java.lang.reflect.*; import java.util.*; public class UseCaseTracker { - public static void - trackUseCases(List useCases, Class cl) { - for(Method m : cl.getDeclaredMethods()) { - UseCase uc = m.getAnnotation(UseCase.class); - if(uc != null) { - System.out.println("Found Use Case:" + uc.id() + - " " + uc.description()); - useCases.remove(new Integer(uc.id())); - } + public static void + trackUseCases(List useCases, Class cl) { + for (Method m : cl.getDeclaredMethods()) { + UseCase uc = m.getAnnotation(UseCase.class); + if (uc != null) { + System.out.println("Found Use Case:" + uc.id() + + " " + uc.description()); + useCases.remove(new Integer(uc.id())); + } + } + for (int i : useCases) { + System.out.println("Warning: Missing use case-" + i); + } } - for(int i : useCases) { - System.out.println("Warning: Missing use case-" + i); + + public static void main(String[] args) { + List useCases = new ArrayList(); + Collections.addAll(useCases, 47, 48, 49, 50); + trackUseCases(useCases, PasswordUtils.class); } - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - List useCases = new ArrayList(); - Collections.addAll(useCases, 47, 48, 49, 50); - trackUseCases(useCases, PasswordUtils.class); - } } /* Output: Found Use Case:47 Passwords must contain at least one numeric Found Use Case:48 no description diff --git a/src/annotations/build.xml b/src/annotations/build.xml index 5d099fb..5cf732c 100644 --- a/src/annotations/build.xml +++ b/src/annotations/build.xml @@ -1,224 +1,224 @@ + basedir="." + default="run" + name="Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel (chapter: annotations)"> - - build.xml for the source code for the annotations chapter of - Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel - Source code available at http://www.MindView.net - See copyright notice in CopyRight.txt + + build.xml for the source code for the annotations chapter of + Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel + Source code available at http://www.MindView.net + See copyright notice in CopyRight.txt - Ant available from: http://jakarta.apache.org/ant + Ant available from: http://jakarta.apache.org/ant - To see options, type: ant -p + To see options, type: ant -p - This file was automatically generated by AntBuilder - + This file was automatically generated by AntBuilder + - - - + + + - - - - - - + + + + + + - - - - - - + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - - - + + + + + - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/src/annotations/database/Constraints.java b/src/annotations/database/Constraints.java index 4abaf1f..7f7d41d 100644 --- a/src/annotations/database/Constraints.java +++ b/src/annotations/database/Constraints.java @@ -1,11 +1,14 @@ //: annotations/database/Constraints.java package annotations.database; + import java.lang.annotation.*; @Target(ElementType.FIELD) @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME) public @interface Constraints { - boolean primaryKey() default false; - boolean allowNull() default true; - boolean unique() default false; + boolean primaryKey() default false; + + boolean allowNull() default true; + + boolean unique() default false; } ///:~ diff --git a/src/annotations/database/DBTable.java b/src/annotations/database/DBTable.java index 7021636..92787ba 100644 --- a/src/annotations/database/DBTable.java +++ b/src/annotations/database/DBTable.java @@ -1,9 +1,10 @@ //: annotations/database/DBTable.java package annotations.database; + import java.lang.annotation.*; @Target(ElementType.TYPE) // Applies to classes only @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME) public @interface DBTable { - public String name() default ""; + public String name() default ""; } ///:~ diff --git a/src/annotations/database/Member.java b/src/annotations/database/Member.java index 4e832de..d545cc4 100644 --- a/src/annotations/database/Member.java +++ b/src/annotations/database/Member.java @@ -3,16 +3,35 @@ package annotations.database; @DBTable(name = "MEMBER") public class Member { - @SQLString(30) String firstName; - @SQLString(50) String lastName; - @SQLInteger Integer age; - @SQLString(value = 30, - constraints = @Constraints(primaryKey = true)) - String handle; - static int memberCount; - public String getHandle() { return handle; } - public String getFirstName() { return firstName; } - public String getLastName() { return lastName; } - public String toString() { return handle; } - public Integer getAge() { return age; } + @SQLString(30) + String firstName; + @SQLString(50) + String lastName; + @SQLInteger + Integer age; + @SQLString(value = 30, + constraints = @Constraints(primaryKey = true)) + String handle; + static int memberCount; + + public String getHandle() { + return handle; + } + + public String getFirstName() { + return firstName; + } + + public String getLastName() { + return lastName; + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return handle; + } + + public Integer getAge() { + return age; + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/annotations/database/SQLInteger.java b/src/annotations/database/SQLInteger.java index c772ea1..51b0ccc 100644 --- a/src/annotations/database/SQLInteger.java +++ b/src/annotations/database/SQLInteger.java @@ -1,10 +1,12 @@ //: annotations/database/SQLInteger.java package annotations.database; + import java.lang.annotation.*; @Target(ElementType.FIELD) @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME) public @interface SQLInteger { - String name() default ""; - Constraints constraints() default @Constraints; + String name() default ""; + + Constraints constraints() default @Constraints; } ///:~ diff --git a/src/annotations/database/SQLString.java b/src/annotations/database/SQLString.java index 0e458b8..4eb1014 100644 --- a/src/annotations/database/SQLString.java +++ b/src/annotations/database/SQLString.java @@ -1,11 +1,14 @@ //: annotations/database/SQLString.java package annotations.database; + import java.lang.annotation.*; @Target(ElementType.FIELD) @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME) public @interface SQLString { - int value() default 0; - String name() default ""; - Constraints constraints() default @Constraints; + int value() default 0; + + String name() default ""; + + Constraints constraints() default @Constraints; } ///:~ diff --git a/src/annotations/database/TableCreationProcessorFactory.java b/src/annotations/database/TableCreationProcessorFactory.java index cd38ba0..ca14c03 100644 --- a/src/annotations/database/TableCreationProcessorFactory.java +++ b/src/annotations/database/TableCreationProcessorFactory.java @@ -4,102 +4,113 @@ // annotations.database.TableCreationProcessorFactory // database/Member.java -s database} package annotations.database; + import com.sun.mirror.apt.*; import com.sun.mirror.declaration.*; import com.sun.mirror.util.*; + import java.util.*; + import static com.sun.mirror.util.DeclarationVisitors.*; public class TableCreationProcessorFactory - implements AnnotationProcessorFactory { - public AnnotationProcessor getProcessorFor( - Set atds, - AnnotationProcessorEnvironment env) { - return new TableCreationProcessor(env); - } - public Collection supportedAnnotationTypes() { - return Arrays.asList( - "annotations.database.DBTable", - "annotations.database.Constraints", - "annotations.database.SQLString", - "annotations.database.SQLInteger"); - } - public Collection supportedOptions() { - return Collections.emptySet(); - } - private static class TableCreationProcessor - implements AnnotationProcessor { - private final AnnotationProcessorEnvironment env; - private String sql = ""; - public TableCreationProcessor( - AnnotationProcessorEnvironment env) { - this.env = env; + implements AnnotationProcessorFactory { + public AnnotationProcessor getProcessorFor( + Set atds, + AnnotationProcessorEnvironment env) { + return new TableCreationProcessor(env); } - public void process() { - for(TypeDeclaration typeDecl : - env.getSpecifiedTypeDeclarations()) { - typeDecl.accept(getDeclarationScanner( - new TableCreationVisitor(), NO_OP)); - sql = sql.substring(0, sql.length() - 1) + ");"; - System.out.println("creation SQL is :\n" + sql); - sql = ""; - } + + public Collection supportedAnnotationTypes() { + return Arrays.asList( + "annotations.database.DBTable", + "annotations.database.Constraints", + "annotations.database.SQLString", + "annotations.database.SQLInteger"); } - private class TableCreationVisitor - extends SimpleDeclarationVisitor { - public void visitClassDeclaration( - ClassDeclaration d) { - DBTable dbTable = d.getAnnotation(DBTable.class); - if(dbTable != null) { - sql += "CREATE TABLE "; - sql += (dbTable.name().length() < 1) - ? d.getSimpleName().toUpperCase() - : dbTable.name(); - sql += " ("; - } - } - public void visitFieldDeclaration( - FieldDeclaration d) { - String columnName = ""; - if(d.getAnnotation(SQLInteger.class) != null) { - SQLInteger sInt = d.getAnnotation( - SQLInteger.class); - // Use field name if name not specified - if(sInt.name().length() < 1) { - columnName = d.getSimpleName().toUpperCase(); - } else { - columnName = sInt.name(); - } - sql += "\n " + columnName + " INT" + - getConstraints(sInt.constraints()) + ","; - } - if(d.getAnnotation(SQLString.class) != null) { - SQLString sString = d.getAnnotation( - SQLString.class); - // Use field name if name not specified. - if(sString.name().length() < 1) { - columnName = d.getSimpleName().toUpperCase(); - } else { - columnName = sString.name(); - } - sql += "\n " + columnName + " VARCHAR(" + - sString.value() + ")" + - getConstraints(sString.constraints()) + ","; - } - } - private String getConstraints(Constraints con) { - String constraints = ""; - if(!con.allowNull()) { - constraints += " NOT NULL"; - } - if(con.primaryKey()) { - constraints += " PRIMARY KEY"; - } - if(con.unique()) { - constraints += " UNIQUE"; - } - return constraints; - } + + public Collection supportedOptions() { + return Collections.emptySet(); + } + + private static class TableCreationProcessor + implements AnnotationProcessor { + private final AnnotationProcessorEnvironment env; + private String sql = ""; + + public TableCreationProcessor( + AnnotationProcessorEnvironment env) { + this.env = env; + } + + public void process() { + for (TypeDeclaration typeDecl : + env.getSpecifiedTypeDeclarations()) { + typeDecl.accept(getDeclarationScanner( + new TableCreationVisitor(), NO_OP)); + sql = sql.substring(0, sql.length() - 1) + ");"; + System.out.println("creation SQL is :\n" + sql); + sql = ""; + } + } + + private class TableCreationVisitor + extends SimpleDeclarationVisitor { + public void visitClassDeclaration( + ClassDeclaration d) { + DBTable dbTable = d.getAnnotation(DBTable.class); + if (dbTable != null) { + sql += "CREATE TABLE "; + sql += (dbTable.name().length() < 1) + ? d.getSimpleName().toUpperCase() + : dbTable.name(); + sql += " ("; + } + } + + public void visitFieldDeclaration( + FieldDeclaration d) { + String columnName = ""; + if (d.getAnnotation(SQLInteger.class) != null) { + SQLInteger sInt = d.getAnnotation( + SQLInteger.class); + // Use field name if name not specified + if (sInt.name().length() < 1) { + columnName = d.getSimpleName().toUpperCase(); + } else { + columnName = sInt.name(); + } + sql += "\n " + columnName + " INT" + + getConstraints(sInt.constraints()) + ","; + } + if (d.getAnnotation(SQLString.class) != null) { + SQLString sString = d.getAnnotation( + SQLString.class); + // Use field name if name not specified. + if (sString.name().length() < 1) { + columnName = d.getSimpleName().toUpperCase(); + } else { + columnName = sString.name(); + } + sql += "\n " + columnName + " VARCHAR(" + + sString.value() + ")" + + getConstraints(sString.constraints()) + ","; + } + } + + private String getConstraints(Constraints con) { + String constraints = ""; + if (!con.allowNull()) { + constraints += " NOT NULL"; + } + if (con.primaryKey()) { + constraints += " PRIMARY KEY"; + } + if (con.unique()) { + constraints += " UNIQUE"; + } + return constraints; + } + } } - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/annotations/database/TableCreator.java b/src/annotations/database/TableCreator.java index 0eb2c25..6f2060f 100644 --- a/src/annotations/database/TableCreator.java +++ b/src/annotations/database/TableCreator.java @@ -2,85 +2,87 @@ // Reflection-based annotation processor. // {Args: annotations.database.Member} package annotations.database; + import java.lang.annotation.*; import java.lang.reflect.*; import java.util.*; public class TableCreator { - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - if(args.length < 1) { - System.out.println("arguments: annotated classes"); - System.exit(0); - } - for(String className : args) { - Class cl = Class.forName(className); - DBTable dbTable = cl.getAnnotation(DBTable.class); - if(dbTable == null) { - System.out.println( - "No DBTable annotations in class " + className); - continue; - } - String tableName = dbTable.name(); - // If the name is empty, use the Class name: - if(tableName.length() < 1) { - tableName = cl.getName().toUpperCase(); - } - List columnDefs = new ArrayList(); - for(Field field : cl.getDeclaredFields()) { - String columnName = null; - Annotation[] anns = field.getDeclaredAnnotations(); - if(anns.length < 1) { - continue; // Not a db table column + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + if (args.length < 1) { + System.out.println("arguments: annotated classes"); + System.exit(0); } - if(anns[0] instanceof SQLInteger) { - SQLInteger sInt = (SQLInteger) anns[0]; - // Use field name if name not specified - if(sInt.name().length() < 1) { - columnName = field.getName().toUpperCase(); - } else { - columnName = sInt.name(); - } - columnDefs.add(columnName + " INT" + - getConstraints(sInt.constraints())); + for (String className : args) { + Class cl = Class.forName(className); + DBTable dbTable = cl.getAnnotation(DBTable.class); + if (dbTable == null) { + System.out.println( + "No DBTable annotations in class " + className); + continue; + } + String tableName = dbTable.name(); + // If the name is empty, use the Class name: + if (tableName.length() < 1) { + tableName = cl.getName().toUpperCase(); + } + List columnDefs = new ArrayList(); + for (Field field : cl.getDeclaredFields()) { + String columnName = null; + Annotation[] anns = field.getDeclaredAnnotations(); + if (anns.length < 1) { + continue; // Not a db table column + } + if (anns[0] instanceof SQLInteger) { + SQLInteger sInt = (SQLInteger) anns[0]; + // Use field name if name not specified + if (sInt.name().length() < 1) { + columnName = field.getName().toUpperCase(); + } else { + columnName = sInt.name(); + } + columnDefs.add(columnName + " INT" + + getConstraints(sInt.constraints())); + } + if (anns[0] instanceof SQLString) { + SQLString sString = (SQLString) anns[0]; + // Use field name if name not specified. + if (sString.name().length() < 1) { + columnName = field.getName().toUpperCase(); + } else { + columnName = sString.name(); + } + columnDefs.add(columnName + " VARCHAR(" + + sString.value() + ")" + + getConstraints(sString.constraints())); + } + StringBuilder createCommand = new StringBuilder( + "CREATE TABLE " + tableName + "("); + for (String columnDef : columnDefs) { + createCommand.append("\n " + columnDef + ","); + } + // Remove trailing comma + String tableCreate = createCommand.substring( + 0, createCommand.length() - 1) + ");"; + System.out.println("Table Creation SQL for " + + className + " is :\n" + tableCreate); + } } - if(anns[0] instanceof SQLString) { - SQLString sString = (SQLString) anns[0]; - // Use field name if name not specified. - if(sString.name().length() < 1) { - columnName = field.getName().toUpperCase(); - } else { - columnName = sString.name(); - } - columnDefs.add(columnName + " VARCHAR(" + - sString.value() + ")" + - getConstraints(sString.constraints())); + } + + private static String getConstraints(Constraints con) { + String constraints = ""; + if (!con.allowNull()) { + constraints += " NOT NULL"; } - StringBuilder createCommand = new StringBuilder( - "CREATE TABLE " + tableName + "("); - for(String columnDef : columnDefs) { - createCommand.append("\n " + columnDef + ","); + if (con.primaryKey()) { + constraints += " PRIMARY KEY"; } - // Remove trailing comma - String tableCreate = createCommand.substring( - 0, createCommand.length() - 1) + ");"; - System.out.println("Table Creation SQL for " + - className + " is :\n" + tableCreate); - } + if (con.unique()) { + constraints += " UNIQUE"; + } + return constraints; } - } - private static String getConstraints(Constraints con) { - String constraints = ""; - if(!con.allowNull()) { - constraints += " NOT NULL"; - } - if(con.primaryKey()) { - constraints += " PRIMARY KEY"; - } - if(con.unique()) { - constraints += " UNIQUE"; - } - return constraints; - } } /* Output: Table Creation SQL for annotations.database.Member is : CREATE TABLE MEMBER( diff --git a/src/annotations/database/Uniqueness.java b/src/annotations/database/Uniqueness.java index e17a597..2b320e6 100644 --- a/src/annotations/database/Uniqueness.java +++ b/src/annotations/database/Uniqueness.java @@ -3,6 +3,6 @@ package annotations.database; public @interface Uniqueness { - Constraints constraints() - default @Constraints(unique=true); + Constraints constraints() + default @Constraints(unique = true); } ///:~ diff --git a/src/arrays/AlphabeticSearch.java b/src/arrays/AlphabeticSearch.java index daecae0..053db07 100644 --- a/src/arrays/AlphabeticSearch.java +++ b/src/arrays/AlphabeticSearch.java @@ -1,18 +1,20 @@ package arrays;//: arrays/AlphabeticSearch.java // Searching with a Comparator. + import java.util.*; + import net.mindview.util.*; public class AlphabeticSearch { - public static void main(String[] args) { - String[] sa = Generated.array(new String[30], - new RandomGenerator.String(5)); - Arrays.sort(sa, String.CASE_INSENSITIVE_ORDER); - System.out.println(Arrays.toString(sa)); - int index = Arrays.binarySearch(sa, sa[10], - String.CASE_INSENSITIVE_ORDER); - System.out.println("Index: "+ index + "\n"+ sa[index]); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + String[] sa = Generated.array(new String[30], + new RandomGenerator.String(5)); + Arrays.sort(sa, String.CASE_INSENSITIVE_ORDER); + System.out.println(Arrays.toString(sa)); + int index = Arrays.binarySearch(sa, sa[10], + String.CASE_INSENSITIVE_ORDER); + System.out.println("Index: " + index + "\n" + sa[index]); + } } /* Output: [bkIna, cQrGs, cXZJo, dLsmw, eGZMm, EqUCB, gwsqP, hKcxr, HLGEa, HqXum, HxxHv, JMRoE, JmzMs, Mesbt, MNvqe, nyGcF, ogoYW, OneOE, OWZnT, RFJQA, rUkZP, sgqia, slJrL, suEcU, uTpnX, vpfFv, WHkjU, xxEAJ, YNzbr, zDyCy] Index: 10 diff --git a/src/arrays/ArrayOfGenericType.java b/src/arrays/ArrayOfGenericType.java index 74d2087..9285b1f 100644 --- a/src/arrays/ArrayOfGenericType.java +++ b/src/arrays/ArrayOfGenericType.java @@ -2,12 +2,13 @@ package arrays;//: arrays/ArrayOfGenericType.java // Arrays of generic types won't compile. public class ArrayOfGenericType { - T[] array; // OK - @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") - public ArrayOfGenericType(int size) { - //! array = new T[size]; // Illegal - array = (T[])new Object[size]; // "unchecked" Warning - } - // Illegal: - //! public U[] makeArray() { return new U[10]; } + T[] array; // OK + + @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") + public ArrayOfGenericType(int size) { + //! array = new T[size]; // Illegal + array = (T[]) new Object[size]; // "unchecked" Warning + } + // Illegal: + //! public U[] makeArray() { return new U[10]; } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/arrays/ArrayOfGenerics.java b/src/arrays/ArrayOfGenerics.java index 4e6a8bb..0741650 100644 --- a/src/arrays/ArrayOfGenerics.java +++ b/src/arrays/ArrayOfGenerics.java @@ -1,29 +1,30 @@ package arrays;//: arrays/ArrayOfGenerics.java // It is possible to create arrays of generics. + import java.util.*; public class ArrayOfGenerics { - @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") - public static void main(String[] args) { - List[] ls; - List[] la = new List[10]; - ls = (List[])la; // "Unchecked" warning - ls[0] = new ArrayList(); - // Compile-time checking produces an error: - //! ls[1] = new ArrayList(); + @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") + public static void main(String[] args) { + List[] ls; + List[] la = new List[10]; + ls = (List[]) la; // "Unchecked" warning + ls[0] = new ArrayList(); + // Compile-time checking produces an error: + //! ls[1] = new ArrayList(); - // The problem: List is a subtype of Object - Object[] objects = ls; // So assignment is OK - // Compiles and runs without complaint: - objects[1] = new ArrayList(); + // The problem: List is a subtype of Object + Object[] objects = ls; // So assignment is OK + // Compiles and runs without complaint: + objects[1] = new ArrayList(); - // However, if your needs are straightforward it is - // possible to create an array of generics, albeit - // with an "unchecked" warning: - List[] spheres = - (List[])new List[10]; - for(int i = 0; i < spheres.length; i++) { - spheres[i] = new ArrayList(); + // However, if your needs are straightforward it is + // possible to create an array of generics, albeit + // with an "unchecked" warning: + List[] spheres = + (List[]) new List[10]; + for (int i = 0; i < spheres.length; i++) { + spheres[i] = new ArrayList(); + } } - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/arrays/ArrayOptions.java b/src/arrays/ArrayOptions.java index 42145b1..7c9a7cb 100644 --- a/src/arrays/ArrayOptions.java +++ b/src/arrays/ArrayOptions.java @@ -1,60 +1,62 @@ package arrays;//: arrays/ArrayOptions.java // Initialization & re-assignment of arrays. + import java.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class ArrayOptions { - public static void main(String[] args) { - // Arrays of objects: - BerylliumSphere[] a; // Local uninitialized variable - BerylliumSphere[] b = new BerylliumSphere[5]; - // The references inside the array are - // automatically initialized to null: - print("b: " + Arrays.toString(b)); - BerylliumSphere[] c = new BerylliumSphere[4]; - for(int i = 0; i < c.length; i++) { - if(c[i] == null) // Can test for null reference - { - c[i] = new BerylliumSphere(); + public static void main(String[] args) { + // Arrays of objects: + BerylliumSphere[] a; // Local uninitialized variable + BerylliumSphere[] b = new BerylliumSphere[5]; + // The references inside the array are + // automatically initialized to null: + print("b: " + Arrays.toString(b)); + BerylliumSphere[] c = new BerylliumSphere[4]; + for (int i = 0; i < c.length; i++) { + if (c[i] == null) // Can test for null reference + { + c[i] = new BerylliumSphere(); + } } - } - // Aggregate initialization: - BerylliumSphere[] d = { new BerylliumSphere(), - new BerylliumSphere(), new BerylliumSphere() - }; - // Dynamic aggregate initialization: - a = new BerylliumSphere[]{ - new BerylliumSphere(), new BerylliumSphere(), - }; - // (Trailing comma is optional in both cases) - print("a.length = " + a.length); - print("b.length = " + b.length); - print("c.length = " + c.length); - print("d.length = " + d.length); - a = d; - print("a.length = " + a.length); + // Aggregate initialization: + BerylliumSphere[] d = {new BerylliumSphere(), + new BerylliumSphere(), new BerylliumSphere() + }; + // Dynamic aggregate initialization: + a = new BerylliumSphere[]{ + new BerylliumSphere(), new BerylliumSphere(), + }; + // (Trailing comma is optional in both cases) + print("a.length = " + a.length); + print("b.length = " + b.length); + print("c.length = " + c.length); + print("d.length = " + d.length); + a = d; + print("a.length = " + a.length); - // Arrays of primitives: - int[] e; // Null reference - int[] f = new int[5]; - // The primitives inside the array are - // automatically initialized to zero: - print("f: " + Arrays.toString(f)); - int[] g = new int[4]; - for(int i = 0; i < g.length; i++) { - g[i] = i*i; + // Arrays of primitives: + int[] e; // Null reference + int[] f = new int[5]; + // The primitives inside the array are + // automatically initialized to zero: + print("f: " + Arrays.toString(f)); + int[] g = new int[4]; + for (int i = 0; i < g.length; i++) { + g[i] = i * i; + } + int[] h = {11, 47, 93}; + // Compile error: variable e not initialized: + //!print("e.length = " + e.length); + print("f.length = " + f.length); + print("g.length = " + g.length); + print("h.length = " + h.length); + e = h; + print("e.length = " + e.length); + e = new int[]{1, 2}; + print("e.length = " + e.length); } - int[] h = { 11, 47, 93 }; - // Compile error: variable e not initialized: - //!print("e.length = " + e.length); - print("f.length = " + f.length); - print("g.length = " + g.length); - print("h.length = " + h.length); - e = h; - print("e.length = " + e.length); - e = new int[]{ 1, 2 }; - print("e.length = " + e.length); - } } /* Output: b: [null, null, null, null, null] a.length = 2 diff --git a/src/arrays/ArraySearching.java b/src/arrays/ArraySearching.java index 1d415f0..a63ee16 100644 --- a/src/arrays/ArraySearching.java +++ b/src/arrays/ArraySearching.java @@ -1,27 +1,30 @@ package arrays;//: arrays/ArraySearching.java // Using Arrays.binarySearch(). + import java.util.*; + import net.mindview.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class ArraySearching { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Generator gen = - new RandomGenerator.Integer(1000); - int[] a = ConvertTo.primitive( - Generated.array(new Integer[25], gen)); - Arrays.sort(a); - print("Sorted array: " + Arrays.toString(a)); - while(true) { - int r = gen.next(); - int location = Arrays.binarySearch(a, r); - if(location >= 0) { - print("Location of " + r + " is " + location + - ", a[" + location + "] = " + a[location]); - break; // Out of while loop - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + Generator gen = + new RandomGenerator.Integer(1000); + int[] a = ConvertTo.primitive( + Generated.array(new Integer[25], gen)); + Arrays.sort(a); + print("Sorted array: " + Arrays.toString(a)); + while (true) { + int r = gen.next(); + int location = Arrays.binarySearch(a, r); + if (location >= 0) { + print("Location of " + r + " is " + location + + ", a[" + location + "] = " + a[location]); + break; // Out of while loop + } + } } - } } /* Output: Sorted array: [128, 140, 200, 207, 258, 258, 278, 288, 322, 429, 511, 520, 522, 551, 555, 589, 693, 704, 809, 861, 861, 868, 916, 961, 998] Location of 322 is 8, a[8] = 322 diff --git a/src/arrays/AssemblingMultidimensionalArrays.java b/src/arrays/AssemblingMultidimensionalArrays.java index 8518b14..1983ec9 100644 --- a/src/arrays/AssemblingMultidimensionalArrays.java +++ b/src/arrays/AssemblingMultidimensionalArrays.java @@ -1,19 +1,20 @@ package arrays;//: arrays/AssemblingMultidimensionalArrays.java // Creating multidimensional arrays. + import java.util.*; public class AssemblingMultidimensionalArrays { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Integer[][] a; - a = new Integer[3][]; - for(int i = 0; i < a.length; i++) { - a[i] = new Integer[3]; - for(int j = 0; j < a[i].length; j++) { - a[i][j] = i * j; // Autoboxing - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + Integer[][] a; + a = new Integer[3][]; + for (int i = 0; i < a.length; i++) { + a[i] = new Integer[3]; + for (int j = 0; j < a[i].length; j++) { + a[i][j] = i * j; // Autoboxing + } + } + System.out.println(Arrays.deepToString(a)); } - System.out.println(Arrays.deepToString(a)); - } } /* Output: [[0, 0, 0], [0, 1, 2], [0, 2, 4]] *///:~ diff --git a/src/arrays/AutoboxingArrays.java b/src/arrays/AutoboxingArrays.java index 9c885b7..b41b674 100644 --- a/src/arrays/AutoboxingArrays.java +++ b/src/arrays/AutoboxingArrays.java @@ -1,16 +1,17 @@ package arrays;//: arrays/AutoboxingArrays.java + import java.util.*; public class AutoboxingArrays { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Integer[][] a = { // Autoboxing: - { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 }, - { 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30 }, - { 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60 }, - { 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80 }, - }; - System.out.println(Arrays.deepToString(a)); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + Integer[][] a = { // Autoboxing: + {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}, + {21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30}, + {51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60}, + {71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80}, + }; + System.out.println(Arrays.deepToString(a)); + } } /* Output: [[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10], [21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30], [51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60], [71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80]] *///:~ diff --git a/src/arrays/CompType.java b/src/arrays/CompType.java index 6c11cbe..5a59f70 100644 --- a/src/arrays/CompType.java +++ b/src/arrays/CompType.java @@ -1,44 +1,56 @@ package arrays;//: arrays/CompType.java // Implementing Comparable in a class. + import java.util.*; + import net.mindview.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class CompType implements Comparable { - int i; - int j; - private static int count = 1; - public CompType(int n1, int n2) { - i = n1; - j = n2; - } - public String toString() { - String result = "[i = " + i + ", j = " + j + "]"; - if(count++ % 3 == 0) { - result += "\n"; + int i; + int j; + private static int count = 1; + + public CompType(int n1, int n2) { + i = n1; + j = n2; + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + String result = "[i = " + i + ", j = " + j + "]"; + if (count++ % 3 == 0) { + result += "\n"; + } + return result; + } + + @Override + public int compareTo(CompType rv) { + return (i < rv.i ? -1 : (i == rv.i ? 0 : 1)); + } + + private static Random r = new Random(47); + + public static Generator generator() { + return new Generator() { + @Override + public CompType next() { + return new CompType(r.nextInt(100), r.nextInt(100)); + } + }; + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + CompType[] a = + Generated.array(new CompType[12], generator()); + print("before sorting:"); + print(Arrays.toString(a)); + Arrays.sort(a); + print("after sorting:"); + print(Arrays.toString(a)); } - return result; - } - public int compareTo(CompType rv) { - return (i < rv.i ? -1 : (i == rv.i ? 0 : 1)); - } - private static Random r = new Random(47); - public static Generator generator() { - return new Generator() { - public CompType next() { - return new CompType(r.nextInt(100),r.nextInt(100)); - } - }; - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - CompType[] a = - Generated.array(new CompType[12], generator()); - print("before sorting:"); - print(Arrays.toString(a)); - Arrays.sort(a); - print("after sorting:"); - print(Arrays.toString(a)); - } } /* Output: before sorting: [[i = 58, j = 55], [i = 93, j = 61], [i = 61, j = 29] diff --git a/src/arrays/ComparatorTest.java b/src/arrays/ComparatorTest.java index 840bb45..ff65922 100644 --- a/src/arrays/ComparatorTest.java +++ b/src/arrays/ComparatorTest.java @@ -1,25 +1,29 @@ package arrays;//: arrays/ComparatorTest.java // Implementing a Comparator for a class. + import java.util.*; + import net.mindview.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; class CompTypeComparator implements Comparator { - public int compare(CompType o1, CompType o2) { - return (o1.j < o2.j ? -1 : (o1.j == o2.j ? 0 : 1)); - } + @Override + public int compare(CompType o1, CompType o2) { + return (o1.j < o2.j ? -1 : (o1.j == o2.j ? 0 : 1)); + } } public class ComparatorTest { - public static void main(String[] args) { - CompType[] a = Generated.array( - new CompType[12], CompType.generator()); - print("before sorting:"); - print(Arrays.toString(a)); - Arrays.sort(a, new CompTypeComparator()); - print("after sorting:"); - print(Arrays.toString(a)); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + CompType[] a = Generated.array( + new CompType[12], CompType.generator()); + print("before sorting:"); + print(Arrays.toString(a)); + Arrays.sort(a, new CompTypeComparator()); + print("after sorting:"); + print(Arrays.toString(a)); + } } /* Output: before sorting: [[i = 58, j = 55], [i = 93, j = 61], [i = 61, j = 29] diff --git a/src/arrays/ComparingArrays.java b/src/arrays/ComparingArrays.java index 07c943c..eae0b71 100644 --- a/src/arrays/ComparingArrays.java +++ b/src/arrays/ComparingArrays.java @@ -1,23 +1,25 @@ package arrays;//: arrays/ComparingArrays.java // Using Arrays.equals() + import java.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class ComparingArrays { - public static void main(String[] args) { - int[] a1 = new int[10]; - int[] a2 = new int[10]; - Arrays.fill(a1, 47); - Arrays.fill(a2, 47); - print(Arrays.equals(a1, a2)); - a2[3] = 11; - print(Arrays.equals(a1, a2)); - String[] s1 = new String[4]; - Arrays.fill(s1, "Hi"); - String[] s2 = { new String("Hi"), new String("Hi"), - new String("Hi"), new String("Hi") }; - print(Arrays.equals(s1, s2)); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + int[] a1 = new int[10]; + int[] a2 = new int[10]; + Arrays.fill(a1, 47); + Arrays.fill(a2, 47); + print(Arrays.equals(a1, a2)); + a2[3] = 11; + print(Arrays.equals(a1, a2)); + String[] s1 = new String[4]; + Arrays.fill(s1, "Hi"); + String[] s2 = {new String("Hi"), new String("Hi"), + new String("Hi"), new String("Hi")}; + print(Arrays.equals(s1, s2)); + } } /* Output: true false diff --git a/src/arrays/ContainerComparison.java b/src/arrays/ContainerComparison.java index a66e92d..214f092 100644 --- a/src/arrays/ContainerComparison.java +++ b/src/arrays/ContainerComparison.java @@ -1,40 +1,46 @@ package arrays;//: arrays/ContainerComparison.java + import java.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; class BerylliumSphere { - private static long counter; - private final long id = counter++; - public String toString() { return "Sphere " + id; } + private static long counter; + private final long id = counter++; + + @Override + public String toString() { + return "Sphere " + id; + } } public class ContainerComparison { - public static void main(String[] args) { - BerylliumSphere[] spheres = new BerylliumSphere[10]; - for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { - spheres[i] = new BerylliumSphere(); + public static void main(String[] args) { + BerylliumSphere[] spheres = new BerylliumSphere[10]; + for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { + spheres[i] = new BerylliumSphere(); + } + print(Arrays.toString(spheres)); + print(spheres[4]); + + List sphereList = + new ArrayList(); + for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { + sphereList.add(new BerylliumSphere()); + } + print(sphereList); + print(sphereList.get(4)); + + int[] integers = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}; + print(Arrays.toString(integers)); + print(integers[4]); + + List intList = new ArrayList( + Arrays.asList(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5)); + intList.add(97); + print(intList); + print(intList.get(4)); } - print(Arrays.toString(spheres)); - print(spheres[4]); - - List sphereList = - new ArrayList(); - for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { - sphereList.add(new BerylliumSphere()); - } - print(sphereList); - print(sphereList.get(4)); - - int[] integers = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }; - print(Arrays.toString(integers)); - print(integers[4]); - - List intList = new ArrayList( - Arrays.asList(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5)); - intList.add(97); - print(intList); - print(intList.get(4)); - } } /* Output: [Sphere 0, Sphere 1, Sphere 2, Sphere 3, Sphere 4, null, null, null, null, null] Sphere 4 diff --git a/src/arrays/CopyingArrays.java b/src/arrays/CopyingArrays.java index 7190f4f..b3b9bd7 100644 --- a/src/arrays/CopyingArrays.java +++ b/src/arrays/CopyingArrays.java @@ -1,35 +1,37 @@ package arrays;//: arrays/CopyingArrays.java // Using System.arraycopy() + import java.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class CopyingArrays { - public static void main(String[] args) { - int[] i = new int[7]; - int[] j = new int[10]; - Arrays.fill(i, 47); - Arrays.fill(j, 99); - print("i = " + Arrays.toString(i)); - print("j = " + Arrays.toString(j)); - System.arraycopy(i, 0, j, 0, i.length); - print("j = " + Arrays.toString(j)); - int[] k = new int[5]; - Arrays.fill(k, 103); - System.arraycopy(i, 0, k, 0, k.length); - print("k = " + Arrays.toString(k)); - Arrays.fill(k, 103); - System.arraycopy(k, 0, i, 0, k.length); - print("i = " + Arrays.toString(i)); - // Objects: - Integer[] u = new Integer[10]; - Integer[] v = new Integer[5]; - Arrays.fill(u, new Integer(47)); - Arrays.fill(v, new Integer(99)); - print("u = " + Arrays.toString(u)); - print("v = " + Arrays.toString(v)); - System.arraycopy(v, 0, u, u.length/2, v.length); - print("u = " + Arrays.toString(u)); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + int[] i = new int[7]; + int[] j = new int[10]; + Arrays.fill(i, 47); + Arrays.fill(j, 99); + print("i = " + Arrays.toString(i)); + print("j = " + Arrays.toString(j)); + System.arraycopy(i, 0, j, 0, i.length); + print("j = " + Arrays.toString(j)); + int[] k = new int[5]; + Arrays.fill(k, 103); + System.arraycopy(i, 0, k, 0, k.length); + print("k = " + Arrays.toString(k)); + Arrays.fill(k, 103); + System.arraycopy(k, 0, i, 0, k.length); + print("i = " + Arrays.toString(i)); + // Objects: + Integer[] u = new Integer[10]; + Integer[] v = new Integer[5]; + Arrays.fill(u, new Integer(47)); + Arrays.fill(v, new Integer(99)); + print("u = " + Arrays.toString(u)); + print("v = " + Arrays.toString(v)); + System.arraycopy(v, 0, u, u.length / 2, v.length); + print("u = " + Arrays.toString(u)); + } } /* Output: i = [47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47] j = [99, 99, 99, 99, 99, 99, 99, 99, 99, 99] diff --git a/src/arrays/FillingArrays.java b/src/arrays/FillingArrays.java index 1494fca..3a59ded 100644 --- a/src/arrays/FillingArrays.java +++ b/src/arrays/FillingArrays.java @@ -1,42 +1,44 @@ package arrays;//: arrays/FillingArrays.java // Using Arrays.fill() + import java.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class FillingArrays { - public static void main(String[] args) { - int size = 6; - boolean[] a1 = new boolean[size]; - byte[] a2 = new byte[size]; - char[] a3 = new char[size]; - short[] a4 = new short[size]; - int[] a5 = new int[size]; - long[] a6 = new long[size]; - float[] a7 = new float[size]; - double[] a8 = new double[size]; - String[] a9 = new String[size]; - Arrays.fill(a1, true); - print("a1 = " + Arrays.toString(a1)); - Arrays.fill(a2, (byte)11); - print("a2 = " + Arrays.toString(a2)); - Arrays.fill(a3, 'x'); - print("a3 = " + Arrays.toString(a3)); - Arrays.fill(a4, (short)17); - print("a4 = " + Arrays.toString(a4)); - Arrays.fill(a5, 19); - print("a5 = " + Arrays.toString(a5)); - Arrays.fill(a6, 23); - print("a6 = " + Arrays.toString(a6)); - Arrays.fill(a7, 29); - print("a7 = " + Arrays.toString(a7)); - Arrays.fill(a8, 47); - print("a8 = " + Arrays.toString(a8)); - Arrays.fill(a9, "Hello"); - print("a9 = " + Arrays.toString(a9)); - // Manipulating ranges: - Arrays.fill(a9, 3, 5, "World"); - print("a9 = " + Arrays.toString(a9)); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + int size = 6; + boolean[] a1 = new boolean[size]; + byte[] a2 = new byte[size]; + char[] a3 = new char[size]; + short[] a4 = new short[size]; + int[] a5 = new int[size]; + long[] a6 = new long[size]; + float[] a7 = new float[size]; + double[] a8 = new double[size]; + String[] a9 = new String[size]; + Arrays.fill(a1, true); + print("a1 = " + Arrays.toString(a1)); + Arrays.fill(a2, (byte) 11); + print("a2 = " + Arrays.toString(a2)); + Arrays.fill(a3, 'x'); + print("a3 = " + Arrays.toString(a3)); + Arrays.fill(a4, (short) 17); + print("a4 = " + Arrays.toString(a4)); + Arrays.fill(a5, 19); + print("a5 = " + Arrays.toString(a5)); + Arrays.fill(a6, 23); + print("a6 = " + Arrays.toString(a6)); + Arrays.fill(a7, 29); + print("a7 = " + Arrays.toString(a7)); + Arrays.fill(a8, 47); + print("a8 = " + Arrays.toString(a8)); + Arrays.fill(a9, "Hello"); + print("a9 = " + Arrays.toString(a9)); + // Manipulating ranges: + Arrays.fill(a9, 3, 5, "World"); + print("a9 = " + Arrays.toString(a9)); + } } /* Output: a1 = [true, true, true, true, true, true] a2 = [11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11] diff --git a/src/arrays/GeneratorsTest.java b/src/arrays/GeneratorsTest.java index 88a3514..cc7ec52 100644 --- a/src/arrays/GeneratorsTest.java +++ b/src/arrays/GeneratorsTest.java @@ -1,25 +1,28 @@ package arrays;//: arrays/GeneratorsTest.java + import net.mindview.util.*; public class GeneratorsTest { - public static int size = 10; - public static void test(Class surroundingClass) { - for(Class type : surroundingClass.getClasses()) { - System.out.print(type.getSimpleName() + ": "); - try { - Generator g = (Generator)type.newInstance(); - for(int i = 0; i < size; i++) { - System.out.printf(g.next() + " "); + public static int size = 10; + + public static void test(Class surroundingClass) { + for (Class type : surroundingClass.getClasses()) { + System.out.print(type.getSimpleName() + ": "); + try { + Generator g = (Generator) type.newInstance(); + for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) { + System.out.printf(g.next() + " "); + } + System.out.println(); + } catch (Exception e) { + throw new RuntimeException(e); + } } - System.out.println(); - } catch(Exception e) { - throw new RuntimeException(e); - } } - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - test(CountingGenerator.class); - } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + test(CountingGenerator.class); + } } /* Output: Double: 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 Float: 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 diff --git a/src/arrays/IceCream.java b/src/arrays/IceCream.java index 9666681..363363a 100644 --- a/src/arrays/IceCream.java +++ b/src/arrays/IceCream.java @@ -1,36 +1,39 @@ package arrays;//: arrays/IceCream.java // Returning arrays from methods. + import java.util.*; public class IceCream { - private static Random rand = new Random(47); - static final String[] FLAVORS = { - "Chocolate", "Strawberry", "Vanilla Fudge Swirl", - "Mint Chip", "Mocha Almond Fudge", "Rum Raisin", - "Praline Cream", "Mud Pie" - }; - public static String[] flavorSet(int n) { - if(n > FLAVORS.length) { - throw new IllegalArgumentException("Set too big"); + private static Random rand = new Random(47); + static final String[] FLAVORS = { + "Chocolate", "Strawberry", "Vanilla Fudge Swirl", + "Mint Chip", "Mocha Almond Fudge", "Rum Raisin", + "Praline Cream", "Mud Pie" + }; + + public static String[] flavorSet(int n) { + if (n > FLAVORS.length) { + throw new IllegalArgumentException("Set too big"); + } + String[] results = new String[n]; + boolean[] picked = new boolean[FLAVORS.length]; + for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) { + int t; + do { + t = rand.nextInt(FLAVORS.length); + } + while (picked[t]); + results[i] = FLAVORS[t]; + picked[t] = true; + } + return results; } - String[] results = new String[n]; - boolean[] picked = new boolean[FLAVORS.length]; - for(int i = 0; i < n; i++) { - int t; - do { - t = rand.nextInt(FLAVORS.length); - } - while(picked[t]); - results[i] = FLAVORS[t]; - picked[t] = true; + + public static void main(String[] args) { + for (int i = 0; i < 7; i++) { + System.out.println(Arrays.toString(flavorSet(3))); + } } - return results; - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - for(int i = 0; i < 7; i++) { - System.out.println(Arrays.toString(flavorSet(3))); - } - } } /* Output: [Rum Raisin, Mint Chip, Mocha Almond Fudge] [Chocolate, Strawberry, Mocha Almond Fudge] diff --git a/src/arrays/MultiDimWrapperArray.java b/src/arrays/MultiDimWrapperArray.java index 324a397..250a804 100644 --- a/src/arrays/MultiDimWrapperArray.java +++ b/src/arrays/MultiDimWrapperArray.java @@ -1,27 +1,28 @@ package arrays;//: arrays/MultiDimWrapperArray.java // Multidimensional arrays of "wrapper" objects. + import java.util.*; public class MultiDimWrapperArray { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Integer[][] a1 = { // Autoboxing - { 1, 2, 3, }, - { 4, 5, 6, }, - }; - Double[][][] a2 = { // Autoboxing - { { 1.1, 2.2 }, { 3.3, 4.4 } }, - { { 5.5, 6.6 }, { 7.7, 8.8 } }, - { { 9.9, 1.2 }, { 2.3, 3.4 } }, - }; - String[][] a3 = { - { "The", "Quick", "Sly", "Fox" }, - { "Jumped", "Over" }, - { "The", "Lazy", "Brown", "Dog", "and", "friend" }, - }; - System.out.println("a1: " + Arrays.deepToString(a1)); - System.out.println("a2: " + Arrays.deepToString(a2)); - System.out.println("a3: " + Arrays.deepToString(a3)); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + Integer[][] a1 = { // Autoboxing + {1, 2, 3,}, + {4, 5, 6,}, + }; + Double[][][] a2 = { // Autoboxing + {{1.1, 2.2}, {3.3, 4.4}}, + {{5.5, 6.6}, {7.7, 8.8}}, + {{9.9, 1.2}, {2.3, 3.4}}, + }; + String[][] a3 = { + {"The", "Quick", "Sly", "Fox"}, + {"Jumped", "Over"}, + {"The", "Lazy", "Brown", "Dog", "and", "friend"}, + }; + System.out.println("a1: " + Arrays.deepToString(a1)); + System.out.println("a2: " + Arrays.deepToString(a2)); + System.out.println("a3: " + Arrays.deepToString(a3)); + } } /* Output: a1: [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]] a2: [[[1.1, 2.2], [3.3, 4.4]], [[5.5, 6.6], [7.7, 8.8]], [[9.9, 1.2], [2.3, 3.4]]] diff --git a/src/arrays/MultidimensionalObjectArrays.java b/src/arrays/MultidimensionalObjectArrays.java index 716a683..fcce9db 100644 --- a/src/arrays/MultidimensionalObjectArrays.java +++ b/src/arrays/MultidimensionalObjectArrays.java @@ -1,19 +1,20 @@ package arrays;//: arrays/MultidimensionalObjectArrays.java + import java.util.*; public class MultidimensionalObjectArrays { - public static void main(String[] args) { - BerylliumSphere[][] spheres = { - { new BerylliumSphere(), new BerylliumSphere() }, - { new BerylliumSphere(), new BerylliumSphere(), - new BerylliumSphere(), new BerylliumSphere() }, - { new BerylliumSphere(), new BerylliumSphere(), - new BerylliumSphere(), new BerylliumSphere(), - new BerylliumSphere(), new BerylliumSphere(), - new BerylliumSphere(), new BerylliumSphere() }, - }; - System.out.println(Arrays.deepToString(spheres)); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + BerylliumSphere[][] spheres = { + {new BerylliumSphere(), new BerylliumSphere()}, + {new BerylliumSphere(), new BerylliumSphere(), + new BerylliumSphere(), new BerylliumSphere()}, + {new BerylliumSphere(), new BerylliumSphere(), + new BerylliumSphere(), new BerylliumSphere(), + new BerylliumSphere(), new BerylliumSphere(), + new BerylliumSphere(), new BerylliumSphere()}, + }; + System.out.println(Arrays.deepToString(spheres)); + } } /* Output: [[Sphere 0, Sphere 1], [Sphere 2, Sphere 3, Sphere 4, Sphere 5], [Sphere 6, Sphere 7, Sphere 8, Sphere 9, Sphere 10, Sphere 11, Sphere 12, Sphere 13]] *///:~ diff --git a/src/arrays/MultidimensionalPrimitiveArray.java b/src/arrays/MultidimensionalPrimitiveArray.java index 6b67022..4a4b449 100644 --- a/src/arrays/MultidimensionalPrimitiveArray.java +++ b/src/arrays/MultidimensionalPrimitiveArray.java @@ -1,15 +1,16 @@ package arrays;//: arrays/MultidimensionalPrimitiveArray.java // Creating multidimensional arrays. + import java.util.*; public class MultidimensionalPrimitiveArray { - public static void main(String[] args) { - int[][] a = { - { 1, 2, 3, }, - { 4, 5, 6, }, - }; - System.out.println(Arrays.deepToString(a)); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + int[][] a = { + {1, 2, 3,}, + {4, 5, 6,}, + }; + System.out.println(Arrays.deepToString(a)); + } } /* Output: [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]] *///:~ diff --git a/src/arrays/ParameterizedArrayType.java b/src/arrays/ParameterizedArrayType.java index 9bce806..b699381 100644 --- a/src/arrays/ParameterizedArrayType.java +++ b/src/arrays/ParameterizedArrayType.java @@ -1,22 +1,26 @@ package arrays;//: arrays/ParameterizedArrayType.java class ClassParameter { - public T[] f(T[] arg) { return arg; } + public T[] f(T[] arg) { + return arg; + } } class MethodParameter { - public static T[] f(T[] arg) { return arg; } + public static T[] f(T[] arg) { + return arg; + } } public class ParameterizedArrayType { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Integer[] ints = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }; - Double[] doubles = { 1.1, 2.2, 3.3, 4.4, 5.5 }; - Integer[] ints2 = - new ClassParameter().f(ints); - Double[] doubles2 = - new ClassParameter().f(doubles); - ints2 = MethodParameter.f(ints); - doubles2 = MethodParameter.f(doubles); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + Integer[] ints = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}; + Double[] doubles = {1.1, 2.2, 3.3, 4.4, 5.5}; + Integer[] ints2 = + new ClassParameter().f(ints); + Double[] doubles2 = + new ClassParameter().f(doubles); + ints2 = MethodParameter.f(ints); + doubles2 = MethodParameter.f(doubles); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/arrays/PrimitiveConversionDemonstration.java b/src/arrays/PrimitiveConversionDemonstration.java index 277d600..a238e98 100644 --- a/src/arrays/PrimitiveConversionDemonstration.java +++ b/src/arrays/PrimitiveConversionDemonstration.java @@ -1,18 +1,20 @@ package arrays;//: arrays/PrimitiveConversionDemonstration.java + import java.util.*; + import net.mindview.util.*; public class PrimitiveConversionDemonstration { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Integer[] a = Generated.array(Integer.class, - new CountingGenerator.Integer(), 15); - int[] b = ConvertTo.primitive(a); - System.out.println(Arrays.toString(b)); - boolean[] c = ConvertTo.primitive( - Generated.array(Boolean.class, - new CountingGenerator.Boolean(), 7)); - System.out.println(Arrays.toString(c)); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + Integer[] a = Generated.array(Integer.class, + new CountingGenerator.Integer(), 15); + int[] b = ConvertTo.primitive(a); + System.out.println(Arrays.toString(b)); + boolean[] c = ConvertTo.primitive( + Generated.array(Boolean.class, + new CountingGenerator.Boolean(), 7)); + System.out.println(Arrays.toString(c)); + } } /* Output: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14] [true, false, true, false, true, false, true] diff --git a/src/arrays/RaggedArray.java b/src/arrays/RaggedArray.java index b3aa13b..2ff943a 100644 --- a/src/arrays/RaggedArray.java +++ b/src/arrays/RaggedArray.java @@ -1,19 +1,20 @@ package arrays;//: arrays/RaggedArray.java + import java.util.*; public class RaggedArray { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Random rand = new Random(47); - // 3-D array with varied-length vectors: - int[][][] a = new int[rand.nextInt(7)][][]; - for(int i = 0; i < a.length; i++) { - a[i] = new int[rand.nextInt(5)][]; - for(int j = 0; j < a[i].length; j++) { - a[i][j] = new int[rand.nextInt(5)]; - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + Random rand = new Random(47); + // 3-D array with varied-length vectors: + int[][][] a = new int[rand.nextInt(7)][][]; + for (int i = 0; i < a.length; i++) { + a[i] = new int[rand.nextInt(5)][]; + for (int j = 0; j < a[i].length; j++) { + a[i][j] = new int[rand.nextInt(5)]; + } + } + System.out.println(Arrays.deepToString(a)); } - System.out.println(Arrays.deepToString(a)); - } } /* Output: [[], [[0], [0], [0, 0, 0, 0]], [[], [0, 0], [0, 0]], [[0, 0, 0], [0], [0, 0, 0, 0]], [[0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0], [0], []], [[0], [], [0]]] *///:~ diff --git a/src/arrays/RandomGeneratorsTest.java b/src/arrays/RandomGeneratorsTest.java index f1b26d3..ee0e984 100644 --- a/src/arrays/RandomGeneratorsTest.java +++ b/src/arrays/RandomGeneratorsTest.java @@ -1,10 +1,11 @@ package arrays;//: arrays/RandomGeneratorsTest.java + import net.mindview.util.*; public class RandomGeneratorsTest { - public static void main(String[] args) { - GeneratorsTest.test(RandomGenerator.class); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + GeneratorsTest.test(RandomGenerator.class); + } } /* Output: Double: 0.73 0.53 0.16 0.19 0.52 0.27 0.26 0.05 0.8 0.76 Float: 0.53 0.16 0.53 0.4 0.49 0.25 0.8 0.11 0.02 0.8 diff --git a/src/arrays/Reverse.java b/src/arrays/Reverse.java index 41d723b..31ac6e0 100644 --- a/src/arrays/Reverse.java +++ b/src/arrays/Reverse.java @@ -1,19 +1,22 @@ package arrays;//: arrays/Reverse.java // The Collections.reverseOrder() Comparator + import java.util.*; + import net.mindview.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class Reverse { - public static void main(String[] args) { - CompType[] a = Generated.array( - new CompType[12], CompType.generator()); - print("before sorting:"); - print(Arrays.toString(a)); - Arrays.sort(a, Collections.reverseOrder()); - print("after sorting:"); - print(Arrays.toString(a)); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + CompType[] a = Generated.array( + new CompType[12], CompType.generator()); + print("before sorting:"); + print(Arrays.toString(a)); + Arrays.sort(a, Collections.reverseOrder()); + print("after sorting:"); + print(Arrays.toString(a)); + } } /* Output: before sorting: [[i = 58, j = 55], [i = 93, j = 61], [i = 61, j = 29] diff --git a/src/arrays/StringSorting.java b/src/arrays/StringSorting.java index 31fde70..c623b80 100644 --- a/src/arrays/StringSorting.java +++ b/src/arrays/StringSorting.java @@ -1,21 +1,24 @@ package arrays;//: arrays/StringSorting.java // Sorting an array of Strings. + import java.util.*; + import net.mindview.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class StringSorting { - public static void main(String[] args) { - String[] sa = Generated.array(new String[20], - new RandomGenerator.String(5)); - print("Before sort: " + Arrays.toString(sa)); - Arrays.sort(sa); - print("After sort: " + Arrays.toString(sa)); - Arrays.sort(sa, Collections.reverseOrder()); - print("Reverse sort: " + Arrays.toString(sa)); - Arrays.sort(sa, String.CASE_INSENSITIVE_ORDER); - print("Case-insensitive sort: " + Arrays.toString(sa)); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + String[] sa = Generated.array(new String[20], + new RandomGenerator.String(5)); + print("Before sort: " + Arrays.toString(sa)); + Arrays.sort(sa); + print("After sort: " + Arrays.toString(sa)); + Arrays.sort(sa, Collections.reverseOrder()); + print("Reverse sort: " + Arrays.toString(sa)); + Arrays.sort(sa, String.CASE_INSENSITIVE_ORDER); + print("Case-insensitive sort: " + Arrays.toString(sa)); + } } /* Output: Before sort: [YNzbr, nyGcF, OWZnT, cQrGs, eGZMm, JMRoE, suEcU, OneOE, dLsmw, HLGEa, hKcxr, EqUCB, bkIna, Mesbt, WHkjU, rUkZP, gwsqP, zDyCy, RFJQA, HxxHv] After sort: [EqUCB, HLGEa, HxxHv, JMRoE, Mesbt, OWZnT, OneOE, RFJQA, WHkjU, YNzbr, bkIna, cQrGs, dLsmw, eGZMm, gwsqP, hKcxr, nyGcF, rUkZP, suEcU, zDyCy] diff --git a/src/arrays/TestArrayGeneration.java b/src/arrays/TestArrayGeneration.java index 68e2b05..b36437a 100644 --- a/src/arrays/TestArrayGeneration.java +++ b/src/arrays/TestArrayGeneration.java @@ -1,38 +1,41 @@ package arrays;//: arrays/TestArrayGeneration.java // Test the tools that use generators to fill arrays. + import java.util.*; + import net.mindview.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class TestArrayGeneration { - public static void main(String[] args) { - int size = 6; - boolean[] a1 = ConvertTo.primitive(Generated.array( - Boolean.class, new RandomGenerator.Boolean(), size)); - print("a1 = " + Arrays.toString(a1)); - byte[] a2 = ConvertTo.primitive(Generated.array( - Byte.class, new RandomGenerator.Byte(), size)); - print("a2 = " + Arrays.toString(a2)); - char[] a3 = ConvertTo.primitive(Generated.array( - Character.class, - new RandomGenerator.Character(), size)); - print("a3 = " + Arrays.toString(a3)); - short[] a4 = ConvertTo.primitive(Generated.array( - Short.class, new RandomGenerator.Short(), size)); - print("a4 = " + Arrays.toString(a4)); - int[] a5 = ConvertTo.primitive(Generated.array( - Integer.class, new RandomGenerator.Integer(), size)); - print("a5 = " + Arrays.toString(a5)); - long[] a6 = ConvertTo.primitive(Generated.array( - Long.class, new RandomGenerator.Long(), size)); - print("a6 = " + Arrays.toString(a6)); - float[] a7 = ConvertTo.primitive(Generated.array( - Float.class, new RandomGenerator.Float(), size)); - print("a7 = " + Arrays.toString(a7)); - double[] a8 = ConvertTo.primitive(Generated.array( - Double.class, new RandomGenerator.Double(), size)); - print("a8 = " + Arrays.toString(a8)); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + int size = 6; + boolean[] a1 = ConvertTo.primitive(Generated.array( + Boolean.class, new RandomGenerator.Boolean(), size)); + print("a1 = " + Arrays.toString(a1)); + byte[] a2 = ConvertTo.primitive(Generated.array( + Byte.class, new RandomGenerator.Byte(), size)); + print("a2 = " + Arrays.toString(a2)); + char[] a3 = ConvertTo.primitive(Generated.array( + Character.class, + new RandomGenerator.Character(), size)); + print("a3 = " + Arrays.toString(a3)); + short[] a4 = ConvertTo.primitive(Generated.array( + Short.class, new RandomGenerator.Short(), size)); + print("a4 = " + Arrays.toString(a4)); + int[] a5 = ConvertTo.primitive(Generated.array( + Integer.class, new RandomGenerator.Integer(), size)); + print("a5 = " + Arrays.toString(a5)); + long[] a6 = ConvertTo.primitive(Generated.array( + Long.class, new RandomGenerator.Long(), size)); + print("a6 = " + Arrays.toString(a6)); + float[] a7 = ConvertTo.primitive(Generated.array( + Float.class, new RandomGenerator.Float(), size)); + print("a7 = " + Arrays.toString(a7)); + double[] a8 = ConvertTo.primitive(Generated.array( + Double.class, new RandomGenerator.Double(), size)); + print("a8 = " + Arrays.toString(a8)); + } } /* Output: a1 = [true, false, true, false, false, true] a2 = [104, -79, -76, 126, 33, -64] diff --git a/src/arrays/TestGenerated.java b/src/arrays/TestGenerated.java index 8c2cd71..a403fee 100644 --- a/src/arrays/TestGenerated.java +++ b/src/arrays/TestGenerated.java @@ -1,17 +1,19 @@ package arrays;//: arrays/TestGenerated.java + import java.util.*; + import net.mindview.util.*; public class TestGenerated { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Integer[] a = { 9, 8, 7, 6 }; - System.out.println(Arrays.toString(a)); - a = Generated.array(a,new CountingGenerator.Integer()); - System.out.println(Arrays.toString(a)); - Integer[] b = Generated.array(Integer.class, - new CountingGenerator.Integer(), 15); - System.out.println(Arrays.toString(b)); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + Integer[] a = {9, 8, 7, 6}; + System.out.println(Arrays.toString(a)); + a = Generated.array(a, new CountingGenerator.Integer()); + System.out.println(Arrays.toString(a)); + Integer[] b = Generated.array(Integer.class, + new CountingGenerator.Integer(), 15); + System.out.println(Arrays.toString(b)); + } } /* Output: [9, 8, 7, 6] [0, 1, 2, 3] diff --git a/src/arrays/ThreeDWithNew.java b/src/arrays/ThreeDWithNew.java index d297229..c0f0512 100644 --- a/src/arrays/ThreeDWithNew.java +++ b/src/arrays/ThreeDWithNew.java @@ -1,12 +1,13 @@ package arrays;//: arrays/ThreeDWithNew.java + import java.util.*; public class ThreeDWithNew { - public static void main(String[] args) { - // 3-D array with fixed length: - int[][][] a = new int[2][2][4]; - System.out.println(Arrays.deepToString(a)); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + // 3-D array with fixed length: + int[][][] a = new int[2][2][4]; + System.out.println(Arrays.deepToString(a)); + } } /* Output: [[[0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0]], [[0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0]]] *///:~ diff --git a/src/arrays/build.xml b/src/arrays/build.xml index 024d519..5f5144a 100644 --- a/src/arrays/build.xml +++ b/src/arrays/build.xml @@ -1,329 +1,329 @@ + basedir="." + default="run" + name="Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel (chapter: arrays)"> - - build.xml for the source code for the arrays chapter of - Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel - Source code available at http://www.MindView.net - See copyright notice in CopyRight.txt + + build.xml for the source code for the arrays chapter of + Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel + Source code available at http://www.MindView.net + See copyright notice in CopyRight.txt - Ant available from: http://jakarta.apache.org/ant + Ant available from: http://jakarta.apache.org/ant - To see options, type: ant -p + To see options, type: ant -p - This file was automatically generated by AntBuilder - + This file was automatically generated by AntBuilder + - - - + + + - - - - - - + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/src/bangbean/BangBean.java b/src/bangbean/BangBean.java index 332f4b1..0c2b060 100644 --- a/src/bangbean/BangBean.java +++ b/src/bangbean/BangBean.java @@ -1,6 +1,7 @@ //: bangbean/BangBean.java // A graphical Bean. package bangbean; + import javax.swing.*; import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; @@ -9,75 +10,102 @@ import java.util.*; public class BangBean extends JPanel implements Serializable { - private int xm, ym; - private int cSize = 20; // Circle size - private String text = "Bang!"; - private int fontSize = 48; - private Color tColor = Color.RED; - private ActionListener actionListener; - public BangBean() { - addMouseListener(new ML()); - addMouseMotionListener(new MML()); - } - public int getCircleSize() { return cSize; } - public void setCircleSize(int newSize) { - cSize = newSize; - } - public String getBangText() { return text; } - public void setBangText(String newText) { - text = newText; - } - public int getFontSize() { return fontSize; } - public void setFontSize(int newSize) { - fontSize = newSize; - } - public Color getTextColor() { return tColor; } - public void setTextColor(Color newColor) { - tColor = newColor; - } - public void paintComponent(Graphics g) { - super.paintComponent(g); - g.setColor(Color.BLACK); - g.drawOval(xm - cSize/2, ym - cSize/2, cSize, cSize); - } - // This is a unicast listener, which is - // the simplest form of listener management: - public void addActionListener(ActionListener l) - throws TooManyListenersException { - if(actionListener != null) { - throw new TooManyListenersException(); + private int xm, ym; + private int cSize = 20; // Circle size + private String text = "Bang!"; + private int fontSize = 48; + private Color tColor = Color.RED; + private ActionListener actionListener; + + public BangBean() { + addMouseListener(new ML()); + addMouseMotionListener(new MML()); } - actionListener = l; - } - public void removeActionListener(ActionListener l) { - actionListener = null; - } - class ML extends MouseAdapter { - public void mousePressed(MouseEvent e) { - Graphics g = getGraphics(); - g.setColor(tColor); - g.setFont( - new Font("TimesRoman", Font.BOLD, fontSize)); - int width = g.getFontMetrics().stringWidth(text); - g.drawString(text, (getSize().width - width) /2, - getSize().height/2); - g.dispose(); - // Call the listener's method: - if(actionListener != null) { - actionListener.actionPerformed( - new ActionEvent(BangBean.this, - ActionEvent.ACTION_PERFORMED, null)); - } + + public int getCircleSize() { + return cSize; } - } - class MML extends MouseMotionAdapter { - public void mouseMoved(MouseEvent e) { - xm = e.getX(); - ym = e.getY(); - repaint(); + + public void setCircleSize(int newSize) { + cSize = newSize; + } + + public String getBangText() { + return text; + } + + public void setBangText(String newText) { + text = newText; + } + + public int getFontSize() { + return fontSize; + } + + public void setFontSize(int newSize) { + fontSize = newSize; + } + + public Color getTextColor() { + return tColor; + } + + public void setTextColor(Color newColor) { + tColor = newColor; + } + + @Override + public void paintComponent(Graphics g) { + super.paintComponent(g); + g.setColor(Color.BLACK); + g.drawOval(xm - cSize / 2, ym - cSize / 2, cSize, cSize); + } + + // This is a unicast listener, which is + // the simplest form of listener management: + public void addActionListener(ActionListener l) + throws TooManyListenersException { + if (actionListener != null) { + throw new TooManyListenersException(); + } + actionListener = l; + } + + public void removeActionListener(ActionListener l) { + actionListener = null; + } + + class ML extends MouseAdapter { + @Override + public void mousePressed(MouseEvent e) { + Graphics g = getGraphics(); + g.setColor(tColor); + g.setFont( + new Font("TimesRoman", Font.BOLD, fontSize)); + int width = g.getFontMetrics().stringWidth(text); + g.drawString(text, (getSize().width - width) / 2, + getSize().height / 2); + g.dispose(); + // Call the listener's method: + if (actionListener != null) { + actionListener.actionPerformed( + new ActionEvent(BangBean.this, + ActionEvent.ACTION_PERFORMED, null)); + } + } + } + + class MML extends MouseMotionAdapter { + @Override + public void mouseMoved(MouseEvent e) { + xm = e.getX(); + ym = e.getY(); + repaint(); + } + } + + @Override + public Dimension getPreferredSize() { + return new Dimension(200, 200); } - } - public Dimension getPreferredSize() { - return new Dimension(200, 200); - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/bangbean/BangBeanTest.java b/src/bangbean/BangBeanTest.java index 9a72d40..0dab8c4 100644 --- a/src/bangbean/BangBeanTest.java +++ b/src/bangbean/BangBeanTest.java @@ -1,32 +1,39 @@ //: bangbean/BangBeanTest.java // {Timeout: 5} Abort after 5 seconds when testing package bangbean; + import javax.swing.*; import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; import java.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.SwingConsole.*; public class BangBeanTest extends JFrame { - private JTextField txt = new JTextField(20); - // During testing, report actions: - class BBL implements ActionListener { - private int count = 0; - public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { - txt.setText("BangBean action "+ count++); + private JTextField txt = new JTextField(20); + + // During testing, report actions: + class BBL implements ActionListener { + private int count = 0; + + @Override + public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { + txt.setText("BangBean action " + count++); + } } - } - public BangBeanTest() { - BangBean bb = new BangBean(); - try { - bb.addActionListener(new BBL()); - } catch(TooManyListenersException e) { - txt.setText("Too many listeners"); + + public BangBeanTest() { + BangBean bb = new BangBean(); + try { + bb.addActionListener(new BBL()); + } catch (TooManyListenersException e) { + txt.setText("Too many listeners"); + } + add(bb); + add(BorderLayout.SOUTH, txt); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + run(new BangBeanTest(), 400, 500); } - add(bb); - add(BorderLayout.SOUTH, txt); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - run(new BangBeanTest(), 400, 500); - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/bangbean/build.xml b/src/bangbean/build.xml index 1bbe9aa..d855a3e 100644 --- a/src/bangbean/build.xml +++ b/src/bangbean/build.xml @@ -1,72 +1,72 @@ + basedir="." + default="run" + name="Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel (chapter: bangbean)"> - - build.xml for the source code for the bangbean chapter of - Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel - Source code available at http://www.MindView.net - See copyright notice in CopyRight.txt + + build.xml for the source code for the bangbean chapter of + Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel + Source code available at http://www.MindView.net + See copyright notice in CopyRight.txt - Ant available from: http://jakarta.apache.org/ant + Ant available from: http://jakarta.apache.org/ant - To see options, type: ant -p + To see options, type: ant -p - This file was automatically generated by AntBuilder - + This file was automatically generated by AntBuilder + - - - + + + - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + - - - - + + + + - - - - - + + + + + - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/src/concurrency/ActiveObjectDemo.java b/src/concurrency/ActiveObjectDemo.java index ac8ca37..1c23fe8 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/ActiveObjectDemo.java +++ b/src/concurrency/ActiveObjectDemo.java @@ -2,71 +2,82 @@ package concurrency;//: concurrency/ActiveObjectDemo.java // Can only pass constants, immutables, "disconnected // objects," or other active objects as arguments // to asynch methods. + import java.util.concurrent.*; import java.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class ActiveObjectDemo { - private ExecutorService ex = - Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor(); - private Random rand = new Random(47); - // Insert a random delay to produce the effect - // of a calculation time: - private void pause(int factor) { - try { - TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep( - 100 + rand.nextInt(factor)); - } catch(InterruptedException e) { - print("sleep() interrupted"); + private ExecutorService ex = + Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor(); + private Random rand = new Random(47); + + // Insert a random delay to produce the effect + // of a calculation time: + private void pause(int factor) { + try { + TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep( + 100 + rand.nextInt(factor)); + } catch (InterruptedException e) { + print("sleep() interrupted"); + } } - } - public Future - calculateInt(final int x, final int y) { - return ex.submit(new Callable() { - public Integer call() { - print("starting " + x + " + " + y); - pause(500); - return x + y; - } - }); - } - public Future - calculateFloat(final float x, final float y) { - return ex.submit(new Callable() { - public Float call() { - print("starting " + x + " + " + y); - pause(2000); - return x + y; - } - }); - } - public void shutdown() { ex.shutdown(); } - public static void main(String[] args) { - ActiveObjectDemo d1 = new ActiveObjectDemo(); - // Prevents ConcurrentModificationException: - List> results = - new CopyOnWriteArrayList>(); - for(float f = 0.0f; f < 1.0f; f += 0.2f) { - results.add(d1.calculateFloat(f, f)); - } - for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { - results.add(d1.calculateInt(i, i)); - } - print("All asynch calls made"); - while(results.size() > 0) { - for(Future f : results) { - if(f.isDone()) { - try { - print(f.get()); - } catch(Exception e) { - throw new RuntimeException(e); + + public Future + calculateInt(final int x, final int y) { + return ex.submit(new Callable() { + @Override + public Integer call() { + print("starting " + x + " + " + y); + pause(500); + return x + y; } - results.remove(f); - } - } + }); + } + + public Future + calculateFloat(final float x, final float y) { + return ex.submit(new Callable() { + @Override + public Float call() { + print("starting " + x + " + " + y); + pause(2000); + return x + y; + } + }); + } + + public void shutdown() { + ex.shutdown(); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + ActiveObjectDemo d1 = new ActiveObjectDemo(); + // Prevents ConcurrentModificationException: + List> results = + new CopyOnWriteArrayList>(); + for (float f = 0.0f; f < 1.0f; f += 0.2f) { + results.add(d1.calculateFloat(f, f)); + } + for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { + results.add(d1.calculateInt(i, i)); + } + print("All asynch calls made"); + while (results.size() > 0) { + for (Future f : results) { + if (f.isDone()) { + try { + print(f.get()); + } catch (Exception e) { + throw new RuntimeException(e); + } + results.remove(f); + } + } + } + d1.shutdown(); } - d1.shutdown(); - } } /* Output: (85% match) All asynch calls made starting 0.0 + 0.0 diff --git a/src/concurrency/AtomicEvenGenerator.java b/src/concurrency/AtomicEvenGenerator.java index 7f589dd..3291c77 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/AtomicEvenGenerator.java +++ b/src/concurrency/AtomicEvenGenerator.java @@ -1,15 +1,19 @@ package concurrency;//: concurrency/AtomicEvenGenerator.java // Atomic classes are occasionally useful in regular code. // {RunByHand} + import java.util.concurrent.atomic.*; public class AtomicEvenGenerator extends IntGenerator { - private AtomicInteger currentEvenValue = - new AtomicInteger(0); - public int next() { - return currentEvenValue.addAndGet(2); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - EvenChecker.test(new AtomicEvenGenerator()); - } + private AtomicInteger currentEvenValue = + new AtomicInteger(0); + + @Override + public int next() { + return currentEvenValue.addAndGet(2); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + EvenChecker.test(new AtomicEvenGenerator()); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/concurrency/AtomicIntegerTest.java b/src/concurrency/AtomicIntegerTest.java index 874993a..3c353aa 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/AtomicIntegerTest.java +++ b/src/concurrency/AtomicIntegerTest.java @@ -1,33 +1,44 @@ package concurrency;//: concurrency/AtomicIntegerTest.java + import java.util.concurrent.*; import java.util.concurrent.atomic.*; import java.util.*; public class AtomicIntegerTest implements Runnable { - private AtomicInteger i = new AtomicInteger(0); - public int getValue() { return i.get(); } - private void evenIncrement() { i.addAndGet(2); } - public void run() { - while(true) { - evenIncrement(); + private AtomicInteger i = new AtomicInteger(0); + + public int getValue() { + return i.get(); } - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - new Timer().schedule(new TimerTask() { - public void run() { - System.err.println("Aborting"); - System.exit(0); - } - }, 5000); // Terminate after 5 seconds - ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); - AtomicIntegerTest ait = new AtomicIntegerTest(); - exec.execute(ait); - while(true) { - int val = ait.getValue(); - if(val % 2 != 0) { - System.out.println(val); - System.exit(0); - } + + private void evenIncrement() { + i.addAndGet(2); + } + + @Override + public void run() { + while (true) { + evenIncrement(); + } + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + new Timer().schedule(new TimerTask() { + @Override + public void run() { + System.err.println("Aborting"); + System.exit(0); + } + }, 5000); // Terminate after 5 seconds + ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); + AtomicIntegerTest ait = new AtomicIntegerTest(); + exec.execute(ait); + while (true) { + int val = ait.getValue(); + if (val % 2 != 0) { + System.out.println(val); + System.exit(0); + } + } } - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/concurrency/Atomicity.java b/src/concurrency/Atomicity.java index 8d593e1..e33eca4 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/Atomicity.java +++ b/src/concurrency/Atomicity.java @@ -2,9 +2,15 @@ package concurrency;//: concurrency/Atomicity.java // {Exec: javap -c Atomicity} public class Atomicity { - int i; - void f1() { i++; } - void f2() { i += 3; } + int i; + + void f1() { + i++; + } + + void f2() { + i += 3; + } } /* Output: (Sample) ... void f1(); diff --git a/src/concurrency/AtomicityTest.java b/src/concurrency/AtomicityTest.java index 3542457..2174fa6 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/AtomicityTest.java +++ b/src/concurrency/AtomicityTest.java @@ -1,27 +1,38 @@ package concurrency;//: concurrency/AtomicityTest.java + import java.util.concurrent.*; public class AtomicityTest implements Runnable { - private int i = 0; - public int getValue() { return i; } - private synchronized void evenIncrement() { i++; i++; } - public void run() { - while(true) { - evenIncrement(); + private int i = 0; + + public int getValue() { + return i; } - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); - AtomicityTest at = new AtomicityTest(); - exec.execute(at); - while(true) { - int val = at.getValue(); - if(val % 2 != 0) { - System.out.println(val); - System.exit(0); - } + + private synchronized void evenIncrement() { + i++; + i++; + } + + @Override + public void run() { + while (true) { + evenIncrement(); + } + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); + AtomicityTest at = new AtomicityTest(); + exec.execute(at); + while (true) { + int val = at.getValue(); + if (val % 2 != 0) { + System.out.println(val); + System.exit(0); + } + } } - } } /* Output: (Sample) 191583767 *///:~ diff --git a/src/concurrency/AttemptLocking.java b/src/concurrency/AttemptLocking.java index 7ec176a..ec43503 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/AttemptLocking.java +++ b/src/concurrency/AttemptLocking.java @@ -1,53 +1,61 @@ package concurrency;//: concurrency/AttemptLocking.java // Locks in the concurrent library allow you // to give up on trying to acquire a lock. + import java.util.concurrent.*; import java.util.concurrent.locks.*; public class AttemptLocking { - private ReentrantLock lock = new ReentrantLock(); - public void untimed() { - boolean captured = lock.tryLock(); - try { - System.out.println("tryLock(): " + captured); - } finally { - if(captured) { - lock.unlock(); - } + private ReentrantLock lock = new ReentrantLock(); + + public void untimed() { + boolean captured = lock.tryLock(); + try { + System.out.println("tryLock(): " + captured); + } finally { + if (captured) { + lock.unlock(); + } + } } - } - public void timed() { - boolean captured = false; - try { - captured = lock.tryLock(2, TimeUnit.SECONDS); - } catch(InterruptedException e) { - throw new RuntimeException(e); + + public void timed() { + boolean captured = false; + try { + captured = lock.tryLock(2, TimeUnit.SECONDS); + } catch (InterruptedException e) { + throw new RuntimeException(e); + } + try { + System.out.println("tryLock(2, TimeUnit.SECONDS): " + + captured); + } finally { + if (captured) { + lock.unlock(); + } + } } - try { - System.out.println("tryLock(2, TimeUnit.SECONDS): " + - captured); - } finally { - if(captured) { - lock.unlock(); - } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + final AttemptLocking al = new AttemptLocking(); + al.untimed(); // True -- lock is available + al.timed(); // True -- lock is available + // Now create a separate task to grab the lock: + new Thread() { + { + setDaemon(true); + } + + @Override + public void run() { + al.lock.lock(); + System.out.println("acquired"); + } + }.start(); + Thread.yield(); // Give the 2nd task a chance + al.untimed(); // False -- lock grabbed by task + al.timed(); // False -- lock grabbed by task } - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - final AttemptLocking al = new AttemptLocking(); - al.untimed(); // True -- lock is available - al.timed(); // True -- lock is available - // Now create a separate task to grab the lock: - new Thread() { - { setDaemon(true); } - public void run() { - al.lock.lock(); - System.out.println("acquired"); - } - }.start(); - Thread.yield(); // Give the 2nd task a chance - al.untimed(); // False -- lock grabbed by task - al.timed(); // False -- lock grabbed by task - } } /* Output: tryLock(): true tryLock(2, TimeUnit.SECONDS): true diff --git a/src/concurrency/BankTellerSimulation.java b/src/concurrency/BankTellerSimulation.java index f100124..8575347 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/BankTellerSimulation.java +++ b/src/concurrency/BankTellerSimulation.java @@ -1,197 +1,237 @@ package concurrency;//: concurrency/BankTellerSimulation.java // Using queues and multithreading. // {Args: 5} + import java.util.concurrent.*; import java.util.*; // Read-only objects don't require synchronization: class Customer { - private final int serviceTime; - public Customer(int tm) { serviceTime = tm; } - public int getServiceTime() { return serviceTime; } - public String toString() { - return "[" + serviceTime + "]"; - } + private final int serviceTime; + + public Customer(int tm) { + serviceTime = tm; + } + + public int getServiceTime() { + return serviceTime; + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return "[" + serviceTime + "]"; + } } // Teach the customer line to display itself: class CustomerLine extends ArrayBlockingQueue { - public CustomerLine(int maxLineSize) { - super(maxLineSize); - } - public String toString() { - if(this.size() == 0) { - return "[Empty]"; + public CustomerLine(int maxLineSize) { + super(maxLineSize); } - StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder(); - for(Customer customer : this) { - result.append(customer); + + @Override + public String toString() { + if (this.size() == 0) { + return "[Empty]"; + } + StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder(); + for (Customer customer : this) { + result.append(customer); + } + return result.toString(); } - return result.toString(); - } } // Randomly add customers to a queue: class CustomerGenerator implements Runnable { - private CustomerLine customers; - private static Random rand = new Random(47); - public CustomerGenerator(CustomerLine cq) { - customers = cq; - } - public void run() { - try { - while(!Thread.interrupted()) { - TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(rand.nextInt(300)); - customers.put(new Customer(rand.nextInt(1000))); - } - } catch(InterruptedException e) { - System.out.println("CustomerGenerator interrupted"); + private CustomerLine customers; + private static Random rand = new Random(47); + + public CustomerGenerator(CustomerLine cq) { + customers = cq; + } + + @Override + public void run() { + try { + while (!Thread.interrupted()) { + TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(rand.nextInt(300)); + customers.put(new Customer(rand.nextInt(1000))); + } + } catch (InterruptedException e) { + System.out.println("CustomerGenerator interrupted"); + } + System.out.println("CustomerGenerator terminating"); } - System.out.println("CustomerGenerator terminating"); - } } class Teller implements Runnable, Comparable { - private static int counter = 0; - private final int id = counter++; - // Customers served during this shift: - private int customersServed = 0; - private CustomerLine customers; - private boolean servingCustomerLine = true; - public Teller(CustomerLine cq) { customers = cq; } - public void run() { - try { - while(!Thread.interrupted()) { - Customer customer = customers.take(); - TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep( - customer.getServiceTime()); - synchronized(this) { - customersServed++; - while(!servingCustomerLine) { - wait(); - } - } - } - } catch(InterruptedException e) { - System.out.println(this + "interrupted"); + private static int counter = 0; + private final int id = counter++; + // Customers served during this shift: + private int customersServed = 0; + private CustomerLine customers; + private boolean servingCustomerLine = true; + + public Teller(CustomerLine cq) { + customers = cq; + } + + @Override + public void run() { + try { + while (!Thread.interrupted()) { + Customer customer = customers.take(); + TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep( + customer.getServiceTime()); + synchronized (this) { + customersServed++; + while (!servingCustomerLine) { + wait(); + } + } + } + } catch (InterruptedException e) { + System.out.println(this + "interrupted"); + } + System.out.println(this + "terminating"); + } + + public synchronized void doSomethingElse() { + customersServed = 0; + servingCustomerLine = false; + } + + public synchronized void serveCustomerLine() { + assert !servingCustomerLine : "already serving: " + this; + servingCustomerLine = true; + notifyAll(); + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return "Teller " + id + " "; + } + + public String shortString() { + return "T" + id; + } + + // Used by priority queue: + @Override + public synchronized int compareTo(Teller other) { + return customersServed < other.customersServed ? -1 : + (customersServed == other.customersServed ? 0 : 1); } - System.out.println(this + "terminating"); - } - public synchronized void doSomethingElse() { - customersServed = 0; - servingCustomerLine = false; - } - public synchronized void serveCustomerLine() { - assert !servingCustomerLine:"already serving: " + this; - servingCustomerLine = true; - notifyAll(); - } - public String toString() { return "Teller " + id + " "; } - public String shortString() { return "T" + id; } - // Used by priority queue: - public synchronized int compareTo(Teller other) { - return customersServed < other.customersServed ? -1 : - (customersServed == other.customersServed ? 0 : 1); - } } class TellerManager implements Runnable { - private ExecutorService exec; - private CustomerLine customers; - private PriorityQueue workingTellers = - new PriorityQueue(); - private Queue tellersDoingOtherThings = - new LinkedList(); - private int adjustmentPeriod; - private static Random rand = new Random(47); - public TellerManager(ExecutorService e, - CustomerLine customers, int adjustmentPeriod) { - exec = e; - this.customers = customers; - this.adjustmentPeriod = adjustmentPeriod; - // Start with a single teller: - Teller teller = new Teller(customers); - exec.execute(teller); - workingTellers.add(teller); - } - public void adjustTellerNumber() { - // This is actually a control system. By adjusting - // the numbers, you can reveal stability issues in - // the control mechanism. - // If line is too long, add another teller: - if(customers.size() / workingTellers.size() > 2) { - // If tellers are on break or doing - // another job, bring one back: - if(tellersDoingOtherThings.size() > 0) { - Teller teller = tellersDoingOtherThings.remove(); - teller.serveCustomerLine(); - workingTellers.offer(teller); - return; + private ExecutorService exec; + private CustomerLine customers; + private PriorityQueue workingTellers = + new PriorityQueue(); + private Queue tellersDoingOtherThings = + new LinkedList(); + private int adjustmentPeriod; + private static Random rand = new Random(47); + + public TellerManager(ExecutorService e, + CustomerLine customers, int adjustmentPeriod) { + exec = e; + this.customers = customers; + this.adjustmentPeriod = adjustmentPeriod; + // Start with a single teller: + Teller teller = new Teller(customers); + exec.execute(teller); + workingTellers.add(teller); + } + + public void adjustTellerNumber() { + // This is actually a control system. By adjusting + // the numbers, you can reveal stability issues in + // the control mechanism. + // If line is too long, add another teller: + if (customers.size() / workingTellers.size() > 2) { + // If tellers are on break or doing + // another job, bring one back: + if (tellersDoingOtherThings.size() > 0) { + Teller teller = tellersDoingOtherThings.remove(); + teller.serveCustomerLine(); + workingTellers.offer(teller); + return; + } + // Else create (hire) a new teller + Teller teller = new Teller(customers); + exec.execute(teller); + workingTellers.add(teller); + return; } - // Else create (hire) a new teller - Teller teller = new Teller(customers); - exec.execute(teller); - workingTellers.add(teller); - return; - } - // If line is short enough, remove a teller: - if(workingTellers.size() > 1 && - customers.size() / workingTellers.size() < 2) { - reassignOneTeller(); - } - // If there is no line, we only need one teller: - if(customers.size() == 0) { - while(workingTellers.size() > 1) { + // If line is short enough, remove a teller: + if (workingTellers.size() > 1 && + customers.size() / workingTellers.size() < 2) { reassignOneTeller(); } - } - } - // Give a teller a different job or a break: - private void reassignOneTeller() { - Teller teller = workingTellers.poll(); - teller.doSomethingElse(); - tellersDoingOtherThings.offer(teller); - } - public void run() { - try { - while(!Thread.interrupted()) { - TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(adjustmentPeriod); - adjustTellerNumber(); - System.out.print(customers + " { "); - for(Teller teller : workingTellers) { - System.out.print(teller.shortString() + " "); + // If there is no line, we only need one teller: + if (customers.size() == 0) { + while (workingTellers.size() > 1) { + reassignOneTeller(); + } } - System.out.println("}"); - } - } catch(InterruptedException e) { - System.out.println(this + "interrupted"); } - System.out.println(this + "terminating"); - } - public String toString() { return "TellerManager "; } + + // Give a teller a different job or a break: + private void reassignOneTeller() { + Teller teller = workingTellers.poll(); + teller.doSomethingElse(); + tellersDoingOtherThings.offer(teller); + } + + @Override + public void run() { + try { + while (!Thread.interrupted()) { + TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(adjustmentPeriod); + adjustTellerNumber(); + System.out.print(customers + " { "); + for (Teller teller : workingTellers) { + System.out.print(teller.shortString() + " "); + } + System.out.println("}"); + } + } catch (InterruptedException e) { + System.out.println(this + "interrupted"); + } + System.out.println(this + "terminating"); + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return "TellerManager "; + } } public class BankTellerSimulation { - static final int MAX_LINE_SIZE = 50; - static final int ADJUSTMENT_PERIOD = 1000; - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); - // If line is too long, customers will leave: - CustomerLine customers = - new CustomerLine(MAX_LINE_SIZE); - exec.execute(new CustomerGenerator(customers)); - // Manager will add and remove tellers as necessary: - exec.execute(new TellerManager( - exec, customers, ADJUSTMENT_PERIOD)); - if(args.length > 0) // Optional argument - { - TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(new Integer(args[0])); - } else { - System.out.println("Press 'Enter' to quit"); - System.in.read(); + static final int MAX_LINE_SIZE = 50; + static final int ADJUSTMENT_PERIOD = 1000; + + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); + // If line is too long, customers will leave: + CustomerLine customers = + new CustomerLine(MAX_LINE_SIZE); + exec.execute(new CustomerGenerator(customers)); + // Manager will add and remove tellers as necessary: + exec.execute(new TellerManager( + exec, customers, ADJUSTMENT_PERIOD)); + if (args.length > 0) // Optional argument + { + TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(new Integer(args[0])); + } else { + System.out.println("Press 'Enter' to quit"); + System.in.read(); + } + exec.shutdownNow(); } - exec.shutdownNow(); - } } /* Output: (Sample) [429][200][207] { T0 T1 } [861][258][140][322] { T0 T1 } diff --git a/src/concurrency/BasicThreads.java b/src/concurrency/BasicThreads.java index 0e0d524..c4de056 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/BasicThreads.java +++ b/src/concurrency/BasicThreads.java @@ -2,11 +2,11 @@ package concurrency;//: concurrency/BasicThreads.java // The most basic use of the Thread class. public class BasicThreads { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Thread t = new Thread(new LiftOff()); - t.start(); - System.out.println("Waiting for LiftOff"); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + Thread t = new Thread(new LiftOff()); + t.start(); + System.out.println("Waiting for LiftOff"); + } } /* Output: (90% match) Waiting for LiftOff #0(9), #0(8), #0(7), #0(6), #0(5), #0(4), #0(3), #0(2), #0(1), #0(Liftoff!), diff --git a/src/concurrency/CachedThreadPool.java b/src/concurrency/CachedThreadPool.java index c3ab560..9fac65e 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/CachedThreadPool.java +++ b/src/concurrency/CachedThreadPool.java @@ -1,14 +1,15 @@ package concurrency;//: concurrency/CachedThreadPool.java + import java.util.concurrent.*; public class CachedThreadPool { - public static void main(String[] args) { - ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); - for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { - exec.execute(new LiftOff()); + public static void main(String[] args) { + ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); + for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { + exec.execute(new LiftOff()); + } + exec.shutdown(); } - exec.shutdown(); - } } /* Output: (Sample) #0(9), #0(8), #1(9), #2(9), #3(9), #4(9), #0(7), #1(8), #2(8), #3(8), #4(8), #0(6), #1(7), #2(7), #3(7), #4(7), #0(5), #1(6), #2(6), #3(6), #4(6), #0(4), #1(5), #2(5), #3(5), #4(5), #0(3), #1(4), #2(4), #3(4), #4(4), #0(2), #1(3), #2(3), #3(3), #4(3), #0(1), #1(2), #2(2), #3(2), #4(2), #0(Liftoff!), #1(1), #2(1), #3(1), #4(1), #1(Liftoff!), #2(Liftoff!), #3(Liftoff!), #4(Liftoff!), *///:~ diff --git a/src/concurrency/CallableDemo.java b/src/concurrency/CallableDemo.java index cbc7b9e..20d0f9f 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/CallableDemo.java +++ b/src/concurrency/CallableDemo.java @@ -1,39 +1,43 @@ package concurrency;//: concurrency/CallableDemo.java + import java.util.concurrent.*; import java.util.*; class TaskWithResult implements Callable { - private int id; - public TaskWithResult(int id) { - this.id = id; - } - public String call() { - return "result of TaskWithResult " + id; - } + private int id; + + public TaskWithResult(int id) { + this.id = id; + } + + @Override + public String call() { + return "result of TaskWithResult " + id; + } } public class CallableDemo { - public static void main(String[] args) { - ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); - ArrayList> results = - new ArrayList>(); - for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { - results.add(exec.submit(new TaskWithResult(i))); - } - for(Future fs : results) { - try { - // get() blocks until completion: - System.out.println(fs.get()); - } catch(InterruptedException e) { - System.out.println(e); - return; - } catch(ExecutionException e) { - System.out.println(e); - } finally { - exec.shutdown(); + public static void main(String[] args) { + ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); + ArrayList> results = + new ArrayList>(); + for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { + results.add(exec.submit(new TaskWithResult(i))); + } + for (Future fs : results) { + try { + // get() blocks until completion: + System.out.println(fs.get()); + } catch (InterruptedException e) { + System.out.println(e); + return; + } catch (ExecutionException e) { + System.out.println(e); + } finally { + exec.shutdown(); + } } } - } } /* Output: result of TaskWithResult 0 result of TaskWithResult 1 diff --git a/src/concurrency/CaptureUncaughtException.java b/src/concurrency/CaptureUncaughtException.java index 4846c2e..f8a7596 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/CaptureUncaughtException.java +++ b/src/concurrency/CaptureUncaughtException.java @@ -1,42 +1,46 @@ package concurrency;//: concurrency/CaptureUncaughtException.java + import java.util.concurrent.*; class ExceptionThread2 implements Runnable { - public void run() { - Thread t = Thread.currentThread(); - System.out.println("run() by " + t); - System.out.println( - "eh = " + t.getUncaughtExceptionHandler()); - throw new RuntimeException(); - } + @Override + public void run() { + Thread t = Thread.currentThread(); + System.out.println("run() by " + t); + System.out.println( + "eh = " + t.getUncaughtExceptionHandler()); + throw new RuntimeException(); + } } class MyUncaughtExceptionHandler implements -Thread.UncaughtExceptionHandler { - public void uncaughtException(Thread t, Throwable e) { - System.out.println("caught " + e); - } + Thread.UncaughtExceptionHandler { + @Override + public void uncaughtException(Thread t, Throwable e) { + System.out.println("caught " + e); + } } class HandlerThreadFactory implements ThreadFactory { - public Thread newThread(Runnable r) { - System.out.println(this + " creating new Thread"); - Thread t = new Thread(r); - System.out.println("created " + t); - t.setUncaughtExceptionHandler( - new MyUncaughtExceptionHandler()); - System.out.println( - "eh = " + t.getUncaughtExceptionHandler()); - return t; - } + @Override + public Thread newThread(Runnable r) { + System.out.println(this + " creating new Thread"); + Thread t = new Thread(r); + System.out.println("created " + t); + t.setUncaughtExceptionHandler( + new MyUncaughtExceptionHandler()); + System.out.println( + "eh = " + t.getUncaughtExceptionHandler()); + return t; + } } public class CaptureUncaughtException { - public static void main(String[] args) { - ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool( - new HandlerThreadFactory()); - exec.execute(new ExceptionThread2()); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool( + new HandlerThreadFactory()); + exec.execute(new ExceptionThread2()); + } } /* Output: (90% match) HandlerThreadFactory@de6ced creating new Thread created Thread[Thread-0,5,main] diff --git a/src/concurrency/CarBuilder.java b/src/concurrency/CarBuilder.java index f518b98..1384bd8 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/CarBuilder.java +++ b/src/concurrency/CarBuilder.java @@ -1,211 +1,283 @@ package concurrency;//: concurrency/CarBuilder.java // A complex example of tasks working together. + import java.util.concurrent.*; import java.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; class Car { - private final int id; - private boolean - engine = false, driveTrain = false, wheels = false; - public Car(int idn) { id = idn; } - // Empty Car object: - public Car() { id = -1; } - public synchronized int getId() { return id; } - public synchronized void addEngine() { engine = true; } - public synchronized void addDriveTrain() { - driveTrain = true; - } - public synchronized void addWheels() { wheels = true; } - public synchronized String toString() { - return "Car " + id + " [" + " engine: " + engine - + " driveTrain: " + driveTrain - + " wheels: " + wheels + " ]"; - } + private final int id; + private boolean + engine = false, driveTrain = false, wheels = false; + + public Car(int idn) { + id = idn; + } + + // Empty Car object: + public Car() { + id = -1; + } + + public synchronized int getId() { + return id; + } + + public synchronized void addEngine() { + engine = true; + } + + public synchronized void addDriveTrain() { + driveTrain = true; + } + + public synchronized void addWheels() { + wheels = true; + } + + @Override + public synchronized String toString() { + return "Car " + id + " [" + " engine: " + engine + + " driveTrain: " + driveTrain + + " wheels: " + wheels + " ]"; + } } -class CarQueue extends LinkedBlockingQueue {} +class CarQueue extends LinkedBlockingQueue { +} class ChassisBuilder implements Runnable { - private CarQueue carQueue; - private int counter = 0; - public ChassisBuilder(CarQueue cq) { carQueue = cq; } - public void run() { - try { - while(!Thread.interrupted()) { - TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(500); - // Make chassis: - Car c = new Car(counter++); - print("ChassisBuilder created " + c); - // Insert into queue - carQueue.put(c); - } - } catch(InterruptedException e) { - print("Interrupted: ChassisBuilder"); + private CarQueue carQueue; + private int counter = 0; + + public ChassisBuilder(CarQueue cq) { + carQueue = cq; + } + + @Override + public void run() { + try { + while (!Thread.interrupted()) { + TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(500); + // Make chassis: + Car c = new Car(counter++); + print("ChassisBuilder created " + c); + // Insert into queue + carQueue.put(c); + } + } catch (InterruptedException e) { + print("Interrupted: ChassisBuilder"); + } + print("ChassisBuilder off"); } - print("ChassisBuilder off"); - } } class Assembler implements Runnable { - private CarQueue chassisQueue, finishingQueue; - private Car car; - private CyclicBarrier barrier = new CyclicBarrier(4); - private RobotPool robotPool; - public Assembler(CarQueue cq, CarQueue fq, RobotPool rp){ - chassisQueue = cq; - finishingQueue = fq; - robotPool = rp; - } - public Car car() { return car; } - public CyclicBarrier barrier() { return barrier; } - public void run() { - try { - while(!Thread.interrupted()) { - // Blocks until chassis is available: - car = chassisQueue.take(); - // Hire robots to perform work: - robotPool.hire(EngineRobot.class, this); - robotPool.hire(DriveTrainRobot.class, this); - robotPool.hire(WheelRobot.class, this); - barrier.await(); // Until the robots finish - // Put car into finishingQueue for further work - finishingQueue.put(car); - } - } catch(InterruptedException e) { - print("Exiting Assembler via interrupt"); - } catch(BrokenBarrierException e) { - // This one we want to know about - throw new RuntimeException(e); + private CarQueue chassisQueue, finishingQueue; + private Car car; + private CyclicBarrier barrier = new CyclicBarrier(4); + private RobotPool robotPool; + + public Assembler(CarQueue cq, CarQueue fq, RobotPool rp) { + chassisQueue = cq; + finishingQueue = fq; + robotPool = rp; + } + + public Car car() { + return car; + } + + public CyclicBarrier barrier() { + return barrier; + } + + @Override + public void run() { + try { + while (!Thread.interrupted()) { + // Blocks until chassis is available: + car = chassisQueue.take(); + // Hire robots to perform work: + robotPool.hire(EngineRobot.class, this); + robotPool.hire(DriveTrainRobot.class, this); + robotPool.hire(WheelRobot.class, this); + barrier.await(); // Until the robots finish + // Put car into finishingQueue for further work + finishingQueue.put(car); + } + } catch (InterruptedException e) { + print("Exiting Assembler via interrupt"); + } catch (BrokenBarrierException e) { + // This one we want to know about + throw new RuntimeException(e); + } + print("Assembler off"); } - print("Assembler off"); - } } class Reporter implements Runnable { - private CarQueue carQueue; - public Reporter(CarQueue cq) { carQueue = cq; } - public void run() { - try { - while(!Thread.interrupted()) { - print(carQueue.take()); - } - } catch(InterruptedException e) { - print("Exiting Reporter via interrupt"); + private CarQueue carQueue; + + public Reporter(CarQueue cq) { + carQueue = cq; + } + + @Override + public void run() { + try { + while (!Thread.interrupted()) { + print(carQueue.take()); + } + } catch (InterruptedException e) { + print("Exiting Reporter via interrupt"); + } + print("Reporter off"); } - print("Reporter off"); - } } abstract class Robot implements Runnable { - private RobotPool pool; - public Robot(RobotPool p) { pool = p; } - protected Assembler assembler; - public Robot assignAssembler(Assembler assembler) { - this.assembler = assembler; - return this; - } - private boolean engage = false; - public synchronized void engage() { - engage = true; - notifyAll(); - } - // The part of run() that's different for each robot: - abstract protected void performService(); - public void run() { - try { - powerDown(); // Wait until needed - while(!Thread.interrupted()) { - performService(); - assembler.barrier().await(); // Synchronize - // We're done with that job... - powerDown(); - } - } catch(InterruptedException e) { - print("Exiting " + this + " via interrupt"); - } catch(BrokenBarrierException e) { - // This one we want to know about - throw new RuntimeException(e); + private RobotPool pool; + + public Robot(RobotPool p) { + pool = p; } - print(this + " off"); - } - private synchronized void - powerDown() throws InterruptedException { - engage = false; - assembler = null; // Disconnect from the Assembler - // Put ourselves back in the available pool: - pool.release(this); - while(engage == false) // Power down - { - wait(); + + protected Assembler assembler; + + public Robot assignAssembler(Assembler assembler) { + this.assembler = assembler; + return this; + } + + private boolean engage = false; + + public synchronized void engage() { + engage = true; + notifyAll(); + } + + // The part of run() that's different for each robot: + abstract protected void performService(); + + @Override + public void run() { + try { + powerDown(); // Wait until needed + while (!Thread.interrupted()) { + performService(); + assembler.barrier().await(); // Synchronize + // We're done with that job... + powerDown(); + } + } catch (InterruptedException e) { + print("Exiting " + this + " via interrupt"); + } catch (BrokenBarrierException e) { + // This one we want to know about + throw new RuntimeException(e); + } + print(this + " off"); + } + + private synchronized void + powerDown() throws InterruptedException { + engage = false; + assembler = null; // Disconnect from the Assembler + // Put ourselves back in the available pool: + pool.release(this); + while (engage == false) // Power down + { + wait(); + } + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return getClass().getName(); } - } - public String toString() { return getClass().getName(); } } class EngineRobot extends Robot { - public EngineRobot(RobotPool pool) { super(pool); } - protected void performService() { - print(this + " installing engine"); - assembler.car().addEngine(); - } + public EngineRobot(RobotPool pool) { + super(pool); + } + + @Override + protected void performService() { + print(this + " installing engine"); + assembler.car().addEngine(); + } } class DriveTrainRobot extends Robot { - public DriveTrainRobot(RobotPool pool) { super(pool); } - protected void performService() { - print(this + " installing DriveTrain"); - assembler.car().addDriveTrain(); - } + public DriveTrainRobot(RobotPool pool) { + super(pool); + } + + @Override + protected void performService() { + print(this + " installing DriveTrain"); + assembler.car().addDriveTrain(); + } } class WheelRobot extends Robot { - public WheelRobot(RobotPool pool) { super(pool); } - protected void performService() { - print(this + " installing Wheels"); - assembler.car().addWheels(); - } + public WheelRobot(RobotPool pool) { + super(pool); + } + + @Override + protected void performService() { + print(this + " installing Wheels"); + assembler.car().addWheels(); + } } class RobotPool { - // Quietly prevents identical entries: - private Set pool = new HashSet(); - public synchronized void add(Robot r) { - pool.add(r); - notifyAll(); - } - public synchronized void - hire(Class robotType, Assembler d) - throws InterruptedException { - for(Robot r : pool) { - if(r.getClass().equals(robotType)) { - pool.remove(r); - r.assignAssembler(d); - r.engage(); // Power it up to do the task - return; - } + // Quietly prevents identical entries: + private Set pool = new HashSet(); + + public synchronized void add(Robot r) { + pool.add(r); + notifyAll(); + } + + public synchronized void + hire(Class robotType, Assembler d) + throws InterruptedException { + for (Robot r : pool) { + if (r.getClass().equals(robotType)) { + pool.remove(r); + r.assignAssembler(d); + r.engage(); // Power it up to do the task + return; + } + } + wait(); // None available + hire(robotType, d); // Try again, recursively + } + + public synchronized void release(Robot r) { + add(r); } - wait(); // None available - hire(robotType, d); // Try again, recursively - } - public synchronized void release(Robot r) { add(r); } } public class CarBuilder { - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - CarQueue chassisQueue = new CarQueue(), - finishingQueue = new CarQueue(); - ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); - RobotPool robotPool = new RobotPool(); - exec.execute(new EngineRobot(robotPool)); - exec.execute(new DriveTrainRobot(robotPool)); - exec.execute(new WheelRobot(robotPool)); - exec.execute(new Assembler( - chassisQueue, finishingQueue, robotPool)); - exec.execute(new Reporter(finishingQueue)); - // Start everything running by producing chassis: - exec.execute(new ChassisBuilder(chassisQueue)); - TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(7); - exec.shutdownNow(); - } + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + CarQueue chassisQueue = new CarQueue(), + finishingQueue = new CarQueue(); + ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); + RobotPool robotPool = new RobotPool(); + exec.execute(new EngineRobot(robotPool)); + exec.execute(new DriveTrainRobot(robotPool)); + exec.execute(new WheelRobot(robotPool)); + exec.execute(new Assembler( + chassisQueue, finishingQueue, robotPool)); + exec.execute(new Reporter(finishingQueue)); + // Start everything running by producing chassis: + exec.execute(new ChassisBuilder(chassisQueue)); + TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(7); + exec.shutdownNow(); + } } /* (Execute to see output) *///:~ diff --git a/src/concurrency/Chopstick.java b/src/concurrency/Chopstick.java index 51d94ba..9448ba0 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/Chopstick.java +++ b/src/concurrency/Chopstick.java @@ -2,16 +2,17 @@ package concurrency;//: concurrency/Chopstick.java // Chopsticks for dining philosophers. public class Chopstick { - private boolean taken = false; - public synchronized - void take() throws InterruptedException { - while(taken) { - wait(); + private boolean taken = false; + + public synchronized void take() throws InterruptedException { + while (taken) { + wait(); + } + taken = true; + } + + public synchronized void drop() { + taken = false; + notifyAll(); } - taken = true; - } - public synchronized void drop() { - taken = false; - notifyAll(); - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/concurrency/CloseResource.java b/src/concurrency/CloseResource.java index e1b26af..05779cb 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/CloseResource.java +++ b/src/concurrency/CloseResource.java @@ -2,29 +2,31 @@ package concurrency;//: concurrency/CloseResource.java // Interrupting a blocked task by // closing the underlying resource. // {RunByHand} + import java.net.*; import java.util.concurrent.*; import java.io.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class CloseResource { - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); - ServerSocket server = new ServerSocket(8080); - InputStream socketInput = - new Socket("localhost", 8080).getInputStream(); - exec.execute(new IOBlocked(socketInput)); - exec.execute(new IOBlocked(System.in)); - TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(100); - print("Shutting down all threads"); - exec.shutdownNow(); - TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1); - print("Closing " + socketInput.getClass().getName()); - socketInput.close(); // Releases blocked thread - TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1); - print("Closing " + System.in.getClass().getName()); - System.in.close(); // Releases blocked thread - } + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); + ServerSocket server = new ServerSocket(8080); + InputStream socketInput = + new Socket("localhost", 8080).getInputStream(); + exec.execute(new IOBlocked(socketInput)); + exec.execute(new IOBlocked(System.in)); + TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(100); + print("Shutting down all threads"); + exec.shutdownNow(); + TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1); + print("Closing " + socketInput.getClass().getName()); + socketInput.close(); // Releases blocked thread + TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1); + print("Closing " + System.in.getClass().getName()); + System.in.close(); // Releases blocked thread + } } /* Output: (85% match) Waiting for read(): Waiting for read(): diff --git a/src/concurrency/CountDownLatchDemo.java b/src/concurrency/CountDownLatchDemo.java index 0ffdbef..26d7124 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/CountDownLatchDemo.java +++ b/src/concurrency/CountDownLatchDemo.java @@ -1,68 +1,82 @@ package concurrency;//: concurrency/CountDownLatchDemo.java + import java.util.concurrent.*; import java.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; // Performs some portion of a task: class TaskPortion implements Runnable { - private static int counter = 0; - private final int id = counter++; - private static Random rand = new Random(47); - private final CountDownLatch latch; - TaskPortion(CountDownLatch latch) { - this.latch = latch; - } - public void run() { - try { - doWork(); - latch.countDown(); - } catch(InterruptedException ex) { - // Acceptable way to exit + private static int counter = 0; + private final int id = counter++; + private static Random rand = new Random(47); + private final CountDownLatch latch; + + TaskPortion(CountDownLatch latch) { + this.latch = latch; + } + + @Override + public void run() { + try { + doWork(); + latch.countDown(); + } catch (InterruptedException ex) { + // Acceptable way to exit + } + } + + public void doWork() throws InterruptedException { + TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(rand.nextInt(2000)); + print(this + "completed"); + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return String.format("%1$-3d ", id); } - } - public void doWork() throws InterruptedException { - TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(rand.nextInt(2000)); - print(this + "completed"); - } - public String toString() { - return String.format("%1$-3d ", id); - } } // Waits on the CountDownLatch: class WaitingTask implements Runnable { - private static int counter = 0; - private final int id = counter++; - private final CountDownLatch latch; - WaitingTask(CountDownLatch latch) { - this.latch = latch; - } - public void run() { - try { - latch.await(); - print("Latch barrier passed for " + this); - } catch(InterruptedException ex) { - print(this + " interrupted"); + private static int counter = 0; + private final int id = counter++; + private final CountDownLatch latch; + + WaitingTask(CountDownLatch latch) { + this.latch = latch; + } + + @Override + public void run() { + try { + latch.await(); + print("Latch barrier passed for " + this); + } catch (InterruptedException ex) { + print(this + " interrupted"); + } + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return String.format("WaitingTask %1$-3d ", id); } - } - public String toString() { - return String.format("WaitingTask %1$-3d ", id); - } } public class CountDownLatchDemo { - static final int SIZE = 100; - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); - // All must share a single CountDownLatch object: - CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(SIZE); - for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { - exec.execute(new WaitingTask(latch)); + static final int SIZE = 100; + + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); + // All must share a single CountDownLatch object: + CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(SIZE); + for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { + exec.execute(new WaitingTask(latch)); + } + for (int i = 0; i < SIZE; i++) { + exec.execute(new TaskPortion(latch)); + } + print("Launched all tasks"); + exec.shutdown(); // Quit when all tasks complete } - for(int i = 0; i < SIZE; i++) { - exec.execute(new TaskPortion(latch)); - } - print("Launched all tasks"); - exec.shutdown(); // Quit when all tasks complete - } } /* (Execute to see output) *///:~ diff --git a/src/concurrency/CriticalSection.java b/src/concurrency/CriticalSection.java index c1d0017..5ea4ce4 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/CriticalSection.java +++ b/src/concurrency/CriticalSection.java @@ -3,138 +3,174 @@ // demonstrates protection of a non-thread-safe class // with a thread-safe one. package concurrency; + import java.util.concurrent.*; import java.util.concurrent.atomic.*; import java.util.*; class Pair { // Not thread-safe - private int x, y; - public Pair(int x, int y) { - this.x = x; - this.y = y; - } - public Pair() { this(0, 0); } - public int getX() { return x; } - public int getY() { return y; } - public void incrementX() { x++; } - public void incrementY() { y++; } - public String toString() { - return "x: " + x + ", y: " + y; - } - public class PairValuesNotEqualException - extends RuntimeException { - public PairValuesNotEqualException() { - super("Pair values not equal: " + Pair.this); + private int x, y; + + public Pair(int x, int y) { + this.x = x; + this.y = y; } - } - // Arbitrary invariant -- both variables must be equal: - public void checkState() { - if(x != y) { - throw new PairValuesNotEqualException(); + + public Pair() { + this(0, 0); + } + + public int getX() { + return x; + } + + public int getY() { + return y; + } + + public void incrementX() { + x++; + } + + public void incrementY() { + y++; + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return "x: " + x + ", y: " + y; + } + + public class PairValuesNotEqualException + extends RuntimeException { + public PairValuesNotEqualException() { + super("Pair values not equal: " + Pair.this); + } + } + + // Arbitrary invariant -- both variables must be equal: + public void checkState() { + if (x != y) { + throw new PairValuesNotEqualException(); + } } - } } // Protect a Pair inside a thread-safe class: abstract class PairManager { - AtomicInteger checkCounter = new AtomicInteger(0); - protected Pair p = new Pair(); - private List storage = - Collections.synchronizedList(new ArrayList()); - public synchronized Pair getPair() { - // Make a copy to keep the original safe: - return new Pair(p.getX(), p.getY()); - } - // Assume this is a time consuming operation - protected void store(Pair p) { - storage.add(p); - try { - TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(50); - } catch(InterruptedException ignore) {} - } - public abstract void increment(); + AtomicInteger checkCounter = new AtomicInteger(0); + protected Pair p = new Pair(); + private List storage = + Collections.synchronizedList(new ArrayList()); + + public synchronized Pair getPair() { + // Make a copy to keep the original safe: + return new Pair(p.getX(), p.getY()); + } + + // Assume this is a time consuming operation + protected void store(Pair p) { + storage.add(p); + try { + TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(50); + } catch (InterruptedException ignore) { + } + } + + public abstract void increment(); } // Synchronize the entire method: class PairManager1 extends PairManager { - public synchronized void increment() { - p.incrementX(); - p.incrementY(); - store(getPair()); - } + @Override + public synchronized void increment() { + p.incrementX(); + p.incrementY(); + store(getPair()); + } } // Use a critical section: class PairManager2 extends PairManager { - public void increment() { - Pair temp; - synchronized(this) { - p.incrementX(); - p.incrementY(); - temp = getPair(); + @Override + public void increment() { + Pair temp; + synchronized (this) { + p.incrementX(); + p.incrementY(); + temp = getPair(); + } + store(temp); } - store(temp); - } } class PairManipulator implements Runnable { - private PairManager pm; - public PairManipulator(PairManager pm) { - this.pm = pm; - } - public void run() { - while(true) { - pm.increment(); + private PairManager pm; + + public PairManipulator(PairManager pm) { + this.pm = pm; + } + + @Override + public void run() { + while (true) { + pm.increment(); + } + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return "Pair: " + pm.getPair() + + " checkCounter = " + pm.checkCounter.get(); } - } - public String toString() { - return "Pair: " + pm.getPair() + - " checkCounter = " + pm.checkCounter.get(); - } } class PairChecker implements Runnable { - private PairManager pm; - public PairChecker(PairManager pm) { - this.pm = pm; - } - public void run() { - while(true) { - pm.checkCounter.incrementAndGet(); - pm.getPair().checkState(); + private PairManager pm; + + public PairChecker(PairManager pm) { + this.pm = pm; + } + + @Override + public void run() { + while (true) { + pm.checkCounter.incrementAndGet(); + pm.getPair().checkState(); + } } - } } public class CriticalSection { - // Test the two different approaches: - static void - testApproaches(PairManager pman1, PairManager pman2) { - ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); - PairManipulator - pm1 = new PairManipulator(pman1), - pm2 = new PairManipulator(pman2); - PairChecker - pcheck1 = new PairChecker(pman1), - pcheck2 = new PairChecker(pman2); - exec.execute(pm1); - exec.execute(pm2); - exec.execute(pcheck1); - exec.execute(pcheck2); - try { - TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(500); - } catch(InterruptedException e) { - System.out.println("Sleep interrupted"); + // Test the two different approaches: + static void + testApproaches(PairManager pman1, PairManager pman2) { + ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); + PairManipulator + pm1 = new PairManipulator(pman1), + pm2 = new PairManipulator(pman2); + PairChecker + pcheck1 = new PairChecker(pman1), + pcheck2 = new PairChecker(pman2); + exec.execute(pm1); + exec.execute(pm2); + exec.execute(pcheck1); + exec.execute(pcheck2); + try { + TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(500); + } catch (InterruptedException e) { + System.out.println("Sleep interrupted"); + } + System.out.println("pm1: " + pm1 + "\npm2: " + pm2); + System.exit(0); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + PairManager + pman1 = new PairManager1(), + pman2 = new PairManager2(); + testApproaches(pman1, pman2); } - System.out.println("pm1: " + pm1 + "\npm2: " + pm2); - System.exit(0); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - PairManager - pman1 = new PairManager1(), - pman2 = new PairManager2(); - testApproaches(pman1, pman2); - } } /* Output: (Sample) pm1: Pair: x: 15, y: 15 checkCounter = 272565 pm2: Pair: x: 16, y: 16 checkCounter = 3956974 diff --git a/src/concurrency/DaemonFromFactory.java b/src/concurrency/DaemonFromFactory.java index 805b79d..e507fda 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/DaemonFromFactory.java +++ b/src/concurrency/DaemonFromFactory.java @@ -1,27 +1,32 @@ package concurrency;//: concurrency/DaemonFromFactory.java // Using a Thread Factory to create daemons. + import java.util.concurrent.*; + import net.mindview.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class DaemonFromFactory implements Runnable { - public void run() { - try { - while(true) { - TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(100); - print(Thread.currentThread() + " " + this); - } - } catch(InterruptedException e) { - print("Interrupted"); + @Override + public void run() { + try { + while (true) { + TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(100); + print(Thread.currentThread() + " " + this); + } + } catch (InterruptedException e) { + print("Interrupted"); + } } - } - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool( - new DaemonThreadFactory()); - for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { - exec.execute(new DaemonFromFactory()); + + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool( + new DaemonThreadFactory()); + for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { + exec.execute(new DaemonFromFactory()); + } + print("All daemons started"); + TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(500); // Run for a while } - print("All daemons started"); - TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(500); // Run for a while - } } /* (Execute to see output) *///:~ diff --git a/src/concurrency/Daemons.java b/src/concurrency/Daemons.java index 1fa8664..1395260 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/Daemons.java +++ b/src/concurrency/Daemons.java @@ -1,44 +1,49 @@ package concurrency;//: concurrency/Daemons.java // Daemon threads spawn other daemon threads. + import java.util.concurrent.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; class Daemon implements Runnable { - private Thread[] t = new Thread[10]; - public void run() { - for(int i = 0; i < t.length; i++) { - t[i] = new Thread(new DaemonSpawn()); - t[i].start(); - printnb("DaemonSpawn " + i + " started, "); + private Thread[] t = new Thread[10]; + + @Override + public void run() { + for (int i = 0; i < t.length; i++) { + t[i] = new Thread(new DaemonSpawn()); + t[i].start(); + printnb("DaemonSpawn " + i + " started, "); + } + for (int i = 0; i < t.length; i++) { + printnb("t[" + i + "].isDaemon() = " + + t[i].isDaemon() + ", "); + } + while (true) { + Thread.yield(); + } } - for(int i = 0; i < t.length; i++) { - printnb("t[" + i + "].isDaemon() = " + - t[i].isDaemon() + ", "); - } - while(true) { - Thread.yield(); - } - } } class DaemonSpawn implements Runnable { - public void run() { - while(true) { - Thread.yield(); + @Override + public void run() { + while (true) { + Thread.yield(); + } } - } } public class Daemons { - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - Thread d = new Thread(new Daemon()); - d.setDaemon(true); - d.start(); - printnb("d.isDaemon() = " + d.isDaemon() + ", "); - // Allow the daemon threads to - // finish their startup processes: - TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1); - } + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + Thread d = new Thread(new Daemon()); + d.setDaemon(true); + d.start(); + printnb("d.isDaemon() = " + d.isDaemon() + ", "); + // Allow the daemon threads to + // finish their startup processes: + TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1); + } } /* Output: (Sample) d.isDaemon() = true, DaemonSpawn 0 started, DaemonSpawn 1 started, DaemonSpawn 2 started, DaemonSpawn 3 started, DaemonSpawn 4 started, DaemonSpawn 5 started, DaemonSpawn 6 started, DaemonSpawn 7 started, DaemonSpawn 8 started, DaemonSpawn 9 started, t[0].isDaemon() = true, t[1].isDaemon() = true, t[2].isDaemon() = true, t[3].isDaemon() = true, t[4].isDaemon() = true, t[5].isDaemon() = true, t[6].isDaemon() = true, t[7].isDaemon() = true, t[8].isDaemon() = true, t[9].isDaemon() = true, *///:~ diff --git a/src/concurrency/DaemonsDontRunFinally.java b/src/concurrency/DaemonsDontRunFinally.java index ad4c3c3..905b948 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/DaemonsDontRunFinally.java +++ b/src/concurrency/DaemonsDontRunFinally.java @@ -1,27 +1,30 @@ package concurrency;//: concurrency/DaemonsDontRunFinally.java // Daemon threads don't run the finally clause + import java.util.concurrent.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; class ADaemon implements Runnable { - public void run() { - try { - print("Starting ADaemon"); - TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1); - } catch(InterruptedException e) { - print("Exiting via InterruptedException"); - } finally { - print("This should always run?"); + @Override + public void run() { + try { + print("Starting ADaemon"); + TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1); + } catch (InterruptedException e) { + print("Exiting via InterruptedException"); + } finally { + print("This should always run?"); + } } - } } public class DaemonsDontRunFinally { - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - Thread t = new Thread(new ADaemon()); - t.setDaemon(true); - t.start(); - } + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + Thread t = new Thread(new ADaemon()); + t.setDaemon(true); + t.start(); + } } /* Output: Starting ADaemon *///:~ diff --git a/src/concurrency/DeadlockingDiningPhilosophers.java b/src/concurrency/DeadlockingDiningPhilosophers.java index 2335169..e3d2ac9 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/DeadlockingDiningPhilosophers.java +++ b/src/concurrency/DeadlockingDiningPhilosophers.java @@ -1,33 +1,34 @@ package concurrency;//: concurrency/DeadlockingDiningPhilosophers.java // Demonstrates how deadlock can be hidden in a program. // {Args: 0 5 timeout} + import java.util.concurrent.*; public class DeadlockingDiningPhilosophers { - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - int ponder = 5; - if(args.length > 0) { - ponder = Integer.parseInt(args[0]); + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + int ponder = 5; + if (args.length > 0) { + ponder = Integer.parseInt(args[0]); + } + int size = 5; + if (args.length > 1) { + size = Integer.parseInt(args[1]); + } + ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); + Chopstick[] sticks = new Chopstick[size]; + for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) { + sticks[i] = new Chopstick(); + } + for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) { + exec.execute(new Philosopher( + sticks[i], sticks[(i + 1) % size], i, ponder)); + } + if (args.length == 3 && args[2].equals("timeout")) { + TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(5); + } else { + System.out.println("Press 'Enter' to quit"); + System.in.read(); + } + exec.shutdownNow(); } - int size = 5; - if(args.length > 1) { - size = Integer.parseInt(args[1]); - } - ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); - Chopstick[] sticks = new Chopstick[size]; - for(int i = 0; i < size; i++) { - sticks[i] = new Chopstick(); - } - for(int i = 0; i < size; i++) { - exec.execute(new Philosopher( - sticks[i], sticks[(i+1) % size], i, ponder)); - } - if(args.length == 3 && args[2].equals("timeout")) { - TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(5); - } else { - System.out.println("Press 'Enter' to quit"); - System.in.read(); - } - exec.shutdownNow(); - } } /* (Execute to see output) *///:~ diff --git a/src/concurrency/DelayQueueDemo.java b/src/concurrency/DelayQueueDemo.java index ff33222..f7d9c8e 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/DelayQueueDemo.java +++ b/src/concurrency/DelayQueueDemo.java @@ -1,92 +1,113 @@ package concurrency;//: concurrency/DelayQueueDemo.java + import java.util.concurrent.*; import java.util.*; + import static java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit.*; import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; class DelayedTask implements Runnable, Delayed { - private static int counter = 0; - private final int id = counter++; - private final int delta; - private final long trigger; - protected static List sequence = - new ArrayList(); - public DelayedTask(int delayInMilliseconds) { - delta = delayInMilliseconds; - trigger = System.nanoTime() + - NANOSECONDS.convert(delta, MILLISECONDS); - sequence.add(this); - } - public long getDelay(TimeUnit unit) { - return unit.convert( - trigger - System.nanoTime(), NANOSECONDS); - } - public int compareTo(Delayed arg) { - DelayedTask that = (DelayedTask)arg; - if(trigger < that.trigger) { - return -1; + private static int counter = 0; + private final int id = counter++; + private final int delta; + private final long trigger; + protected static List sequence = + new ArrayList(); + + public DelayedTask(int delayInMilliseconds) { + delta = delayInMilliseconds; + trigger = System.nanoTime() + + NANOSECONDS.convert(delta, MILLISECONDS); + sequence.add(this); } - if(trigger > that.trigger) { - return 1; + + @Override + public long getDelay(TimeUnit unit) { + return unit.convert( + trigger - System.nanoTime(), NANOSECONDS); } - return 0; - } - public void run() { printnb(this + " "); } - public String toString() { - return String.format("[%1$-4d]", delta) + - " Task " + id; - } - public String summary() { - return "(" + id + ":" + delta + ")"; - } - public static class EndSentinel extends DelayedTask { - private ExecutorService exec; - public EndSentinel(int delay, ExecutorService e) { - super(delay); - exec = e; + + @Override + public int compareTo(Delayed arg) { + DelayedTask that = (DelayedTask) arg; + if (trigger < that.trigger) { + return -1; + } + if (trigger > that.trigger) { + return 1; + } + return 0; } + + @Override public void run() { - for(DelayedTask pt : sequence) { - printnb(pt.summary() + " "); - } - print(); - print(this + " Calling shutdownNow()"); - exec.shutdownNow(); + printnb(this + " "); + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return String.format("[%1$-4d]", delta) + + " Task " + id; + } + + public String summary() { + return "(" + id + ":" + delta + ")"; + } + + public static class EndSentinel extends DelayedTask { + private ExecutorService exec; + + public EndSentinel(int delay, ExecutorService e) { + super(delay); + exec = e; + } + + @Override + public void run() { + for (DelayedTask pt : sequence) { + printnb(pt.summary() + " "); + } + print(); + print(this + " Calling shutdownNow()"); + exec.shutdownNow(); + } } - } } class DelayedTaskConsumer implements Runnable { - private DelayQueue q; - public DelayedTaskConsumer(DelayQueue q) { - this.q = q; - } - public void run() { - try { - while(!Thread.interrupted()) { - q.take().run(); // Run task with the current thread - } - } catch(InterruptedException e) { - // Acceptable way to exit + private DelayQueue q; + + public DelayedTaskConsumer(DelayQueue q) { + this.q = q; + } + + @Override + public void run() { + try { + while (!Thread.interrupted()) { + q.take().run(); // Run task with the current thread + } + } catch (InterruptedException e) { + // Acceptable way to exit + } + print("Finished DelayedTaskConsumer"); } - print("Finished DelayedTaskConsumer"); - } } public class DelayQueueDemo { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Random rand = new Random(47); - ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); - DelayQueue queue = - new DelayQueue(); - // Fill with tasks that have random delays: - for(int i = 0; i < 20; i++) { - queue.put(new DelayedTask(rand.nextInt(5000))); + public static void main(String[] args) { + Random rand = new Random(47); + ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); + DelayQueue queue = + new DelayQueue(); + // Fill with tasks that have random delays: + for (int i = 0; i < 20; i++) { + queue.put(new DelayedTask(rand.nextInt(5000))); + } + // Set the stopping point + queue.add(new DelayedTask.EndSentinel(5000, exec)); + exec.execute(new DelayedTaskConsumer(queue)); } - // Set the stopping point - queue.add(new DelayedTask.EndSentinel(5000, exec)); - exec.execute(new DelayedTaskConsumer(queue)); - } } /* Output: [128 ] Task 11 [200 ] Task 7 [429 ] Task 5 [520 ] Task 18 [555 ] Task 1 [961 ] Task 4 [998 ] Task 16 [1207] Task 9 [1693] Task 2 [1809] Task 14 [1861] Task 3 [2278] Task 15 [3288] Task 10 [3551] Task 12 [4258] Task 0 [4258] Task 19 [4522] Task 8 [4589] Task 13 [4861] Task 17 [4868] Task 6 (0:4258) (1:555) (2:1693) (3:1861) (4:961) (5:429) (6:4868) (7:200) (8:4522) (9:1207) (10:3288) (11:128) (12:3551) (13:4589) (14:1809) (15:2278) (16:998) (17:4861) (18:520) (19:4258) (20:5000) [5000] Task 20 Calling shutdownNow() diff --git a/src/concurrency/EvenChecker.java b/src/concurrency/EvenChecker.java index 8d0faaa..06c743f 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/EvenChecker.java +++ b/src/concurrency/EvenChecker.java @@ -1,33 +1,39 @@ package concurrency;//: concurrency/EvenChecker.java + import java.util.concurrent.*; public class EvenChecker implements Runnable { - private IntGenerator generator; - private final int id; - public EvenChecker(IntGenerator g, int ident) { - generator = g; - id = ident; - } - public void run() { - while(!generator.isCanceled()) { - int val = generator.next(); - if(val % 2 != 0) { - System.out.println(val + " not even!"); - generator.cancel(); // Cancels all EvenCheckers - } + private IntGenerator generator; + private final int id; + + public EvenChecker(IntGenerator g, int ident) { + generator = g; + id = ident; } - } - // Test any type of IntGenerator: - public static void test(IntGenerator gp, int count) { - System.out.println("Press Control-C to exit"); - ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); - for(int i = 0; i < count; i++) { - exec.execute(new EvenChecker(gp, i)); + + @Override + public void run() { + while (!generator.isCanceled()) { + int val = generator.next(); + if (val % 2 != 0) { + System.out.println(val + " not even!"); + generator.cancel(); // Cancels all EvenCheckers + } + } + } + + // Test any type of IntGenerator: + public static void test(IntGenerator gp, int count) { + System.out.println("Press Control-C to exit"); + ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); + for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) { + exec.execute(new EvenChecker(gp, i)); + } + exec.shutdown(); + } + + // Default value for count: + public static void test(IntGenerator gp) { + test(gp, 10); } - exec.shutdown(); - } - // Default value for count: - public static void test(IntGenerator gp) { - test(gp, 10); - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/concurrency/EvenGenerator.java b/src/concurrency/EvenGenerator.java index bd844b4..54e2761 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/EvenGenerator.java +++ b/src/concurrency/EvenGenerator.java @@ -2,15 +2,18 @@ package concurrency;//: concurrency/EvenGenerator.java // When threads collide. public class EvenGenerator extends IntGenerator { - private int currentEvenValue = 0; - public int next() { - ++currentEvenValue; // Danger point here! - ++currentEvenValue; - return currentEvenValue; - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - EvenChecker.test(new EvenGenerator()); - } + private int currentEvenValue = 0; + + @Override + public int next() { + ++currentEvenValue; // Danger point here! + ++currentEvenValue; + return currentEvenValue; + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + EvenChecker.test(new EvenGenerator()); + } } /* Output: (Sample) Press Control-C to exit 89476993 not even! diff --git a/src/concurrency/ExceptionThread.java b/src/concurrency/ExceptionThread.java index 781d05a..dc46b7f 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/ExceptionThread.java +++ b/src/concurrency/ExceptionThread.java @@ -1,13 +1,16 @@ package concurrency;//: concurrency/ExceptionThread.java // {ThrowsException} + import java.util.concurrent.*; public class ExceptionThread implements Runnable { - public void run() { - throw new RuntimeException(); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); - exec.execute(new ExceptionThread()); - } + @Override + public void run() { + throw new RuntimeException(); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); + exec.execute(new ExceptionThread()); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/concurrency/ExchangerDemo.java b/src/concurrency/ExchangerDemo.java index 56359b3..3ca2cdf 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/ExchangerDemo.java +++ b/src/concurrency/ExchangerDemo.java @@ -1,79 +1,88 @@ package concurrency;//: concurrency/ExchangerDemo.java + import java.util.concurrent.*; import java.util.*; + import net.mindview.util.*; class ExchangerProducer implements Runnable { - private Generator generator; - private Exchanger> exchanger; - private List holder; - ExchangerProducer(Exchanger> exchg, - Generator gen, List holder) { - exchanger = exchg; - generator = gen; - this.holder = holder; - } - public void run() { - try { - while(!Thread.interrupted()) { - for(int i = 0; i < ExchangerDemo.size; i++) { - holder.add(generator.next()); - } - // Exchange full for empty: - holder = exchanger.exchange(holder); - } - } catch(InterruptedException e) { - // OK to terminate this way. + private Generator generator; + private Exchanger> exchanger; + private List holder; + + ExchangerProducer(Exchanger> exchg, + Generator gen, List holder) { + exchanger = exchg; + generator = gen; + this.holder = holder; + } + + @Override + public void run() { + try { + while (!Thread.interrupted()) { + for (int i = 0; i < ExchangerDemo.size; i++) { + holder.add(generator.next()); + } + // Exchange full for empty: + holder = exchanger.exchange(holder); + } + } catch (InterruptedException e) { + // OK to terminate this way. + } } - } } class ExchangerConsumer implements Runnable { - private Exchanger> exchanger; - private List holder; - private volatile T value; - ExchangerConsumer(Exchanger> ex, List holder){ - exchanger = ex; - this.holder = holder; - } - public void run() { - try { - while(!Thread.interrupted()) { - holder = exchanger.exchange(holder); - for(T x : holder) { - value = x; // Fetch out value - holder.remove(x); // OK for CopyOnWriteArrayList - } - } - } catch(InterruptedException e) { - // OK to terminate this way. + private Exchanger> exchanger; + private List holder; + private volatile T value; + + ExchangerConsumer(Exchanger> ex, List holder) { + exchanger = ex; + this.holder = holder; + } + + @Override + public void run() { + try { + while (!Thread.interrupted()) { + holder = exchanger.exchange(holder); + for (T x : holder) { + value = x; // Fetch out value + holder.remove(x); // OK for CopyOnWriteArrayList + } + } + } catch (InterruptedException e) { + // OK to terminate this way. + } + System.out.println("Final value: " + value); } - System.out.println("Final value: " + value); - } } public class ExchangerDemo { - static int size = 10; - static int delay = 5; // Seconds - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - if(args.length > 0) { - size = new Integer(args[0]); + static int size = 10; + static int delay = 5; // Seconds + + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + if (args.length > 0) { + size = new Integer(args[0]); + } + if (args.length > 1) { + delay = new Integer(args[1]); + } + ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); + Exchanger> xc = new Exchanger>(); + List + producerList = new CopyOnWriteArrayList(), + consumerList = new CopyOnWriteArrayList(); + exec.execute(new ExchangerProducer(xc, + BasicGenerator.create(Fat.class), producerList)); + exec.execute( + new ExchangerConsumer(xc, consumerList)); + TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(delay); + exec.shutdownNow(); } - if(args.length > 1) { - delay = new Integer(args[1]); - } - ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); - Exchanger> xc = new Exchanger>(); - List - producerList = new CopyOnWriteArrayList(), - consumerList = new CopyOnWriteArrayList(); - exec.execute(new ExchangerProducer(xc, - BasicGenerator.create(Fat.class), producerList)); - exec.execute( - new ExchangerConsumer(xc,consumerList)); - TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(delay); - exec.shutdownNow(); - } } /* Output: (Sample) Final value: Fat id: 29999 *///:~ diff --git a/src/concurrency/ExplicitCriticalSection.java b/src/concurrency/ExplicitCriticalSection.java index c118d1e..aa6650f 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/ExplicitCriticalSection.java +++ b/src/concurrency/ExplicitCriticalSection.java @@ -1,47 +1,52 @@ //: concurrency/ExplicitCriticalSection.java // Using explicit Lock objects to create critical sections. package concurrency; + import java.util.concurrent.locks.*; // Synchronize the entire method: class ExplicitPairManager1 extends PairManager { - private Lock lock = new ReentrantLock(); - public synchronized void increment() { - lock.lock(); - try { - p.incrementX(); - p.incrementY(); - store(getPair()); - } finally { - lock.unlock(); + private Lock lock = new ReentrantLock(); + + @Override + public synchronized void increment() { + lock.lock(); + try { + p.incrementX(); + p.incrementY(); + store(getPair()); + } finally { + lock.unlock(); + } } - } } // Use a critical section: class ExplicitPairManager2 extends PairManager { - private Lock lock = new ReentrantLock(); - public void increment() { - Pair temp; - lock.lock(); - try { - p.incrementX(); - p.incrementY(); - temp = getPair(); - } finally { - lock.unlock(); + private Lock lock = new ReentrantLock(); + + @Override + public void increment() { + Pair temp; + lock.lock(); + try { + p.incrementX(); + p.incrementY(); + temp = getPair(); + } finally { + lock.unlock(); + } + store(temp); } - store(temp); - } } public class ExplicitCriticalSection { - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - PairManager - pman1 = new ExplicitPairManager1(), - pman2 = new ExplicitPairManager2(); - CriticalSection.testApproaches(pman1, pman2); - } + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + PairManager + pman1 = new ExplicitPairManager1(), + pman2 = new ExplicitPairManager2(); + CriticalSection.testApproaches(pman1, pman2); + } } /* Output: (Sample) pm1: Pair: x: 15, y: 15 checkCounter = 174035 pm2: Pair: x: 16, y: 16 checkCounter = 2608588 diff --git a/src/concurrency/FastSimulation.java b/src/concurrency/FastSimulation.java index 9bbd035..2b01f60 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/FastSimulation.java +++ b/src/concurrency/FastSimulation.java @@ -1,57 +1,62 @@ package concurrency;//: concurrency/FastSimulation.java + import java.util.concurrent.*; import java.util.concurrent.atomic.*; import java.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class FastSimulation { - static final int N_ELEMENTS = 100000; - static final int N_GENES = 30; - static final int N_EVOLVERS = 50; - static final AtomicInteger[][] GRID = - new AtomicInteger[N_ELEMENTS][N_GENES]; - static Random rand = new Random(47); - static class Evolver implements Runnable { - public void run() { - while(!Thread.interrupted()) { - // Randomly select an element to work on: - int element = rand.nextInt(N_ELEMENTS); - for(int i = 0; i < N_GENES; i++) { - int previous = element - 1; - if(previous < 0) { - previous = N_ELEMENTS - 1; - } - int next = element + 1; - if(next >= N_ELEMENTS) { - next = 0; - } - int oldvalue = GRID[element][i].get(); - // Perform some kind of modeling calculation: - int newvalue = oldvalue + - GRID[previous][i].get() + GRID[next][i].get(); - newvalue /= 3; // Average the three values - if(!GRID[element][i] - .compareAndSet(oldvalue, newvalue)) { - // Policy here to deal with failure. Here, we - // just report it and ignore it; our model - // will eventually deal with it. - print("Old value changed from " + oldvalue); - } - } - } - } - } - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); - for(int i = 0; i < N_ELEMENTS; i++) { - for(int j = 0; j < N_GENES; j++) { - GRID[i][j] = new AtomicInteger(rand.nextInt(1000)); + static final int N_ELEMENTS = 100000; + static final int N_GENES = 30; + static final int N_EVOLVERS = 50; + static final AtomicInteger[][] GRID = + new AtomicInteger[N_ELEMENTS][N_GENES]; + static Random rand = new Random(47); + + static class Evolver implements Runnable { + @Override + public void run() { + while (!Thread.interrupted()) { + // Randomly select an element to work on: + int element = rand.nextInt(N_ELEMENTS); + for (int i = 0; i < N_GENES; i++) { + int previous = element - 1; + if (previous < 0) { + previous = N_ELEMENTS - 1; + } + int next = element + 1; + if (next >= N_ELEMENTS) { + next = 0; + } + int oldvalue = GRID[element][i].get(); + // Perform some kind of modeling calculation: + int newvalue = oldvalue + + GRID[previous][i].get() + GRID[next][i].get(); + newvalue /= 3; // Average the three values + if (!GRID[element][i] + .compareAndSet(oldvalue, newvalue)) { + // Policy here to deal with failure. Here, we + // just report it and ignore it; our model + // will eventually deal with it. + print("Old value changed from " + oldvalue); + } + } + } } } - for(int i = 0; i < N_EVOLVERS; i++) { - exec.execute(new Evolver()); + + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); + for (int i = 0; i < N_ELEMENTS; i++) { + for (int j = 0; j < N_GENES; j++) { + GRID[i][j] = new AtomicInteger(rand.nextInt(1000)); + } + } + for (int i = 0; i < N_EVOLVERS; i++) { + exec.execute(new Evolver()); + } + TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(5); + exec.shutdownNow(); } - TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(5); - exec.shutdownNow(); - } } /* (Execute to see output) *///:~ diff --git a/src/concurrency/Fat.java b/src/concurrency/Fat.java index b2bdb92..e755eba 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/Fat.java +++ b/src/concurrency/Fat.java @@ -2,15 +2,23 @@ package concurrency;//: concurrency/Fat.java // Objects that are expensive to create. public class Fat { - private volatile double d; // Prevent optimization - private static int counter = 0; - private final int id = counter++; - public Fat() { - // Expensive, interruptible operation: - for(int i = 1; i < 10000; i++) { - d += (Math.PI + Math.E) / (double)i; + private volatile double d; // Prevent optimization + private static int counter = 0; + private final int id = counter++; + + public Fat() { + // Expensive, interruptible operation: + for (int i = 1; i < 10000; i++) { + d += (Math.PI + Math.E) / (double) i; + } + } + + public void operation() { + System.out.println(this); + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return "Fat id: " + id; } - } - public void operation() { System.out.println(this); } - public String toString() { return "Fat id: " + id; } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/concurrency/FixedDiningPhilosophers.java b/src/concurrency/FixedDiningPhilosophers.java index 488fa09..b7637ea 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/FixedDiningPhilosophers.java +++ b/src/concurrency/FixedDiningPhilosophers.java @@ -1,38 +1,39 @@ package concurrency;//: concurrency/FixedDiningPhilosophers.java // Dining philosophers without deadlock. // {Args: 5 5 timeout} + import java.util.concurrent.*; public class FixedDiningPhilosophers { - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - int ponder = 5; - if(args.length > 0) { - ponder = Integer.parseInt(args[0]); - } - int size = 5; - if(args.length > 1) { - size = Integer.parseInt(args[1]); - } - ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); - Chopstick[] sticks = new Chopstick[size]; - for(int i = 0; i < size; i++) { - sticks[i] = new Chopstick(); - } - for(int i = 0; i < size; i++) { - if(i < (size-1)) { - exec.execute(new Philosopher( - sticks[i], sticks[i + 1], i, ponder)); - } else { - exec.execute(new Philosopher( - sticks[0], sticks[i], i, ponder)); + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + int ponder = 5; + if (args.length > 0) { + ponder = Integer.parseInt(args[0]); } + int size = 5; + if (args.length > 1) { + size = Integer.parseInt(args[1]); + } + ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); + Chopstick[] sticks = new Chopstick[size]; + for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) { + sticks[i] = new Chopstick(); + } + for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) { + if (i < (size - 1)) { + exec.execute(new Philosopher( + sticks[i], sticks[i + 1], i, ponder)); + } else { + exec.execute(new Philosopher( + sticks[0], sticks[i], i, ponder)); + } + } + if (args.length == 3 && args[2].equals("timeout")) { + TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(5); + } else { + System.out.println("Press 'Enter' to quit"); + System.in.read(); + } + exec.shutdownNow(); } - if(args.length == 3 && args[2].equals("timeout")) { - TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(5); - } else { - System.out.println("Press 'Enter' to quit"); - System.in.read(); - } - exec.shutdownNow(); - } } /* (Execute to see output) *///:~ diff --git a/src/concurrency/FixedThreadPool.java b/src/concurrency/FixedThreadPool.java index 1282d6d..74dc892 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/FixedThreadPool.java +++ b/src/concurrency/FixedThreadPool.java @@ -1,15 +1,16 @@ package concurrency;//: concurrency/FixedThreadPool.java + import java.util.concurrent.*; public class FixedThreadPool { - public static void main(String[] args) { - // Constructor argument is number of threads: - ExecutorService exec = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(5); - for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { - exec.execute(new LiftOff()); + public static void main(String[] args) { + // Constructor argument is number of threads: + ExecutorService exec = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(5); + for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { + exec.execute(new LiftOff()); + } + exec.shutdown(); } - exec.shutdown(); - } } /* Output: (Sample) #0(9), #0(8), #1(9), #2(9), #3(9), #4(9), #0(7), #1(8), #2(8), #3(8), #4(8), #0(6), #1(7), #2(7), #3(7), #4(7), #0(5), #1(6), #2(6), #3(6), #4(6), #0(4), #1(5), #2(5), #3(5), #4(5), #0(3), #1(4), #2(4), #3(4), #4(4), #0(2), #1(3), #2(3), #3(3), #4(3), #0(1), #1(2), #2(2), #3(2), #4(2), #0(Liftoff!), #1(1), #2(1), #3(1), #4(1), #1(Liftoff!), #2(Liftoff!), #3(Liftoff!), #4(Liftoff!), *///:~ diff --git a/src/concurrency/GreenhouseScheduler.java b/src/concurrency/GreenhouseScheduler.java index fec62bf..3415ea2 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/GreenhouseScheduler.java +++ b/src/concurrency/GreenhouseScheduler.java @@ -2,158 +2,193 @@ package concurrency;//: concurrency/GreenhouseScheduler.java // Rewriting innerclasses/GreenhouseController.java // to use a ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor. // {Args: 5000} + import java.util.concurrent.*; import java.util.*; public class GreenhouseScheduler { - private volatile boolean light = false; - private volatile boolean water = false; - private String thermostat = "Day"; - public synchronized String getThermostat() { - return thermostat; - } - public synchronized void setThermostat(String value) { - thermostat = value; - } - ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor scheduler = - new ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor(10); - public void schedule(Runnable event, long delay) { - scheduler.schedule(event,delay,TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS); - } - public void - repeat(Runnable event, long initialDelay, long period) { - scheduler.scheduleAtFixedRate( - event, initialDelay, period, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS); - } - class LightOn implements Runnable { - public void run() { - // Put hardware control code here to - // physically turn on the light. - System.out.println("Turning on lights"); - light = true; + private volatile boolean light = false; + private volatile boolean water = false; + private String thermostat = "Day"; + + public synchronized String getThermostat() { + return thermostat; } - } - class LightOff implements Runnable { - public void run() { - // Put hardware control code here to - // physically turn off the light. - System.out.println("Turning off lights"); - light = false; + + public synchronized void setThermostat(String value) { + thermostat = value; } - } - class WaterOn implements Runnable { - public void run() { - // Put hardware control code here. - System.out.println("Turning greenhouse water on"); - water = true; + + ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor scheduler = + new ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor(10); + + public void schedule(Runnable event, long delay) { + scheduler.schedule(event, delay, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS); } - } - class WaterOff implements Runnable { - public void run() { - // Put hardware control code here. - System.out.println("Turning greenhouse water off"); - water = false; + + public void + repeat(Runnable event, long initialDelay, long period) { + scheduler.scheduleAtFixedRate( + event, initialDelay, period, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS); } - } - class ThermostatNight implements Runnable { - public void run() { - // Put hardware control code here. - System.out.println("Thermostat to night setting"); - setThermostat("Night"); - } - } - class ThermostatDay implements Runnable { - public void run() { - // Put hardware control code here. - System.out.println("Thermostat to day setting"); - setThermostat("Day"); - } - } - class Bell implements Runnable { - public void run() { System.out.println("Bing!"); } - } - class Terminate implements Runnable { - public void run() { - System.out.println("Terminating"); - scheduler.shutdownNow(); - // Must start a separate task to do this job, - // since the scheduler has been shut down: - new Thread() { + + class LightOn implements Runnable { + @Override public void run() { - for(DataPoint d : data) { - System.out.println(d); - } + // Put hardware control code here to + // physically turn on the light. + System.out.println("Turning on lights"); + light = true; } - }.start(); } - } - // New feature: data collection - static class DataPoint { - final Calendar time; - final float temperature; - final float humidity; - public DataPoint(Calendar d, float temp, float hum) { - time = d; - temperature = temp; - humidity = hum; - } - public String toString() { - return time.getTime() + - String.format( - " temperature: %1$.1f humidity: %2$.2f", - temperature, humidity); - } - } - private Calendar lastTime = Calendar.getInstance(); - { // Adjust date to the half hour - lastTime.set(Calendar.MINUTE, 30); - lastTime.set(Calendar.SECOND, 00); - } - private float lastTemp = 65.0f; - private int tempDirection = +1; - private float lastHumidity = 50.0f; - private int humidityDirection = +1; - private Random rand = new Random(47); - List data = Collections.synchronizedList( - new ArrayList()); - class CollectData implements Runnable { - public void run() { - System.out.println("Collecting data"); - synchronized(GreenhouseScheduler.this) { - // Pretend the interval is longer than it is: - lastTime.set(Calendar.MINUTE, - lastTime.get(Calendar.MINUTE) + 30); - // One in 5 chances of reversing the direction: - if(rand.nextInt(5) == 4) { - tempDirection = -tempDirection; + + class LightOff implements Runnable { + @Override + public void run() { + // Put hardware control code here to + // physically turn off the light. + System.out.println("Turning off lights"); + light = false; } - // Store previous value: - lastTemp = lastTemp + - tempDirection * (1.0f + rand.nextFloat()); - if(rand.nextInt(5) == 4) { - humidityDirection = -humidityDirection; - } - lastHumidity = lastHumidity + - humidityDirection * rand.nextFloat(); - // Calendar must be cloned, otherwise all - // DataPoints hold references to the same lastTime. - // For a basic object like Calendar, clone() is OK. - data.add(new DataPoint((Calendar)lastTime.clone(), - lastTemp, lastHumidity)); - } } - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - GreenhouseScheduler gh = new GreenhouseScheduler(); - gh.schedule(gh.new Terminate(), 5000); - // Former "Restart" class not necessary: - gh.repeat(gh.new Bell(), 0, 1000); - gh.repeat(gh.new ThermostatNight(), 0, 2000); - gh.repeat(gh.new LightOn(), 0, 200); - gh.repeat(gh.new LightOff(), 0, 400); - gh.repeat(gh.new WaterOn(), 0, 600); - gh.repeat(gh.new WaterOff(), 0, 800); - gh.repeat(gh.new ThermostatDay(), 0, 1400); - gh.repeat(gh.new CollectData(), 500, 500); - } + + class WaterOn implements Runnable { + @Override + public void run() { + // Put hardware control code here. + System.out.println("Turning greenhouse water on"); + water = true; + } + } + + class WaterOff implements Runnable { + @Override + public void run() { + // Put hardware control code here. + System.out.println("Turning greenhouse water off"); + water = false; + } + } + + class ThermostatNight implements Runnable { + @Override + public void run() { + // Put hardware control code here. + System.out.println("Thermostat to night setting"); + setThermostat("Night"); + } + } + + class ThermostatDay implements Runnable { + @Override + public void run() { + // Put hardware control code here. + System.out.println("Thermostat to day setting"); + setThermostat("Day"); + } + } + + class Bell implements Runnable { + @Override + public void run() { + System.out.println("Bing!"); + } + } + + class Terminate implements Runnable { + @Override + public void run() { + System.out.println("Terminating"); + scheduler.shutdownNow(); + // Must start a separate task to do this job, + // since the scheduler has been shut down: + new Thread() { + @Override + public void run() { + for (DataPoint d : data) { + System.out.println(d); + } + } + }.start(); + } + } + + // New feature: data collection + static class DataPoint { + final Calendar time; + final float temperature; + final float humidity; + + public DataPoint(Calendar d, float temp, float hum) { + time = d; + temperature = temp; + humidity = hum; + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return time.getTime() + + String.format( + " temperature: %1$.1f humidity: %2$.2f", + temperature, humidity); + } + } + + private Calendar lastTime = Calendar.getInstance(); + + { // Adjust date to the half hour + lastTime.set(Calendar.MINUTE, 30); + lastTime.set(Calendar.SECOND, 00); + } + + private float lastTemp = 65.0f; + private int tempDirection = +1; + private float lastHumidity = 50.0f; + private int humidityDirection = +1; + private Random rand = new Random(47); + List data = Collections.synchronizedList( + new ArrayList()); + + class CollectData implements Runnable { + @Override + public void run() { + System.out.println("Collecting data"); + synchronized (GreenhouseScheduler.this) { + // Pretend the interval is longer than it is: + lastTime.set(Calendar.MINUTE, + lastTime.get(Calendar.MINUTE) + 30); + // One in 5 chances of reversing the direction: + if (rand.nextInt(5) == 4) { + tempDirection = -tempDirection; + } + // Store previous value: + lastTemp = lastTemp + + tempDirection * (1.0f + rand.nextFloat()); + if (rand.nextInt(5) == 4) { + humidityDirection = -humidityDirection; + } + lastHumidity = lastHumidity + + humidityDirection * rand.nextFloat(); + // Calendar must be cloned, otherwise all + // DataPoints hold references to the same lastTime. + // For a basic object like Calendar, clone() is OK. + data.add(new DataPoint((Calendar) lastTime.clone(), + lastTemp, lastHumidity)); + } + } + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + GreenhouseScheduler gh = new GreenhouseScheduler(); + gh.schedule(gh.new Terminate(), 5000); + // Former "Restart" class not necessary: + gh.repeat(gh.new Bell(), 0, 1000); + gh.repeat(gh.new ThermostatNight(), 0, 2000); + gh.repeat(gh.new LightOn(), 0, 200); + gh.repeat(gh.new LightOff(), 0, 400); + gh.repeat(gh.new WaterOn(), 0, 600); + gh.repeat(gh.new WaterOff(), 0, 800); + gh.repeat(gh.new ThermostatDay(), 0, 1400); + gh.repeat(gh.new CollectData(), 500, 500); + } } /* (Execute to see output) *///:~ diff --git a/src/concurrency/HorseRace.java b/src/concurrency/HorseRace.java index b937a8e..c597bbb 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/HorseRace.java +++ b/src/concurrency/HorseRace.java @@ -1,91 +1,109 @@ package concurrency;//: concurrency/HorseRace.java // Using CyclicBarriers. + import java.util.concurrent.*; import java.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; class Horse implements Runnable { - private static int counter = 0; - private final int id = counter++; - private int strides = 0; - private static Random rand = new Random(47); - private static CyclicBarrier barrier; - public Horse(CyclicBarrier b) { barrier = b; } - public synchronized int getStrides() { return strides; } - public void run() { - try { - while(!Thread.interrupted()) { - synchronized(this) { - strides += rand.nextInt(3); // Produces 0, 1 or 2 + private static int counter = 0; + private final int id = counter++; + private int strides = 0; + private static Random rand = new Random(47); + private static CyclicBarrier barrier; + + public Horse(CyclicBarrier b) { + barrier = b; + } + + public synchronized int getStrides() { + return strides; + } + + @Override + public void run() { + try { + while (!Thread.interrupted()) { + synchronized (this) { + strides += rand.nextInt(3); // Produces 0, 1 or 2 + } + barrier.await(); + } + } catch (InterruptedException e) { + // A legitimate way to exit + } catch (BrokenBarrierException e) { + // This one we want to know about + throw new RuntimeException(e); } - barrier.await(); - } - } catch(InterruptedException e) { - // A legitimate way to exit - } catch(BrokenBarrierException e) { - // This one we want to know about - throw new RuntimeException(e); } - } - public String toString() { return "Horse " + id + " "; } - public String tracks() { - StringBuilder s = new StringBuilder(); - for(int i = 0; i < getStrides(); i++) { - s.append("*"); + + @Override + public String toString() { + return "Horse " + id + " "; + } + + public String tracks() { + StringBuilder s = new StringBuilder(); + for (int i = 0; i < getStrides(); i++) { + s.append("*"); + } + s.append(id); + return s.toString(); } - s.append(id); - return s.toString(); - } } public class HorseRace { - static final int FINISH_LINE = 75; - private List horses = new ArrayList(); - private ExecutorService exec = - Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); - private CyclicBarrier barrier; - public HorseRace(int nHorses, final int pause) { - barrier = new CyclicBarrier(nHorses, new Runnable() { - public void run() { - StringBuilder s = new StringBuilder(); - for(int i = 0; i < FINISH_LINE; i++) { - s.append("="); // The fence on the racetrack - } - print(s); - for(Horse horse : horses) { - print(horse.tracks()); - } - for(Horse horse : horses) { - if(horse.getStrides() >= FINISH_LINE) { - print(horse + "won!"); - exec.shutdownNow(); - return; + static final int FINISH_LINE = 75; + private List horses = new ArrayList(); + private ExecutorService exec = + Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); + private CyclicBarrier barrier; + + public HorseRace(int nHorses, final int pause) { + barrier = new CyclicBarrier(nHorses, new Runnable() { + @Override + public void run() { + StringBuilder s = new StringBuilder(); + for (int i = 0; i < FINISH_LINE; i++) { + s.append("="); // The fence on the racetrack + } + print(s); + for (Horse horse : horses) { + print(horse.tracks()); + } + for (Horse horse : horses) { + if (horse.getStrides() >= FINISH_LINE) { + print(horse + "won!"); + exec.shutdownNow(); + return; + } + } + try { + TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(pause); + } catch (InterruptedException e) { + print("barrier-action sleep interrupted"); + } } + }); + for (int i = 0; i < nHorses; i++) { + Horse horse = new Horse(barrier); + horses.add(horse); + exec.execute(horse); } - try { - TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(pause); - } catch(InterruptedException e) { - print("barrier-action sleep interrupted"); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + int nHorses = 7; + int pause = 200; + if (args.length > 0) { // Optional argument + int n = new Integer(args[0]); + nHorses = n > 0 ? n : nHorses; } - } - }); - for(int i = 0; i < nHorses; i++) { - Horse horse = new Horse(barrier); - horses.add(horse); - exec.execute(horse); + if (args.length > 1) { // Optional argument + int p = new Integer(args[1]); + pause = p > -1 ? p : pause; + } + new HorseRace(nHorses, pause); } - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - int nHorses = 7; - int pause = 200; - if(args.length > 0) { // Optional argument - int n = new Integer(args[0]); - nHorses = n > 0 ? n : nHorses; - } - if(args.length > 1) { // Optional argument - int p = new Integer(args[1]); - pause = p > -1 ? p : pause; - } - new HorseRace(nHorses, pause); - } } /* (Execute to see output) *///:~ diff --git a/src/concurrency/IntGenerator.java b/src/concurrency/IntGenerator.java index c73b577..0500541 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/IntGenerator.java +++ b/src/concurrency/IntGenerator.java @@ -1,9 +1,16 @@ package concurrency;//: concurrency/IntGenerator.java public abstract class IntGenerator { - private volatile boolean canceled = false; - public abstract int next(); - // Allow this to be canceled: - public void cancel() { canceled = true; } - public boolean isCanceled() { return canceled; } + private volatile boolean canceled = false; + + public abstract int next(); + + // Allow this to be canceled: + public void cancel() { + canceled = true; + } + + public boolean isCanceled() { + return canceled; + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/concurrency/Interrupting.java b/src/concurrency/Interrupting.java index 6743fed..2378552 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/Interrupting.java +++ b/src/concurrency/Interrupting.java @@ -1,77 +1,91 @@ package concurrency;//: concurrency/Interrupting.java // Interrupting a blocked thread. + import java.util.concurrent.*; import java.io.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; class SleepBlocked implements Runnable { - public void run() { - try { - TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(100); - } catch(InterruptedException e) { - print("InterruptedException"); + @Override + public void run() { + try { + TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(100); + } catch (InterruptedException e) { + print("InterruptedException"); + } + print("Exiting SleepBlocked.run()"); } - print("Exiting SleepBlocked.run()"); - } } class IOBlocked implements Runnable { - private InputStream in; - public IOBlocked(InputStream is) { in = is; } - public void run() { - try { - print("Waiting for read():"); - in.read(); - } catch(IOException e) { - if(Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted()) { - print("Interrupted from blocked I/O"); - } else { - throw new RuntimeException(e); - } + private InputStream in; + + public IOBlocked(InputStream is) { + in = is; + } + + @Override + public void run() { + try { + print("Waiting for read():"); + in.read(); + } catch (IOException e) { + if (Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted()) { + print("Interrupted from blocked I/O"); + } else { + throw new RuntimeException(e); + } + } + print("Exiting IOBlocked.run()"); } - print("Exiting IOBlocked.run()"); - } } class SynchronizedBlocked implements Runnable { - public synchronized void f() { - while(true) // Never releases lock - { - Thread.yield(); + public synchronized void f() { + while (true) // Never releases lock + { + Thread.yield(); + } + } + + public SynchronizedBlocked() { + new Thread() { + @Override + public void run() { + f(); // Lock acquired by this thread + } + }.start(); + } + + @Override + public void run() { + print("Trying to call f()"); + f(); + print("Exiting SynchronizedBlocked.run()"); } - } - public SynchronizedBlocked() { - new Thread() { - public void run() { - f(); // Lock acquired by this thread - } - }.start(); - } - public void run() { - print("Trying to call f()"); - f(); - print("Exiting SynchronizedBlocked.run()"); - } } public class Interrupting { - private static ExecutorService exec = - Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); - static void test(Runnable r) throws InterruptedException{ - Future f = exec.submit(r); - TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(100); - print("Interrupting " + r.getClass().getName()); - f.cancel(true); // Interrupts if running - print("Interrupt sent to " + r.getClass().getName()); - } - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - test(new SleepBlocked()); - test(new IOBlocked(System.in)); - test(new SynchronizedBlocked()); - TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(3); - print("Aborting with System.exit(0)"); - System.exit(0); // ... since last 2 interrupts failed - } + private static ExecutorService exec = + Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); + + static void test(Runnable r) throws InterruptedException { + Future f = exec.submit(r); + TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(100); + print("Interrupting " + r.getClass().getName()); + f.cancel(true); // Interrupts if running + print("Interrupt sent to " + r.getClass().getName()); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + test(new SleepBlocked()); + test(new IOBlocked(System.in)); + test(new SynchronizedBlocked()); + TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(3); + print("Aborting with System.exit(0)"); + System.exit(0); // ... since last 2 interrupts failed + } } /* Output: (95% match) Interrupting SleepBlocked InterruptedException diff --git a/src/concurrency/Interrupting2.java b/src/concurrency/Interrupting2.java index 584e6fb..ed2941a 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/Interrupting2.java +++ b/src/concurrency/Interrupting2.java @@ -1,44 +1,50 @@ package concurrency;//: concurrency/Interrupting2.java // Interrupting a task blocked with a ReentrantLock. + import java.util.concurrent.*; import java.util.concurrent.locks.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; class BlockedMutex { - private Lock lock = new ReentrantLock(); - public BlockedMutex() { - // Acquire it right away, to demonstrate interruption - // of a task blocked on a ReentrantLock: - lock.lock(); - } - public void f() { - try { - // This will never be available to a second task - lock.lockInterruptibly(); // Special call - print("lock acquired in f()"); - } catch(InterruptedException e) { - print("Interrupted from lock acquisition in f()"); + private Lock lock = new ReentrantLock(); + + public BlockedMutex() { + // Acquire it right away, to demonstrate interruption + // of a task blocked on a ReentrantLock: + lock.lock(); + } + + public void f() { + try { + // This will never be available to a second task + lock.lockInterruptibly(); // Special call + print("lock acquired in f()"); + } catch (InterruptedException e) { + print("Interrupted from lock acquisition in f()"); + } } - } } class Blocked2 implements Runnable { - BlockedMutex blocked = new BlockedMutex(); - public void run() { - print("Waiting for f() in BlockedMutex"); - blocked.f(); - print("Broken out of blocked call"); - } + BlockedMutex blocked = new BlockedMutex(); + + @Override + public void run() { + print("Waiting for f() in BlockedMutex"); + blocked.f(); + print("Broken out of blocked call"); + } } public class Interrupting2 { - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - Thread t = new Thread(new Blocked2()); - t.start(); - TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1); - System.out.println("Issuing t.interrupt()"); - t.interrupt(); - } + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + Thread t = new Thread(new Blocked2()); + t.start(); + TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1); + System.out.println("Issuing t.interrupt()"); + t.interrupt(); + } } /* Output: Waiting for f() in BlockedMutex Issuing t.interrupt() diff --git a/src/concurrency/InterruptingIdiom.java b/src/concurrency/InterruptingIdiom.java index cf85bc0..56261b1 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/InterruptingIdiom.java +++ b/src/concurrency/InterruptingIdiom.java @@ -1,67 +1,73 @@ package concurrency;//: concurrency/InterruptingIdiom.java // General idiom for interrupting a task. // {Args: 1100} + import java.util.concurrent.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; class NeedsCleanup { - private final int id; - public NeedsCleanup(int ident) { - id = ident; - print("NeedsCleanup " + id); - } - public void cleanup() { - print("Cleaning up " + id); - } + private final int id; + + public NeedsCleanup(int ident) { + id = ident; + print("NeedsCleanup " + id); + } + + public void cleanup() { + print("Cleaning up " + id); + } } class Blocked3 implements Runnable { - private volatile double d = 0.0; - public void run() { - try { - while(!Thread.interrupted()) { - // point1 - NeedsCleanup n1 = new NeedsCleanup(1); - // Start try-finally immediately after definition - // of n1, to guarantee proper cleanup of n1: + private volatile double d = 0.0; + + @Override + public void run() { try { - print("Sleeping"); - TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1); - // point2 - NeedsCleanup n2 = new NeedsCleanup(2); - // Guarantee proper cleanup of n2: - try { - print("Calculating"); - // A time-consuming, non-blocking operation: - for(int i = 1; i < 2500000; i++) { - d = d + (Math.PI + Math.E) / d; + while (!Thread.interrupted()) { + // point1 + NeedsCleanup n1 = new NeedsCleanup(1); + // Start try-finally immediately after definition + // of n1, to guarantee proper cleanup of n1: + try { + print("Sleeping"); + TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1); + // point2 + NeedsCleanup n2 = new NeedsCleanup(2); + // Guarantee proper cleanup of n2: + try { + print("Calculating"); + // A time-consuming, non-blocking operation: + for (int i = 1; i < 2500000; i++) { + d = d + (Math.PI + Math.E) / d; + } + print("Finished time-consuming operation"); + } finally { + n2.cleanup(); + } + } finally { + n1.cleanup(); + } } - print("Finished time-consuming operation"); - } finally { - n2.cleanup(); - } - } finally { - n1.cleanup(); + print("Exiting via while() test"); + } catch (InterruptedException e) { + print("Exiting via InterruptedException"); } - } - print("Exiting via while() test"); - } catch(InterruptedException e) { - print("Exiting via InterruptedException"); } - } } public class InterruptingIdiom { - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - if(args.length != 1) { - print("usage: java InterruptingIdiom delay-in-mS"); - System.exit(1); + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + if (args.length != 1) { + print("usage: java InterruptingIdiom delay-in-mS"); + System.exit(1); + } + Thread t = new Thread(new Blocked3()); + t.start(); + TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(new Integer(args[0])); + t.interrupt(); } - Thread t = new Thread(new Blocked3()); - t.start(); - TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(new Integer(args[0])); - t.interrupt(); - } } /* Output: (Sample) NeedsCleanup 1 Sleeping diff --git a/src/concurrency/Joining.java b/src/concurrency/Joining.java index 541881d..5a90e95 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/Joining.java +++ b/src/concurrency/Joining.java @@ -1,53 +1,60 @@ package concurrency;//: concurrency/Joining.java // Understanding join(). + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; class Sleeper extends Thread { - private int duration; - public Sleeper(String name, int sleepTime) { - super(name); - duration = sleepTime; - start(); - } - public void run() { - try { - sleep(duration); - } catch(InterruptedException e) { - print(getName() + " was interrupted. " + - "isInterrupted(): " + isInterrupted()); - return; + private int duration; + + public Sleeper(String name, int sleepTime) { + super(name); + duration = sleepTime; + start(); + } + + @Override + public void run() { + try { + sleep(duration); + } catch (InterruptedException e) { + print(getName() + " was interrupted. " + + "isInterrupted(): " + isInterrupted()); + return; + } + print(getName() + " has awakened"); } - print(getName() + " has awakened"); - } } class Joiner extends Thread { - private Sleeper sleeper; - public Joiner(String name, Sleeper sleeper) { - super(name); - this.sleeper = sleeper; - start(); - } - public void run() { - try { - sleeper.join(); - } catch(InterruptedException e) { - print("Interrupted"); + private Sleeper sleeper; + + public Joiner(String name, Sleeper sleeper) { + super(name); + this.sleeper = sleeper; + start(); + } + + @Override + public void run() { + try { + sleeper.join(); + } catch (InterruptedException e) { + print("Interrupted"); + } + print(getName() + " join completed"); } - print(getName() + " join completed"); - } } public class Joining { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Sleeper - sleepy = new Sleeper("Sleepy", 1500), - grumpy = new Sleeper("Grumpy", 1500); - Joiner - dopey = new Joiner("Dopey", sleepy), - doc = new Joiner("Doc", grumpy); - grumpy.interrupt(); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + Sleeper + sleepy = new Sleeper("Sleepy", 1500), + grumpy = new Sleeper("Grumpy", 1500); + Joiner + dopey = new Joiner("Dopey", sleepy), + doc = new Joiner("Doc", grumpy); + grumpy.interrupt(); + } } /* Output: Grumpy was interrupted. isInterrupted(): false Doc join completed diff --git a/src/concurrency/LiftOff.java b/src/concurrency/LiftOff.java index cf69b5b..3477497 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/LiftOff.java +++ b/src/concurrency/LiftOff.java @@ -2,21 +2,27 @@ package concurrency;//: concurrency/LiftOff.java // Demonstration of the Runnable interface. public class LiftOff implements Runnable { - protected int countDown = 10; // Default - private static int taskCount = 0; - private final int id = taskCount++; - public LiftOff() {} - public LiftOff(int countDown) { - this.countDown = countDown; - } - public String status() { - return "#" + id + "(" + - (countDown > 0 ? countDown : "Liftoff!") + "), "; - } - public void run() { - while(countDown-- > 0) { - System.out.print(status()); - Thread.yield(); + protected int countDown = 10; // Default + private static int taskCount = 0; + private final int id = taskCount++; + + public LiftOff() { + } + + public LiftOff(int countDown) { + this.countDown = countDown; + } + + public String status() { + return "#" + id + "(" + + (countDown > 0 ? countDown : "Liftoff!") + "), "; + } + + @Override + public void run() { + while (countDown-- > 0) { + System.out.print(status()); + Thread.yield(); + } } - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/concurrency/ListComparisons.java b/src/concurrency/ListComparisons.java index e43be93..5823b44 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/ListComparisons.java +++ b/src/concurrency/ListComparisons.java @@ -1,82 +1,99 @@ package concurrency;//: concurrency/ListComparisons.java // {Args: 1 10 10} (Fast verification check during build) // Rough comparison of thread-safe List performance. + import java.util.concurrent.*; import java.util.*; + import net.mindview.util.*; abstract class ListTest extends Tester> { - ListTest(String testId, int nReaders, int nWriters) { - super(testId, nReaders, nWriters); - } - class Reader extends TestTask { - long result = 0; - void test() { - for(long i = 0; i < testCycles; i++) { - for(int index = 0; index < containerSize; index++) { - result += testContainer.get(index); - } - } + ListTest(String testId, int nReaders, int nWriters) { + super(testId, nReaders, nWriters); } - void putResults() { - readResult += result; - readTime += duration; + + class Reader extends TestTask { + long result = 0; + + @Override + void test() { + for (long i = 0; i < testCycles; i++) { + for (int index = 0; index < containerSize; index++) { + result += testContainer.get(index); + } + } + } + + @Override + void putResults() { + readResult += result; + readTime += duration; + } } - } - class Writer extends TestTask { - void test() { - for(long i = 0; i < testCycles; i++) { - for(int index = 0; index < containerSize; index++) { - testContainer.set(index, writeData[index]); - } - } + + class Writer extends TestTask { + @Override + void test() { + for (long i = 0; i < testCycles; i++) { + for (int index = 0; index < containerSize; index++) { + testContainer.set(index, writeData[index]); + } + } + } + + @Override + void putResults() { + writeTime += duration; + } } - void putResults() { - writeTime += duration; + + @Override + void startReadersAndWriters() { + for (int i = 0; i < nReaders; i++) { + exec.execute(new Reader()); + } + for (int i = 0; i < nWriters; i++) { + exec.execute(new Writer()); + } } - } - void startReadersAndWriters() { - for(int i = 0; i < nReaders; i++) { - exec.execute(new Reader()); - } - for(int i = 0; i < nWriters; i++) { - exec.execute(new Writer()); - } - } } class SynchronizedArrayListTest extends ListTest { - List containerInitializer() { - return Collections.synchronizedList( - new ArrayList( - new CountingIntegerList(containerSize))); - } - SynchronizedArrayListTest(int nReaders, int nWriters) { - super("Synched ArrayList", nReaders, nWriters); - } + @Override + List containerInitializer() { + return Collections.synchronizedList( + new ArrayList( + new CountingIntegerList(containerSize))); + } + + SynchronizedArrayListTest(int nReaders, int nWriters) { + super("Synched ArrayList", nReaders, nWriters); + } } class CopyOnWriteArrayListTest extends ListTest { - List containerInitializer() { - return new CopyOnWriteArrayList( - new CountingIntegerList(containerSize)); - } - CopyOnWriteArrayListTest(int nReaders, int nWriters) { - super("CopyOnWriteArrayList", nReaders, nWriters); - } + @Override + List containerInitializer() { + return new CopyOnWriteArrayList( + new CountingIntegerList(containerSize)); + } + + CopyOnWriteArrayListTest(int nReaders, int nWriters) { + super("CopyOnWriteArrayList", nReaders, nWriters); + } } public class ListComparisons { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Tester.initMain(args); - new SynchronizedArrayListTest(10, 0); - new SynchronizedArrayListTest(9, 1); - new SynchronizedArrayListTest(5, 5); - new CopyOnWriteArrayListTest(10, 0); - new CopyOnWriteArrayListTest(9, 1); - new CopyOnWriteArrayListTest(5, 5); - Tester.exec.shutdown(); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + Tester.initMain(args); + new SynchronizedArrayListTest(10, 0); + new SynchronizedArrayListTest(9, 1); + new SynchronizedArrayListTest(5, 5); + new CopyOnWriteArrayListTest(10, 0); + new CopyOnWriteArrayListTest(9, 1); + new CopyOnWriteArrayListTest(5, 5); + Tester.exec.shutdown(); + } } /* Output: (Sample) Type Read time Write time Synched ArrayList 10r 0w 232158294700 0 diff --git a/src/concurrency/MainThread.java b/src/concurrency/MainThread.java index 4f808b5..bedf30c 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/MainThread.java +++ b/src/concurrency/MainThread.java @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ package concurrency;//: concurrency/MainThread.java public class MainThread { - public static void main(String[] args) { - LiftOff launch = new LiftOff(); - launch.run(); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + LiftOff launch = new LiftOff(); + launch.run(); + } } /* Output: #0(9), #0(8), #0(7), #0(6), #0(5), #0(4), #0(3), #0(2), #0(1), #0(Liftoff!), *///:~ diff --git a/src/concurrency/MapComparisons.java b/src/concurrency/MapComparisons.java index 068ca34..f520847 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/MapComparisons.java +++ b/src/concurrency/MapComparisons.java @@ -1,88 +1,105 @@ package concurrency;//: concurrency/MapComparisons.java // {Args: 1 10 10} (Fast verification check during build) // Rough comparison of thread-safe Map performance. + import java.util.concurrent.*; import java.util.*; + import net.mindview.util.*; abstract class MapTest -extends Tester> { - MapTest(String testId, int nReaders, int nWriters) { - super(testId, nReaders, nWriters); - } - class Reader extends TestTask { - long result = 0; - void test() { - for(long i = 0; i < testCycles; i++) { - for(int index = 0; index < containerSize; index++) { - result += testContainer.get(index); - } - } + extends Tester> { + MapTest(String testId, int nReaders, int nWriters) { + super(testId, nReaders, nWriters); } - void putResults() { - readResult += result; - readTime += duration; + + class Reader extends TestTask { + long result = 0; + + @Override + void test() { + for (long i = 0; i < testCycles; i++) { + for (int index = 0; index < containerSize; index++) { + result += testContainer.get(index); + } + } + } + + @Override + void putResults() { + readResult += result; + readTime += duration; + } } - } - class Writer extends TestTask { - void test() { - for(long i = 0; i < testCycles; i++) { - for(int index = 0; index < containerSize; index++) { - testContainer.put(index, writeData[index]); - } - } + + class Writer extends TestTask { + @Override + void test() { + for (long i = 0; i < testCycles; i++) { + for (int index = 0; index < containerSize; index++) { + testContainer.put(index, writeData[index]); + } + } + } + + @Override + void putResults() { + writeTime += duration; + } } - void putResults() { - writeTime += duration; + + @Override + void startReadersAndWriters() { + for (int i = 0; i < nReaders; i++) { + exec.execute(new Reader()); + } + for (int i = 0; i < nWriters; i++) { + exec.execute(new Writer()); + } } - } - void startReadersAndWriters() { - for(int i = 0; i < nReaders; i++) { - exec.execute(new Reader()); - } - for(int i = 0; i < nWriters; i++) { - exec.execute(new Writer()); - } - } } class SynchronizedHashMapTest extends MapTest { - Map containerInitializer() { - return Collections.synchronizedMap( - new HashMap( - MapData.map( - new CountingGenerator.Integer(), - new CountingGenerator.Integer(), - containerSize))); - } - SynchronizedHashMapTest(int nReaders, int nWriters) { - super("Synched HashMap", nReaders, nWriters); - } + @Override + Map containerInitializer() { + return Collections.synchronizedMap( + new HashMap( + MapData.map( + new CountingGenerator.Integer(), + new CountingGenerator.Integer(), + containerSize))); + } + + SynchronizedHashMapTest(int nReaders, int nWriters) { + super("Synched HashMap", nReaders, nWriters); + } } class ConcurrentHashMapTest extends MapTest { - Map containerInitializer() { - return new ConcurrentHashMap( - MapData.map( - new CountingGenerator.Integer(), - new CountingGenerator.Integer(), containerSize)); - } - ConcurrentHashMapTest(int nReaders, int nWriters) { - super("ConcurrentHashMap", nReaders, nWriters); - } + @Override + Map containerInitializer() { + return new ConcurrentHashMap( + MapData.map( + new CountingGenerator.Integer(), + new CountingGenerator.Integer(), containerSize)); + } + + ConcurrentHashMapTest(int nReaders, int nWriters) { + super("ConcurrentHashMap", nReaders, nWriters); + } } public class MapComparisons { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Tester.initMain(args); - new SynchronizedHashMapTest(10, 0); - new SynchronizedHashMapTest(9, 1); - new SynchronizedHashMapTest(5, 5); - new ConcurrentHashMapTest(10, 0); - new ConcurrentHashMapTest(9, 1); - new ConcurrentHashMapTest(5, 5); - Tester.exec.shutdown(); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + Tester.initMain(args); + new SynchronizedHashMapTest(10, 0); + new SynchronizedHashMapTest(9, 1); + new SynchronizedHashMapTest(5, 5); + new ConcurrentHashMapTest(10, 0); + new ConcurrentHashMapTest(9, 1); + new ConcurrentHashMapTest(5, 5); + Tester.exec.shutdown(); + } } /* Output: (Sample) Type Read time Write time Synched HashMap 10r 0w 306052025049 0 diff --git a/src/concurrency/MoreBasicThreads.java b/src/concurrency/MoreBasicThreads.java index 33ea9d1..1a8224e 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/MoreBasicThreads.java +++ b/src/concurrency/MoreBasicThreads.java @@ -2,12 +2,12 @@ package concurrency;//: concurrency/MoreBasicThreads.java // Adding more threads. public class MoreBasicThreads { - public static void main(String[] args) { - for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { - new Thread(new LiftOff()).start(); + public static void main(String[] args) { + for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { + new Thread(new LiftOff()).start(); + } + System.out.println("Waiting for LiftOff"); } - System.out.println("Waiting for LiftOff"); - } } /* Output: (Sample) Waiting for LiftOff #0(9), #1(9), #2(9), #3(9), #4(9), #0(8), #1(8), #2(8), #3(8), #4(8), #0(7), #1(7), #2(7), #3(7), #4(7), #0(6), #1(6), #2(6), #3(6), #4(6), #0(5), #1(5), #2(5), #3(5), #4(5), #0(4), #1(4), #2(4), #3(4), #4(4), #0(3), #1(3), #2(3), #3(3), #4(3), #0(2), #1(2), #2(2), #3(2), #4(2), #0(1), #1(1), #2(1), #3(1), #4(1), #0(Liftoff!), #1(Liftoff!), #2(Liftoff!), #3(Liftoff!), #4(Liftoff!), diff --git a/src/concurrency/MultiLock.java b/src/concurrency/MultiLock.java index 2de38db..771ec56 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/MultiLock.java +++ b/src/concurrency/MultiLock.java @@ -1,28 +1,32 @@ package concurrency;//: concurrency/MultiLock.java // One thread can reacquire the same lock. + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class MultiLock { - public synchronized void f1(int count) { - if(count-- > 0) { - print("f1() calling f2() with count " + count); - f2(count); + public synchronized void f1(int count) { + if (count-- > 0) { + print("f1() calling f2() with count " + count); + f2(count); + } } - } - public synchronized void f2(int count) { - if(count-- > 0) { - print("f2() calling f1() with count " + count); - f1(count); + + public synchronized void f2(int count) { + if (count-- > 0) { + print("f2() calling f1() with count " + count); + f1(count); + } + } + + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + final MultiLock multiLock = new MultiLock(); + new Thread() { + @Override + public void run() { + multiLock.f1(10); + } + }.start(); } - } - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - final MultiLock multiLock = new MultiLock(); - new Thread() { - public void run() { - multiLock.f1(10); - } - }.start(); - } } /* Output: f1() calling f2() with count 9 f2() calling f1() with count 8 diff --git a/src/concurrency/MutexEvenGenerator.java b/src/concurrency/MutexEvenGenerator.java index 02b8738..c09a493 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/MutexEvenGenerator.java +++ b/src/concurrency/MutexEvenGenerator.java @@ -1,23 +1,27 @@ package concurrency;//: concurrency/MutexEvenGenerator.java // Preventing thread collisions with mutexes. // {RunByHand} + import java.util.concurrent.locks.*; public class MutexEvenGenerator extends IntGenerator { - private int currentEvenValue = 0; - private Lock lock = new ReentrantLock(); - public int next() { - lock.lock(); - try { - ++currentEvenValue; - Thread.yield(); // Cause failure faster - ++currentEvenValue; - return currentEvenValue; - } finally { - lock.unlock(); + private int currentEvenValue = 0; + private Lock lock = new ReentrantLock(); + + @Override + public int next() { + lock.lock(); + try { + ++currentEvenValue; + Thread.yield(); // Cause failure faster + ++currentEvenValue; + return currentEvenValue; + } finally { + lock.unlock(); + } + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + EvenChecker.test(new MutexEvenGenerator()); } - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - EvenChecker.test(new MutexEvenGenerator()); - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/concurrency/NIOInterruption.java b/src/concurrency/NIOInterruption.java index 33e436f..d97ed4a 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/NIOInterruption.java +++ b/src/concurrency/NIOInterruption.java @@ -1,48 +1,55 @@ package concurrency;//: concurrency/NIOInterruption.java // Interrupting a blocked NIO channel. + import java.net.*; import java.nio.*; import java.nio.channels.*; import java.util.concurrent.*; import java.io.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; class NIOBlocked implements Runnable { - private final SocketChannel sc; - public NIOBlocked(SocketChannel sc) { this.sc = sc; } - public void run() { - try { - print("Waiting for read() in " + this); - sc.read(ByteBuffer.allocate(1)); - } catch(ClosedByInterruptException e) { - print("ClosedByInterruptException"); - } catch(AsynchronousCloseException e) { - print("AsynchronousCloseException"); - } catch(IOException e) { - throw new RuntimeException(e); + private final SocketChannel sc; + + public NIOBlocked(SocketChannel sc) { + this.sc = sc; + } + + @Override + public void run() { + try { + print("Waiting for read() in " + this); + sc.read(ByteBuffer.allocate(1)); + } catch (ClosedByInterruptException e) { + print("ClosedByInterruptException"); + } catch (AsynchronousCloseException e) { + print("AsynchronousCloseException"); + } catch (IOException e) { + throw new RuntimeException(e); + } + print("Exiting NIOBlocked.run() " + this); } - print("Exiting NIOBlocked.run() " + this); - } } public class NIOInterruption { - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); - ServerSocket server = new ServerSocket(8080); - InetSocketAddress isa = - new InetSocketAddress("localhost", 8080); - SocketChannel sc1 = SocketChannel.open(isa); - SocketChannel sc2 = SocketChannel.open(isa); - Future f = exec.submit(new NIOBlocked(sc1)); - exec.execute(new NIOBlocked(sc2)); - exec.shutdown(); - TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1); - // Produce an interrupt via cancel: - f.cancel(true); - TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1); - // Release the block by closing the channel: - sc2.close(); - } + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); + ServerSocket server = new ServerSocket(8080); + InetSocketAddress isa = + new InetSocketAddress("localhost", 8080); + SocketChannel sc1 = SocketChannel.open(isa); + SocketChannel sc2 = SocketChannel.open(isa); + Future f = exec.submit(new NIOBlocked(sc1)); + exec.execute(new NIOBlocked(sc2)); + exec.shutdown(); + TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1); + // Produce an interrupt via cancel: + f.cancel(true); + TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1); + // Release the block by closing the channel: + sc2.close(); + } } /* Output: (Sample) Waiting for read() in NIOBlocked@7a84e4 Waiting for read() in NIOBlocked@15c7850 diff --git a/src/concurrency/NaiveExceptionHandling.java b/src/concurrency/NaiveExceptionHandling.java index 2b6ca4d..698e861 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/NaiveExceptionHandling.java +++ b/src/concurrency/NaiveExceptionHandling.java @@ -1,16 +1,17 @@ package concurrency;//: concurrency/NaiveExceptionHandling.java // {ThrowsException} + import java.util.concurrent.*; public class NaiveExceptionHandling { - public static void main(String[] args) { - try { - ExecutorService exec = - Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); - exec.execute(new ExceptionThread()); - } catch(RuntimeException ue) { - // This statement will NOT execute! - System.out.println("Exception has been handled!"); + public static void main(String[] args) { + try { + ExecutorService exec = + Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); + exec.execute(new ExceptionThread()); + } catch (RuntimeException ue) { + // This statement will NOT execute! + System.out.println("Exception has been handled!"); + } } - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/concurrency/NotifyVsNotifyAll.java b/src/concurrency/NotifyVsNotifyAll.java index 7552edf..bae0b2d 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/NotifyVsNotifyAll.java +++ b/src/concurrency/NotifyVsNotifyAll.java @@ -1,65 +1,82 @@ package concurrency;//: concurrency/NotifyVsNotifyAll.java + import java.util.concurrent.*; import java.util.*; class Blocker { - synchronized void waitingCall() { - try { - while(!Thread.interrupted()) { - wait(); - System.out.print(Thread.currentThread() + " "); - } - } catch(InterruptedException e) { - // OK to exit this way + synchronized void waitingCall() { + try { + while (!Thread.interrupted()) { + wait(); + System.out.print(Thread.currentThread() + " "); + } + } catch (InterruptedException e) { + // OK to exit this way + } + } + + synchronized void prod() { + notify(); + } + + synchronized void prodAll() { + notifyAll(); } - } - synchronized void prod() { notify(); } - synchronized void prodAll() { notifyAll(); } } class Task implements Runnable { - static Blocker blocker = new Blocker(); - public void run() { blocker.waitingCall(); } + static Blocker blocker = new Blocker(); + + @Override + public void run() { + blocker.waitingCall(); + } } class Task2 implements Runnable { - // A separate Blocker object: - static Blocker blocker = new Blocker(); - public void run() { blocker.waitingCall(); } + // A separate Blocker object: + static Blocker blocker = new Blocker(); + + @Override + public void run() { + blocker.waitingCall(); + } } public class NotifyVsNotifyAll { - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); - for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { - exec.execute(new Task()); - } - exec.execute(new Task2()); - Timer timer = new Timer(); - timer.scheduleAtFixedRate(new TimerTask() { - boolean prod = true; - public void run() { - if(prod) { - System.out.print("\nnotify() "); - Task.blocker.prod(); - prod = false; - } else { - System.out.print("\nnotifyAll() "); - Task.blocker.prodAll(); - prod = true; + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); + for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { + exec.execute(new Task()); } - } - }, 400, 400); // Run every .4 second - TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(5); // Run for a while... - timer.cancel(); - System.out.println("\nTimer canceled"); - TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(500); - System.out.print("Task2.blocker.prodAll() "); - Task2.blocker.prodAll(); - TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(500); - System.out.println("\nShutting down"); - exec.shutdownNow(); // Interrupt all tasks - } + exec.execute(new Task2()); + Timer timer = new Timer(); + timer.scheduleAtFixedRate(new TimerTask() { + boolean prod = true; + + @Override + public void run() { + if (prod) { + System.out.print("\nnotify() "); + Task.blocker.prod(); + prod = false; + } else { + System.out.print("\nnotifyAll() "); + Task.blocker.prodAll(); + prod = true; + } + } + }, 400, 400); // Run every .4 second + TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(5); // Run for a while... + timer.cancel(); + System.out.println("\nTimer canceled"); + TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(500); + System.out.print("Task2.blocker.prodAll() "); + Task2.blocker.prodAll(); + TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(500); + System.out.println("\nShutting down"); + exec.shutdownNow(); // Interrupt all tasks + } } /* Output: (Sample) notify() Thread[pool-1-thread-1,5,main] notifyAll() Thread[pool-1-thread-1,5,main] Thread[pool-1-thread-5,5,main] Thread[pool-1-thread-4,5,main] Thread[pool-1-thread-3,5,main] Thread[pool-1-thread-2,5,main] diff --git a/src/concurrency/OrnamentalGarden.java b/src/concurrency/OrnamentalGarden.java index e72d712..09ad465 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/OrnamentalGarden.java +++ b/src/concurrency/OrnamentalGarden.java @@ -1,85 +1,104 @@ package concurrency;//: concurrency/OrnamentalGarden.java + import java.util.concurrent.*; import java.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; class Count { - private int count = 0; - private Random rand = new Random(47); - // Remove the synchronized keyword to see counting fail: - public synchronized int increment() { - int temp = count; - if(rand.nextBoolean()) // Yield half the time - { - Thread.yield(); + private int count = 0; + private Random rand = new Random(47); + + // Remove the synchronized keyword to see counting fail: + public synchronized int increment() { + int temp = count; + if (rand.nextBoolean()) // Yield half the time + { + Thread.yield(); + } + return (count = ++temp); + } + + public synchronized int value() { + return count; } - return (count = ++temp); - } - public synchronized int value() { return count; } } class Entrance implements Runnable { - private static Count count = new Count(); - private static List entrances = - new ArrayList(); - private int number = 0; - // Doesn't need synchronization to read: - private final int id; - private static volatile boolean canceled = false; - // Atomic operation on a volatile field: - public static void cancel() { canceled = true; } - public Entrance(int id) { - this.id = id; - // Keep this task in a list. Also prevents - // garbage collection of dead tasks: - entrances.add(this); - } - public void run() { - while(!canceled) { - synchronized(this) { - ++number; - } - print(this + " Total: " + count.increment()); - try { - TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(100); - } catch(InterruptedException e) { - print("sleep interrupted"); - } + private static Count count = new Count(); + private static List entrances = + new ArrayList(); + private int number = 0; + // Doesn't need synchronization to read: + private final int id; + private static volatile boolean canceled = false; + + // Atomic operation on a volatile field: + public static void cancel() { + canceled = true; } - print("Stopping " + this); - } - public synchronized int getValue() { return number; } - public String toString() { - return "Entrance " + id + ": " + getValue(); - } - public static int getTotalCount() { - return count.value(); - } - public static int sumEntrances() { - int sum = 0; - for(Entrance entrance : entrances) { - sum += entrance.getValue(); + + public Entrance(int id) { + this.id = id; + // Keep this task in a list. Also prevents + // garbage collection of dead tasks: + entrances.add(this); + } + + @Override + public void run() { + while (!canceled) { + synchronized (this) { + ++number; + } + print(this + " Total: " + count.increment()); + try { + TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(100); + } catch (InterruptedException e) { + print("sleep interrupted"); + } + } + print("Stopping " + this); + } + + public synchronized int getValue() { + return number; + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return "Entrance " + id + ": " + getValue(); + } + + public static int getTotalCount() { + return count.value(); + } + + public static int sumEntrances() { + int sum = 0; + for (Entrance entrance : entrances) { + sum += entrance.getValue(); + } + return sum; } - return sum; - } } public class OrnamentalGarden { - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); - for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { - exec.execute(new Entrance(i)); + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); + for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { + exec.execute(new Entrance(i)); + } + // Run for a while, then stop and collect the data: + TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(3); + Entrance.cancel(); + exec.shutdown(); + if (!exec.awaitTermination(250, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)) { + print("Some tasks were not terminated!"); + } + print("Total: " + Entrance.getTotalCount()); + print("Sum of Entrances: " + Entrance.sumEntrances()); } - // Run for a while, then stop and collect the data: - TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(3); - Entrance.cancel(); - exec.shutdown(); - if(!exec.awaitTermination(250, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)) { - print("Some tasks were not terminated!"); - } - print("Total: " + Entrance.getTotalCount()); - print("Sum of Entrances: " + Entrance.sumEntrances()); - } } /* Output: (Sample) Entrance 0: 1 Total: 1 Entrance 2: 1 Total: 3 diff --git a/src/concurrency/Philosopher.java b/src/concurrency/Philosopher.java index 348b7c9..bd3d67b 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/Philosopher.java +++ b/src/concurrency/Philosopher.java @@ -1,47 +1,57 @@ package concurrency;//: concurrency/Philosopher.java // A dining philosopher + import java.util.concurrent.*; import java.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class Philosopher implements Runnable { - private Chopstick left; - private Chopstick right; - private final int id; - private final int ponderFactor; - private Random rand = new Random(47); - private void pause() throws InterruptedException { - if(ponderFactor == 0) { - return; + private Chopstick left; + private Chopstick right; + private final int id; + private final int ponderFactor; + private Random rand = new Random(47); + + private void pause() throws InterruptedException { + if (ponderFactor == 0) { + return; + } + TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep( + rand.nextInt(ponderFactor * 250)); } - TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep( - rand.nextInt(ponderFactor * 250)); - } - public Philosopher(Chopstick left, Chopstick right, - int ident, int ponder) { - this.left = left; - this.right = right; - id = ident; - ponderFactor = ponder; - } - public void run() { - try { - while(!Thread.interrupted()) { - print(this + " " + "thinking"); - pause(); - // Philosopher becomes hungry - print(this + " " + "grabbing right"); - right.take(); - print(this + " " + "grabbing left"); - left.take(); - print(this + " " + "eating"); - pause(); - right.drop(); - left.drop(); - } - } catch(InterruptedException e) { - print(this + " " + "exiting via interrupt"); + + public Philosopher(Chopstick left, Chopstick right, + int ident, int ponder) { + this.left = left; + this.right = right; + id = ident; + ponderFactor = ponder; + } + + @Override + public void run() { + try { + while (!Thread.interrupted()) { + print(this + " " + "thinking"); + pause(); + // Philosopher becomes hungry + print(this + " " + "grabbing right"); + right.take(); + print(this + " " + "grabbing left"); + left.take(); + print(this + " " + "eating"); + pause(); + right.drop(); + left.drop(); + } + } catch (InterruptedException e) { + print(this + " " + "exiting via interrupt"); + } + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return "Philosopher " + id; } - } - public String toString() { return "Philosopher " + id; } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/concurrency/PipedIO.java b/src/concurrency/PipedIO.java index ae29110..0fe37e1 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/PipedIO.java +++ b/src/concurrency/PipedIO.java @@ -1,57 +1,67 @@ package concurrency;//: concurrency/PipedIO.java // Using pipes for inter-task I/O + import java.util.concurrent.*; import java.io.*; import java.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; class Sender implements Runnable { - private Random rand = new Random(47); - private PipedWriter out = new PipedWriter(); - public PipedWriter getPipedWriter() { return out; } - public void run() { - try { - while(true) { - for(char c = 'A'; c <= 'z'; c++) { - out.write(c); - TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(rand.nextInt(500)); - } - } - } catch(IOException e) { - print(e + " Sender write exception"); - } catch(InterruptedException e) { - print(e + " Sender sleep interrupted"); + private Random rand = new Random(47); + private PipedWriter out = new PipedWriter(); + + public PipedWriter getPipedWriter() { + return out; + } + + @Override + public void run() { + try { + while (true) { + for (char c = 'A'; c <= 'z'; c++) { + out.write(c); + TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(rand.nextInt(500)); + } + } + } catch (IOException e) { + print(e + " Sender write exception"); + } catch (InterruptedException e) { + print(e + " Sender sleep interrupted"); + } } - } } class Receiver implements Runnable { - private PipedReader in; - public Receiver(Sender sender) throws IOException { - in = new PipedReader(sender.getPipedWriter()); - } - public void run() { - try { - while(true) { - // Blocks until characters are there: - printnb("Read: " + (char)in.read() + ", "); - } - } catch(IOException e) { - print(e + " Receiver read exception"); + private PipedReader in; + + public Receiver(Sender sender) throws IOException { + in = new PipedReader(sender.getPipedWriter()); + } + + @Override + public void run() { + try { + while (true) { + // Blocks until characters are there: + printnb("Read: " + (char) in.read() + ", "); + } + } catch (IOException e) { + print(e + " Receiver read exception"); + } } - } } public class PipedIO { - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - Sender sender = new Sender(); - Receiver receiver = new Receiver(sender); - ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); - exec.execute(sender); - exec.execute(receiver); - TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(4); - exec.shutdownNow(); - } + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + Sender sender = new Sender(); + Receiver receiver = new Receiver(sender); + ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); + exec.execute(sender); + exec.execute(receiver); + TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(4); + exec.shutdownNow(); + } } /* Output: (65% match) Read: A, Read: B, Read: C, Read: D, Read: E, Read: F, Read: G, Read: H, Read: I, Read: J, Read: K, Read: L, Read: M, java.lang.InterruptedException: sleep interrupted Sender sleep interrupted java.io.InterruptedIOException Receiver read exception diff --git a/src/concurrency/Pool.java b/src/concurrency/Pool.java index b86ae79..2eed760 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/Pool.java +++ b/src/concurrency/Pool.java @@ -1,55 +1,61 @@ package concurrency;//: concurrency/Pool.java // Using a Semaphore inside a Pool, to restrict // the number of tasks that can use a resource. + import java.util.concurrent.*; import java.util.*; public class Pool { - private int size; - private List items = new ArrayList(); - private volatile boolean[] checkedOut; - private Semaphore available; - public Pool(Class classObject, int size) { - this.size = size; - checkedOut = new boolean[size]; - available = new Semaphore(size, true); - // Load pool with objects that can be checked out: - for(int i = 0; i < size; ++i) { - try { - // Assumes a default constructor: - items.add(classObject.newInstance()); - } catch(Exception e) { - throw new RuntimeException(e); + private int size; + private List items = new ArrayList(); + private volatile boolean[] checkedOut; + private Semaphore available; + + public Pool(Class classObject, int size) { + this.size = size; + checkedOut = new boolean[size]; + available = new Semaphore(size, true); + // Load pool with objects that can be checked out: + for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i) { + try { + // Assumes a default constructor: + items.add(classObject.newInstance()); + } catch (Exception e) { + throw new RuntimeException(e); + } } } - } - public T checkOut() throws InterruptedException { - available.acquire(); - return getItem(); - } - public void checkIn(T x) { - if(releaseItem(x)) { - available.release(); + + public T checkOut() throws InterruptedException { + available.acquire(); + return getItem(); } - } - private synchronized T getItem() { - for(int i = 0; i < size; ++i) { - if(!checkedOut[i]) { - checkedOut[i] = true; - return items.get(i); + + public void checkIn(T x) { + if (releaseItem(x)) { + available.release(); } } - return null; // Semaphore prevents reaching here - } - private synchronized boolean releaseItem(T item) { - int index = items.indexOf(item); - if(index == -1) { - return false; // Not in the list + + private synchronized T getItem() { + for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i) { + if (!checkedOut[i]) { + checkedOut[i] = true; + return items.get(i); + } + } + return null; // Semaphore prevents reaching here } - if(checkedOut[index]) { - checkedOut[index] = false; - return true; + + private synchronized boolean releaseItem(T item) { + int index = items.indexOf(item); + if (index == -1) { + return false; // Not in the list + } + if (checkedOut[index]) { + checkedOut[index] = false; + return true; + } + return false; // Wasn't checked out } - return false; // Wasn't checked out - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/concurrency/PriorityBlockingQueueDemo.java b/src/concurrency/PriorityBlockingQueueDemo.java index dbb0535..231dc5f 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/PriorityBlockingQueueDemo.java +++ b/src/concurrency/PriorityBlockingQueueDemo.java @@ -1,122 +1,142 @@ package concurrency;//: concurrency/PriorityBlockingQueueDemo.java + import java.util.concurrent.*; import java.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; class PrioritizedTask implements -Runnable, Comparable { - private Random rand = new Random(47); - private static int counter = 0; - private final int id = counter++; - private final int priority; - protected static List sequence = - new ArrayList(); - public PrioritizedTask(int priority) { - this.priority = priority; - sequence.add(this); - } - public int compareTo(PrioritizedTask arg) { - return priority < arg.priority ? 1 : - (priority > arg.priority ? -1 : 0); - } - public void run() { - try { - TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(rand.nextInt(250)); - } catch(InterruptedException e) { - // Acceptable way to exit + Runnable, Comparable { + private Random rand = new Random(47); + private static int counter = 0; + private final int id = counter++; + private final int priority; + protected static List sequence = + new ArrayList(); + + public PrioritizedTask(int priority) { + this.priority = priority; + sequence.add(this); } - print(this); - } - public String toString() { - return String.format("[%1$-3d]", priority) + - " Task " + id; - } - public String summary() { - return "(" + id + ":" + priority + ")"; - } - public static class EndSentinel extends PrioritizedTask { - private ExecutorService exec; - public EndSentinel(ExecutorService e) { - super(-1); // Lowest priority in this program - exec = e; + + @Override + public int compareTo(PrioritizedTask arg) { + return priority < arg.priority ? 1 : + (priority > arg.priority ? -1 : 0); } + + @Override public void run() { - int count = 0; - for(PrioritizedTask pt : sequence) { - printnb(pt.summary()); - if(++count % 5 == 0) { - print(); + try { + TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(rand.nextInt(250)); + } catch (InterruptedException e) { + // Acceptable way to exit + } + print(this); + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return String.format("[%1$-3d]", priority) + + " Task " + id; + } + + public String summary() { + return "(" + id + ":" + priority + ")"; + } + + public static class EndSentinel extends PrioritizedTask { + private ExecutorService exec; + + public EndSentinel(ExecutorService e) { + super(-1); // Lowest priority in this program + exec = e; + } + + @Override + public void run() { + int count = 0; + for (PrioritizedTask pt : sequence) { + printnb(pt.summary()); + if (++count % 5 == 0) { + print(); + } + } + print(); + print(this + " Calling shutdownNow()"); + exec.shutdownNow(); } - } - print(); - print(this + " Calling shutdownNow()"); - exec.shutdownNow(); } - } } class PrioritizedTaskProducer implements Runnable { - private Random rand = new Random(47); - private Queue queue; - private ExecutorService exec; - public PrioritizedTaskProducer( - Queue q, ExecutorService e) { - queue = q; - exec = e; // Used for EndSentinel - } - public void run() { - // Unbounded queue; never blocks. - // Fill it up fast with random priorities: - for(int i = 0; i < 20; i++) { - queue.add(new PrioritizedTask(rand.nextInt(10))); - Thread.yield(); + private Random rand = new Random(47); + private Queue queue; + private ExecutorService exec; + + public PrioritizedTaskProducer( + Queue q, ExecutorService e) { + queue = q; + exec = e; // Used for EndSentinel } - // Trickle in highest-priority jobs: - try { - for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { - TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(250); - queue.add(new PrioritizedTask(10)); - } - // Add jobs, lowest priority first: - for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { - queue.add(new PrioritizedTask(i)); - } - // A sentinel to stop all the tasks: - queue.add(new PrioritizedTask.EndSentinel(exec)); - } catch(InterruptedException e) { - // Acceptable way to exit + + @Override + public void run() { + // Unbounded queue; never blocks. + // Fill it up fast with random priorities: + for (int i = 0; i < 20; i++) { + queue.add(new PrioritizedTask(rand.nextInt(10))); + Thread.yield(); + } + // Trickle in highest-priority jobs: + try { + for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { + TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(250); + queue.add(new PrioritizedTask(10)); + } + // Add jobs, lowest priority first: + for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { + queue.add(new PrioritizedTask(i)); + } + // A sentinel to stop all the tasks: + queue.add(new PrioritizedTask.EndSentinel(exec)); + } catch (InterruptedException e) { + // Acceptable way to exit + } + print("Finished PrioritizedTaskProducer"); } - print("Finished PrioritizedTaskProducer"); - } } class PrioritizedTaskConsumer implements Runnable { - private PriorityBlockingQueue q; - public PrioritizedTaskConsumer( - PriorityBlockingQueue q) { - this.q = q; - } - public void run() { - try { - while(!Thread.interrupted()) - // Use current thread to run the task: - { - q.take().run(); - } - } catch(InterruptedException e) { - // Acceptable way to exit + private PriorityBlockingQueue q; + + public PrioritizedTaskConsumer( + PriorityBlockingQueue q) { + this.q = q; + } + + @Override + public void run() { + try { + while (!Thread.interrupted()) + // Use current thread to run the task: + { + q.take().run(); + } + } catch (InterruptedException e) { + // Acceptable way to exit + } + print("Finished PrioritizedTaskConsumer"); } - print("Finished PrioritizedTaskConsumer"); - } } public class PriorityBlockingQueueDemo { - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - Random rand = new Random(47); - ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); - PriorityBlockingQueue queue = - new PriorityBlockingQueue(); - exec.execute(new PrioritizedTaskProducer(queue, exec)); - exec.execute(new PrioritizedTaskConsumer(queue)); - } + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + Random rand = new Random(47); + ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); + PriorityBlockingQueue queue = + new PriorityBlockingQueue(); + exec.execute(new PrioritizedTaskProducer(queue, exec)); + exec.execute(new PrioritizedTaskConsumer(queue)); + } } /* (Execute to see output) *///:~ diff --git a/src/concurrency/ReaderWriterList.java b/src/concurrency/ReaderWriterList.java index 8f84266..2864a16 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/ReaderWriterList.java +++ b/src/concurrency/ReaderWriterList.java @@ -1,86 +1,97 @@ package concurrency;//: concurrency/ReaderWriterList.java + import java.util.concurrent.*; import java.util.concurrent.locks.*; import java.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class ReaderWriterList { - private ArrayList lockedList; - // Make the ordering fair: - private ReentrantReadWriteLock lock = - new ReentrantReadWriteLock(true); - public ReaderWriterList(int size, T initialValue) { - lockedList = new ArrayList( - Collections.nCopies(size, initialValue)); - } - public T set(int index, T element) { - Lock wlock = lock.writeLock(); - wlock.lock(); - try { - return lockedList.set(index, element); - } finally { - wlock.unlock(); + private ArrayList lockedList; + // Make the ordering fair: + private ReentrantReadWriteLock lock = + new ReentrantReadWriteLock(true); + + public ReaderWriterList(int size, T initialValue) { + lockedList = new ArrayList( + Collections.nCopies(size, initialValue)); } - } - public T get(int index) { - Lock rlock = lock.readLock(); - rlock.lock(); - try { - // Show that multiple readers - // may acquire the read lock: - if(lock.getReadLockCount() > 1) { - print(lock.getReadLockCount()); - } - return lockedList.get(index); - } finally { - rlock.unlock(); + + public T set(int index, T element) { + Lock wlock = lock.writeLock(); + wlock.lock(); + try { + return lockedList.set(index, element); + } finally { + wlock.unlock(); + } + } + + public T get(int index) { + Lock rlock = lock.readLock(); + rlock.lock(); + try { + // Show that multiple readers + // may acquire the read lock: + if (lock.getReadLockCount() > 1) { + print(lock.getReadLockCount()); + } + return lockedList.get(index); + } finally { + rlock.unlock(); + } + } + + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + new ReaderWriterListTest(30, 1); } - } - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - new ReaderWriterListTest(30, 1); - } } class ReaderWriterListTest { - ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); - private final static int SIZE = 100; - private static Random rand = new Random(47); - private ReaderWriterList list = - new ReaderWriterList(SIZE, 0); - private class Writer implements Runnable { - public void run() { - try { - for(int i = 0; i < 20; i++) { // 2 second test - list.set(i, rand.nextInt()); - TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(100); + ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); + private final static int SIZE = 100; + private static Random rand = new Random(47); + private ReaderWriterList list = + new ReaderWriterList(SIZE, 0); + + private class Writer implements Runnable { + @Override + public void run() { + try { + for (int i = 0; i < 20; i++) { // 2 second test + list.set(i, rand.nextInt()); + TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(100); + } + } catch (InterruptedException e) { + // Acceptable way to exit + } + print("Writer finished, shutting down"); + exec.shutdownNow(); } - } catch(InterruptedException e) { - // Acceptable way to exit - } - print("Writer finished, shutting down"); - exec.shutdownNow(); } - } - private class Reader implements Runnable { - public void run() { - try { - while(!Thread.interrupted()) { - for(int i = 0; i < SIZE; i++) { - list.get(i); - TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(1); - } + + private class Reader implements Runnable { + @Override + public void run() { + try { + while (!Thread.interrupted()) { + for (int i = 0; i < SIZE; i++) { + list.get(i); + TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(1); + } + } + } catch (InterruptedException e) { + // Acceptable way to exit + } } - } catch(InterruptedException e) { - // Acceptable way to exit - } } - } - public ReaderWriterListTest(int readers, int writers) { - for(int i = 0; i < readers; i++) { - exec.execute(new Reader()); + + public ReaderWriterListTest(int readers, int writers) { + for (int i = 0; i < readers; i++) { + exec.execute(new Reader()); + } + for (int i = 0; i < writers; i++) { + exec.execute(new Writer()); + } } - for(int i = 0; i < writers; i++) { - exec.execute(new Writer()); - } - } } /* (Execute to see output) *///:~ diff --git a/src/concurrency/ResponsiveUI.java b/src/concurrency/ResponsiveUI.java index 6977c4c..169f9d9 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/ResponsiveUI.java +++ b/src/concurrency/ResponsiveUI.java @@ -3,30 +3,35 @@ package concurrency;//: concurrency/ResponsiveUI.java // {RunByHand} class UnresponsiveUI { - private volatile double d = 1; - public UnresponsiveUI() throws Exception { - while(d > 0) { - d = d + (Math.PI + Math.E) / d; + private volatile double d = 1; + + public UnresponsiveUI() throws Exception { + while (d > 0) { + d = d + (Math.PI + Math.E) / d; + } + System.in.read(); // Never gets here } - System.in.read(); // Never gets here - } } public class ResponsiveUI extends Thread { - private static volatile double d = 1; - public ResponsiveUI() { - setDaemon(true); - start(); - } - public void run() { - while(true) { - d = d + (Math.PI + Math.E) / d; + private static volatile double d = 1; + + public ResponsiveUI() { + setDaemon(true); + start(); + } + + @Override + public void run() { + while (true) { + d = d + (Math.PI + Math.E) / d; + } + } + + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + //! new UnresponsiveUI(); // Must kill this process + new ResponsiveUI(); + System.in.read(); + System.out.println(d); // Shows progress } - } - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - //! new UnresponsiveUI(); // Must kill this process - new ResponsiveUI(); - System.in.read(); - System.out.println(d); // Shows progress - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/concurrency/Restaurant.java b/src/concurrency/Restaurant.java index 8b9cef5..ed94592 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/Restaurant.java +++ b/src/concurrency/Restaurant.java @@ -1,78 +1,99 @@ package concurrency;//: concurrency/Restaurant.java // The producer-consumer approach to task cooperation. + import java.util.concurrent.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; class Meal { - private final int orderNum; - public Meal(int orderNum) { this.orderNum = orderNum; } - public String toString() { return "Meal " + orderNum; } + private final int orderNum; + + public Meal(int orderNum) { + this.orderNum = orderNum; + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return "Meal " + orderNum; + } } class WaitPerson implements Runnable { - private Restaurant restaurant; - public WaitPerson(Restaurant r) { restaurant = r; } - public void run() { - try { - while(!Thread.interrupted()) { - synchronized(this) { - while(restaurant.meal == null) { - wait(); // ... for the chef to produce a meal - } - } - print("Waitperson got " + restaurant.meal); - synchronized(restaurant.chef) { - restaurant.meal = null; - restaurant.chef.notifyAll(); // Ready for another - } - } - } catch(InterruptedException e) { - print("WaitPerson interrupted"); + private Restaurant restaurant; + + public WaitPerson(Restaurant r) { + restaurant = r; + } + + @Override + public void run() { + try { + while (!Thread.interrupted()) { + synchronized (this) { + while (restaurant.meal == null) { + wait(); // ... for the chef to produce a meal + } + } + print("Waitperson got " + restaurant.meal); + synchronized (restaurant.chef) { + restaurant.meal = null; + restaurant.chef.notifyAll(); // Ready for another + } + } + } catch (InterruptedException e) { + print("WaitPerson interrupted"); + } } - } } class Chef implements Runnable { - private Restaurant restaurant; - private int count = 0; - public Chef(Restaurant r) { restaurant = r; } - public void run() { - try { - while(!Thread.interrupted()) { - synchronized(this) { - while(restaurant.meal != null) { - wait(); // ... for the meal to be taken - } - } - if(++count == 10) { - print("Out of food, closing"); - restaurant.exec.shutdownNow(); - } - printnb("Order up! "); - synchronized(restaurant.waitPerson) { - restaurant.meal = new Meal(count); - restaurant.waitPerson.notifyAll(); - } - TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(100); - } - } catch(InterruptedException e) { - print("Chef interrupted"); + private Restaurant restaurant; + private int count = 0; + + public Chef(Restaurant r) { + restaurant = r; + } + + @Override + public void run() { + try { + while (!Thread.interrupted()) { + synchronized (this) { + while (restaurant.meal != null) { + wait(); // ... for the meal to be taken + } + } + if (++count == 10) { + print("Out of food, closing"); + restaurant.exec.shutdownNow(); + } + printnb("Order up! "); + synchronized (restaurant.waitPerson) { + restaurant.meal = new Meal(count); + restaurant.waitPerson.notifyAll(); + } + TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(100); + } + } catch (InterruptedException e) { + print("Chef interrupted"); + } } - } } public class Restaurant { - Meal meal; - ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); - WaitPerson waitPerson = new WaitPerson(this); - Chef chef = new Chef(this); - public Restaurant() { - exec.execute(chef); - exec.execute(waitPerson); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - new Restaurant(); - } + Meal meal; + ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); + WaitPerson waitPerson = new WaitPerson(this); + Chef chef = new Chef(this); + + public Restaurant() { + exec.execute(chef); + exec.execute(waitPerson); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + new Restaurant(); + } } /* Output: Order up! Waitperson got Meal 1 Order up! Waitperson got Meal 2 diff --git a/src/concurrency/SelfManaged.java b/src/concurrency/SelfManaged.java index d23cf14..855f430 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/SelfManaged.java +++ b/src/concurrency/SelfManaged.java @@ -2,26 +2,34 @@ package concurrency;//: concurrency/SelfManaged.java // A Runnable containing its own driver Thread. public class SelfManaged implements Runnable { - private int countDown = 5; - private Thread t = new Thread(this); - public SelfManaged() { t.start(); } - public String toString() { - return Thread.currentThread().getName() + - "(" + countDown + "), "; - } - public void run() { - while(true) { - System.out.print(this); - if(--countDown == 0) { - return; - } + private int countDown = 5; + private Thread t = new Thread(this); + + public SelfManaged() { + t.start(); } - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { - new SelfManaged(); + + @Override + public String toString() { + return Thread.currentThread().getName() + + "(" + countDown + "), "; + } + + @Override + public void run() { + while (true) { + System.out.print(this); + if (--countDown == 0) { + return; + } + } + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { + new SelfManaged(); + } } - } } /* Output: Thread-0(5), Thread-0(4), Thread-0(3), Thread-0(2), Thread-0(1), Thread-1(5), Thread-1(4), Thread-1(3), Thread-1(2), Thread-1(1), Thread-2(5), Thread-2(4), Thread-2(3), Thread-2(2), Thread-2(1), Thread-3(5), Thread-3(4), Thread-3(3), Thread-3(2), Thread-3(1), Thread-4(5), Thread-4(4), Thread-4(3), Thread-4(2), Thread-4(1), *///:~ diff --git a/src/concurrency/SemaphoreDemo.java b/src/concurrency/SemaphoreDemo.java index 9e64d34..7fa4637 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/SemaphoreDemo.java +++ b/src/concurrency/SemaphoreDemo.java @@ -1,70 +1,79 @@ package concurrency;//: concurrency/SemaphoreDemo.java // Testing the Pool class + import java.util.concurrent.*; import java.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; // A task to check a resource out of a pool: class CheckoutTask implements Runnable { - private static int counter = 0; - private final int id = counter++; - private Pool pool; - public CheckoutTask(Pool pool) { - this.pool = pool; - } - public void run() { - try { - T item = pool.checkOut(); - print(this + "checked out " + item); - TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1); - print(this +"checking in " + item); - pool.checkIn(item); - } catch(InterruptedException e) { - // Acceptable way to terminate + private static int counter = 0; + private final int id = counter++; + private Pool pool; + + public CheckoutTask(Pool pool) { + this.pool = pool; + } + + @Override + public void run() { + try { + T item = pool.checkOut(); + print(this + "checked out " + item); + TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1); + print(this + "checking in " + item); + pool.checkIn(item); + } catch (InterruptedException e) { + // Acceptable way to terminate + } + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return "CheckoutTask " + id + " "; } - } - public String toString() { - return "CheckoutTask " + id + " "; - } } public class SemaphoreDemo { - final static int SIZE = 25; - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - final Pool pool = - new Pool(Fat.class, SIZE); - ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); - for(int i = 0; i < SIZE; i++) { - exec.execute(new CheckoutTask(pool)); - } - print("All CheckoutTasks created"); - List list = new ArrayList(); - for(int i = 0; i < SIZE; i++) { - Fat f = pool.checkOut(); - printnb(i + ": main() thread checked out "); - f.operation(); - list.add(f); - } - Future blocked = exec.submit(new Runnable() { - public void run() { - try { - // Semaphore prevents additional checkout, - // so call is blocked: - pool.checkOut(); - } catch(InterruptedException e) { - print("checkOut() Interrupted"); + final static int SIZE = 25; + + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + final Pool pool = + new Pool(Fat.class, SIZE); + ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); + for (int i = 0; i < SIZE; i++) { + exec.execute(new CheckoutTask(pool)); } - } - }); - TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(2); - blocked.cancel(true); // Break out of blocked call - print("Checking in objects in " + list); - for(Fat f : list) { - pool.checkIn(f); + print("All CheckoutTasks created"); + List list = new ArrayList(); + for (int i = 0; i < SIZE; i++) { + Fat f = pool.checkOut(); + printnb(i + ": main() thread checked out "); + f.operation(); + list.add(f); + } + Future blocked = exec.submit(new Runnable() { + @Override + public void run() { + try { + // Semaphore prevents additional checkout, + // so call is blocked: + pool.checkOut(); + } catch (InterruptedException e) { + print("checkOut() Interrupted"); + } + } + }); + TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(2); + blocked.cancel(true); // Break out of blocked call + print("Checking in objects in " + list); + for (Fat f : list) { + pool.checkIn(f); + } + for (Fat f : list) { + pool.checkIn(f); // Second checkIn ignored + } + exec.shutdown(); } - for(Fat f : list) { - pool.checkIn(f); // Second checkIn ignored - } - exec.shutdown(); - } } /* (Execute to see output) *///:~ diff --git a/src/concurrency/SerialNumberChecker.java b/src/concurrency/SerialNumberChecker.java index 6fcb192..0027fdf 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/SerialNumberChecker.java +++ b/src/concurrency/SerialNumberChecker.java @@ -2,67 +2,74 @@ package concurrency;//: concurrency/SerialNumberChecker.java // Operations that may seem safe are not, // when threads are present. // {Args: 4} + import java.util.concurrent.*; // Reuses storage so we don't run out of memory: class CircularSet { - private int[] array; - private int len; - private int index = 0; - public CircularSet(int size) { - array = new int[size]; - len = size; - // Initialize to a value not produced - // by the SerialNumberGenerator: - for(int i = 0; i < size; i++) { - array[i] = -1; - } - } - public synchronized void add(int i) { - array[index] = i; - // Wrap index and write over old elements: - index = ++index % len; - } - public synchronized boolean contains(int val) { - for(int i = 0; i < len; i++) { - if(array[i] == val) { - return true; + private int[] array; + private int len; + private int index = 0; + + public CircularSet(int size) { + array = new int[size]; + len = size; + // Initialize to a value not produced + // by the SerialNumberGenerator: + for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) { + array[i] = -1; } } - return false; - } + + public synchronized void add(int i) { + array[index] = i; + // Wrap index and write over old elements: + index = ++index % len; + } + + public synchronized boolean contains(int val) { + for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) { + if (array[i] == val) { + return true; + } + } + return false; + } } public class SerialNumberChecker { - private static final int SIZE = 10; - private static CircularSet serials = - new CircularSet(1000); - private static ExecutorService exec = - Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); - static class SerialChecker implements Runnable { - public void run() { - while(true) { - int serial = - SerialNumberGenerator.nextSerialNumber(); - if(serials.contains(serial)) { - System.out.println("Duplicate: " + serial); - System.exit(0); + private static final int SIZE = 10; + private static CircularSet serials = + new CircularSet(1000); + private static ExecutorService exec = + Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); + + static class SerialChecker implements Runnable { + @Override + public void run() { + while (true) { + int serial = + SerialNumberGenerator.nextSerialNumber(); + if (serials.contains(serial)) { + System.out.println("Duplicate: " + serial); + System.exit(0); + } + serials.add(serial); + } } - serials.add(serial); - } } - } - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - for(int i = 0; i < SIZE; i++) { - exec.execute(new SerialChecker()); + + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + for (int i = 0; i < SIZE; i++) { + exec.execute(new SerialChecker()); + } + // Stop after n seconds if there's an argument: + if (args.length > 0) { + TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(new Integer(args[0])); + System.out.println("No duplicates detected"); + System.exit(0); + } } - // Stop after n seconds if there's an argument: - if(args.length > 0) { - TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(new Integer(args[0])); - System.out.println("No duplicates detected"); - System.exit(0); - } - } } /* Output: (Sample) Duplicate: 8468656 *///:~ diff --git a/src/concurrency/SerialNumberGenerator.java b/src/concurrency/SerialNumberGenerator.java index dec4605..c072bee 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/SerialNumberGenerator.java +++ b/src/concurrency/SerialNumberGenerator.java @@ -1,8 +1,9 @@ package concurrency;//: concurrency/SerialNumberGenerator.java public class SerialNumberGenerator { - private static volatile int serialNumber = 0; - public static int nextSerialNumber() { - return serialNumber++; // Not thread-safe - } + private static volatile int serialNumber = 0; + + public static int nextSerialNumber() { + return serialNumber++; // Not thread-safe + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/concurrency/SettingDefaultHandler.java b/src/concurrency/SettingDefaultHandler.java index 8765e0f..4cddb8c 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/SettingDefaultHandler.java +++ b/src/concurrency/SettingDefaultHandler.java @@ -1,13 +1,14 @@ package concurrency;//: concurrency/SettingDefaultHandler.java + import java.util.concurrent.*; public class SettingDefaultHandler { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Thread.setDefaultUncaughtExceptionHandler( - new MyUncaughtExceptionHandler()); - ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); - exec.execute(new ExceptionThread()); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + Thread.setDefaultUncaughtExceptionHandler( + new MyUncaughtExceptionHandler()); + ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); + exec.execute(new ExceptionThread()); + } } /* Output: caught java.lang.RuntimeException *///:~ diff --git a/src/concurrency/SimpleDaemons.java b/src/concurrency/SimpleDaemons.java index 4f3cbbc..8665a4b 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/SimpleDaemons.java +++ b/src/concurrency/SimpleDaemons.java @@ -1,28 +1,32 @@ package concurrency;//: concurrency/SimpleDaemons.java // Daemon threads don't prevent the program from ending. + import java.util.concurrent.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class SimpleDaemons implements Runnable { - public void run() { - try { - while(true) { - TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(100); - print(Thread.currentThread() + " " + this); - } - } catch(InterruptedException e) { - print("sleep() interrupted"); + @Override + public void run() { + try { + while (true) { + TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(100); + print(Thread.currentThread() + " " + this); + } + } catch (InterruptedException e) { + print("sleep() interrupted"); + } } - } - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { - Thread daemon = new Thread(new SimpleDaemons()); - daemon.setDaemon(true); // Must call before start() - daemon.start(); + + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { + Thread daemon = new Thread(new SimpleDaemons()); + daemon.setDaemon(true); // Must call before start() + daemon.start(); + } + print("All daemons started"); + TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(175); } - print("All daemons started"); - TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(175); - } } /* Output: (Sample) All daemons started Thread[Thread-0,5,main] SimpleDaemons@530daa diff --git a/src/concurrency/SimpleMicroBenchmark.java b/src/concurrency/SimpleMicroBenchmark.java index 0d2e1d8..deff9a6 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/SimpleMicroBenchmark.java +++ b/src/concurrency/SimpleMicroBenchmark.java @@ -1,44 +1,52 @@ package concurrency;//: concurrency/SimpleMicroBenchmark.java // The dangers of microbenchmarking. + import java.util.concurrent.locks.*; abstract class Incrementable { - protected long counter = 0; - public abstract void increment(); + protected long counter = 0; + + public abstract void increment(); } class SynchronizingTest extends Incrementable { - public synchronized void increment() { ++counter; } + @Override + public synchronized void increment() { + ++counter; + } } class LockingTest extends Incrementable { - private Lock lock = new ReentrantLock(); - public void increment() { - lock.lock(); - try { - ++counter; - } finally { - lock.unlock(); + private Lock lock = new ReentrantLock(); + + @Override + public void increment() { + lock.lock(); + try { + ++counter; + } finally { + lock.unlock(); + } } - } } public class SimpleMicroBenchmark { - static long test(Incrementable incr) { - long start = System.nanoTime(); - for(long i = 0; i < 10000000L; i++) { - incr.increment(); + static long test(Incrementable incr) { + long start = System.nanoTime(); + for (long i = 0; i < 10000000L; i++) { + incr.increment(); + } + return System.nanoTime() - start; + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + long synchTime = test(new SynchronizingTest()); + long lockTime = test(new LockingTest()); + System.out.printf("synchronized: %1$10d\n", synchTime); + System.out.printf("Lock: %1$10d\n", lockTime); + System.out.printf("Lock/synchronized = %1$.3f", + (double) lockTime / (double) synchTime); } - return System.nanoTime() - start; - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - long synchTime = test(new SynchronizingTest()); - long lockTime = test(new LockingTest()); - System.out.printf("synchronized: %1$10d\n", synchTime); - System.out.printf("Lock: %1$10d\n", lockTime); - System.out.printf("Lock/synchronized = %1$.3f", - (double)lockTime/(double)synchTime); - } } /* Output: (75% match) synchronized: 244919117 Lock: 939098964 diff --git a/src/concurrency/SimplePriorities.java b/src/concurrency/SimplePriorities.java index 440b8a0..c25c01d 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/SimplePriorities.java +++ b/src/concurrency/SimplePriorities.java @@ -1,43 +1,50 @@ package concurrency;//: concurrency/SimplePriorities.java // Shows the use of thread priorities. + import java.util.concurrent.*; public class SimplePriorities implements Runnable { - private int countDown = 5; - private volatile double d; // No optimization - private int priority; - public SimplePriorities(int priority) { - this.priority = priority; - } - public String toString() { - return Thread.currentThread() + ": " + countDown; - } - public void run() { - Thread.currentThread().setPriority(priority); - while(true) { - // An expensive, interruptable operation: - for(int i = 1; i < 100000; i++) { - d += (Math.PI + Math.E) / (double)i; - if(i % 1000 == 0) { - Thread.yield(); + private int countDown = 5; + private volatile double d; // No optimization + private int priority; + + public SimplePriorities(int priority) { + this.priority = priority; + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return Thread.currentThread() + ": " + countDown; + } + + @Override + public void run() { + Thread.currentThread().setPriority(priority); + while (true) { + // An expensive, interruptable operation: + for (int i = 1; i < 100000; i++) { + d += (Math.PI + Math.E) / (double) i; + if (i % 1000 == 0) { + Thread.yield(); + } + } + System.out.println(this); + if (--countDown == 0) { + return; + } } - } - System.out.println(this); - if(--countDown == 0) { - return; - } } - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); - for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { + + public static void main(String[] args) { + ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); + for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { + exec.execute( + new SimplePriorities(Thread.MIN_PRIORITY)); + } exec.execute( - new SimplePriorities(Thread.MIN_PRIORITY)); + new SimplePriorities(Thread.MAX_PRIORITY)); + exec.shutdown(); } - exec.execute( - new SimplePriorities(Thread.MAX_PRIORITY)); - exec.shutdown(); - } } /* Output: (70% match) Thread[pool-1-thread-6,10,main]: 5 Thread[pool-1-thread-6,10,main]: 4 diff --git a/src/concurrency/SimpleThread.java b/src/concurrency/SimpleThread.java index 9850f19..dac2b1e 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/SimpleThread.java +++ b/src/concurrency/SimpleThread.java @@ -2,29 +2,35 @@ package concurrency;//: concurrency/SimpleThread.java // Inheriting directly from the Thread class. public class SimpleThread extends Thread { - private int countDown = 5; - private static int threadCount = 0; - public SimpleThread() { - // Store the thread name: - super(Integer.toString(++threadCount)); - start(); - } - public String toString() { - return "#" + getName() + "(" + countDown + "), "; - } - public void run() { - while(true) { - System.out.print(this); - if(--countDown == 0) { - return; - } + private int countDown = 5; + private static int threadCount = 0; + + public SimpleThread() { + // Store the thread name: + super(Integer.toString(++threadCount)); + start(); } - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { - new SimpleThread(); + + @Override + public String toString() { + return "#" + getName() + "(" + countDown + "), "; + } + + @Override + public void run() { + while (true) { + System.out.print(this); + if (--countDown == 0) { + return; + } + } + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { + new SimpleThread(); + } } - } } /* Output: #1(5), #1(4), #1(3), #1(2), #1(1), #2(5), #2(4), #2(3), #2(2), #2(1), #3(5), #3(4), #3(3), #3(2), #3(1), #4(5), #4(4), #4(3), #4(2), #4(1), #5(5), #5(4), #5(3), #5(2), #5(1), *///:~ diff --git a/src/concurrency/SingleThreadExecutor.java b/src/concurrency/SingleThreadExecutor.java index f034256..15bf573 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/SingleThreadExecutor.java +++ b/src/concurrency/SingleThreadExecutor.java @@ -1,15 +1,16 @@ package concurrency;//: concurrency/SingleThreadExecutor.java + import java.util.concurrent.*; public class SingleThreadExecutor { - public static void main(String[] args) { - ExecutorService exec = - Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor(); - for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { - exec.execute(new LiftOff()); + public static void main(String[] args) { + ExecutorService exec = + Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor(); + for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { + exec.execute(new LiftOff()); + } + exec.shutdown(); } - exec.shutdown(); - } } /* Output: #0(9), #0(8), #0(7), #0(6), #0(5), #0(4), #0(3), #0(2), #0(1), #0(Liftoff!), #1(9), #1(8), #1(7), #1(6), #1(5), #1(4), #1(3), #1(2), #1(1), #1(Liftoff!), #2(9), #2(8), #2(7), #2(6), #2(5), #2(4), #2(3), #2(2), #2(1), #2(Liftoff!), #3(9), #3(8), #3(7), #3(6), #3(5), #3(4), #3(3), #3(2), #3(1), #3(Liftoff!), #4(9), #4(8), #4(7), #4(6), #4(5), #4(4), #4(3), #4(2), #4(1), #4(Liftoff!), *///:~ diff --git a/src/concurrency/SleepingTask.java b/src/concurrency/SleepingTask.java index 1f58fe5..d9ef90b 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/SleepingTask.java +++ b/src/concurrency/SleepingTask.java @@ -1,28 +1,31 @@ package concurrency;//: concurrency/SleepingTask.java // Calling sleep() to pause for a while. + import java.util.concurrent.*; public class SleepingTask extends LiftOff { - public void run() { - try { - while(countDown-- > 0) { - System.out.print(status()); - // Old-style: - // Thread.sleep(100); - // Java SE5/6-style: - TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(100); - } - } catch(InterruptedException e) { - System.err.println("Interrupted"); + @Override + public void run() { + try { + while (countDown-- > 0) { + System.out.print(status()); + // Old-style: + // Thread.sleep(100); + // Java SE5/6-style: + TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(100); + } + } catch (InterruptedException e) { + System.err.println("Interrupted"); + } } - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); - for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { - exec.execute(new SleepingTask()); + + public static void main(String[] args) { + ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); + for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { + exec.execute(new SleepingTask()); + } + exec.shutdown(); } - exec.shutdown(); - } } /* Output: #0(9), #1(9), #2(9), #3(9), #4(9), #0(8), #1(8), #2(8), #3(8), #4(8), #0(7), #1(7), #2(7), #3(7), #4(7), #0(6), #1(6), #2(6), #3(6), #4(6), #0(5), #1(5), #2(5), #3(5), #4(5), #0(4), #1(4), #2(4), #3(4), #4(4), #0(3), #1(3), #2(3), #3(3), #4(3), #0(2), #1(2), #2(2), #3(2), #4(2), #0(1), #1(1), #2(1), #3(1), #4(1), #0(Liftoff!), #1(Liftoff!), #2(Liftoff!), #3(Liftoff!), #4(Liftoff!), *///:~ diff --git a/src/concurrency/SyncObject.java b/src/concurrency/SyncObject.java index 4774c15..bcebb95 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/SyncObject.java +++ b/src/concurrency/SyncObject.java @@ -1,35 +1,39 @@ package concurrency;//: concurrency/SyncObject.java // Synchronizing on another object. + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; class DualSynch { - private Object syncObject = new Object(); - public synchronized void f() { - for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { - print("f()"); - Thread.yield(); + private Object syncObject = new Object(); + + public synchronized void f() { + for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { + print("f()"); + Thread.yield(); + } } - } - public void g() { - synchronized(syncObject) { - for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { - print("g()"); - Thread.yield(); - } + + public void g() { + synchronized (syncObject) { + for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { + print("g()"); + Thread.yield(); + } + } } - } } public class SyncObject { - public static void main(String[] args) { - final DualSynch ds = new DualSynch(); - new Thread() { - public void run() { - ds.f(); - } - }.start(); - ds.g(); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + final DualSynch ds = new DualSynch(); + new Thread() { + @Override + public void run() { + ds.f(); + } + }.start(); + ds.g(); + } } /* Output: (Sample) g() f() diff --git a/src/concurrency/SynchronizationComparisons.java b/src/concurrency/SynchronizationComparisons.java index 1e58195..beaab8f 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/SynchronizationComparisons.java +++ b/src/concurrency/SynchronizationComparisons.java @@ -1,183 +1,227 @@ package concurrency;//: concurrency/SynchronizationComparisons.java // Comparing the performance of explicit Locks // and Atomics versus the synchronized keyword. + import java.util.concurrent.*; import java.util.concurrent.atomic.*; import java.util.concurrent.locks.*; import java.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; abstract class Accumulator { - public static long cycles = 50000L; - // Number of Modifiers and Readers during each test: - private static final int N = 4; - public static ExecutorService exec = - Executors.newFixedThreadPool(N*2); - private static CyclicBarrier barrier = - new CyclicBarrier(N*2 + 1); - protected volatile int index = 0; - protected volatile long value = 0; - protected long duration = 0; - protected String id = "error"; - protected final static int SIZE = 100000; - protected static int[] preLoaded = new int[SIZE]; - static { - // Load the array of random numbers: - Random rand = new Random(47); - for(int i = 0; i < SIZE; i++) { - preLoaded[i] = rand.nextInt(); + public static long cycles = 50000L; + // Number of Modifiers and Readers during each test: + private static final int N = 4; + public static ExecutorService exec = + Executors.newFixedThreadPool(N * 2); + private static CyclicBarrier barrier = + new CyclicBarrier(N * 2 + 1); + protected volatile int index = 0; + protected volatile long value = 0; + protected long duration = 0; + protected String id = "error"; + protected final static int SIZE = 100000; + protected static int[] preLoaded = new int[SIZE]; + + static { + // Load the array of random numbers: + Random rand = new Random(47); + for (int i = 0; i < SIZE; i++) { + preLoaded[i] = rand.nextInt(); + } } - } - public abstract void accumulate(); - public abstract long read(); - private class Modifier implements Runnable { - public void run() { - for(long i = 0; i < cycles; i++) { - accumulate(); - } - try { - barrier.await(); - } catch(Exception e) { - throw new RuntimeException(e); - } + + public abstract void accumulate(); + + public abstract long read(); + + private class Modifier implements Runnable { + @Override + public void run() { + for (long i = 0; i < cycles; i++) { + accumulate(); + } + try { + barrier.await(); + } catch (Exception e) { + throw new RuntimeException(e); + } + } } - } - private class Reader implements Runnable { - private volatile long value; - public void run() { - for(long i = 0; i < cycles; i++) { - value = read(); - } - try { - barrier.await(); - } catch(Exception e) { - throw new RuntimeException(e); - } + + private class Reader implements Runnable { + private volatile long value; + + @Override + public void run() { + for (long i = 0; i < cycles; i++) { + value = read(); + } + try { + barrier.await(); + } catch (Exception e) { + throw new RuntimeException(e); + } + } } - } - public void timedTest() { - long start = System.nanoTime(); - for(int i = 0; i < N; i++) { - exec.execute(new Modifier()); - exec.execute(new Reader()); + + public void timedTest() { + long start = System.nanoTime(); + for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) { + exec.execute(new Modifier()); + exec.execute(new Reader()); + } + try { + barrier.await(); + } catch (Exception e) { + throw new RuntimeException(e); + } + duration = System.nanoTime() - start; + printf("%-13s: %13d\n", id, duration); } - try { - barrier.await(); - } catch(Exception e) { - throw new RuntimeException(e); + + public static void + report(Accumulator acc1, Accumulator acc2) { + printf("%-22s: %.2f\n", acc1.id + "/" + acc2.id, + (double) acc1.duration / (double) acc2.duration); } - duration = System.nanoTime() - start; - printf("%-13s: %13d\n", id, duration); - } - public static void - report(Accumulator acc1, Accumulator acc2) { - printf("%-22s: %.2f\n", acc1.id + "/" + acc2.id, - (double)acc1.duration/(double)acc2.duration); - } } class BaseLine extends Accumulator { - { id = "BaseLine"; } - public void accumulate() { - value += preLoaded[index++]; - if(index >= SIZE) { - index = 0; + { + id = "BaseLine"; + } + + @Override + public void accumulate() { + value += preLoaded[index++]; + if (index >= SIZE) { + index = 0; + } + } + + @Override + public long read() { + return value; } - } - public long read() { return value; } } class SynchronizedTest extends Accumulator { - { id = "synchronized"; } - public synchronized void accumulate() { - value += preLoaded[index++]; - if(index >= SIZE) { - index = 0; + { + id = "synchronized"; + } + + @Override + public synchronized void accumulate() { + value += preLoaded[index++]; + if (index >= SIZE) { + index = 0; + } + } + + @Override + public synchronized long read() { + return value; } - } - public synchronized long read() { - return value; - } } class LockTest extends Accumulator { - { id = "Lock"; } - private Lock lock = new ReentrantLock(); - public void accumulate() { - lock.lock(); - try { - value += preLoaded[index++]; - if(index >= SIZE) { - index = 0; - } - } finally { - lock.unlock(); + { + id = "Lock"; } - } - public long read() { - lock.lock(); - try { - return value; - } finally { - lock.unlock(); + + private Lock lock = new ReentrantLock(); + + @Override + public void accumulate() { + lock.lock(); + try { + value += preLoaded[index++]; + if (index >= SIZE) { + index = 0; + } + } finally { + lock.unlock(); + } + } + + @Override + public long read() { + lock.lock(); + try { + return value; + } finally { + lock.unlock(); + } } - } } class AtomicTest extends Accumulator { - { id = "Atomic"; } - private AtomicInteger index = new AtomicInteger(0); - private AtomicLong value = new AtomicLong(0); - public void accumulate() { - // Oops! Relying on more than one Atomic at - // a time doesn't work. But it still gives us - // a performance indicator: - int i = index.getAndIncrement(); - value.getAndAdd(preLoaded[i]); - if(++i >= SIZE) { - index.set(0); + { + id = "Atomic"; + } + + private AtomicInteger index = new AtomicInteger(0); + private AtomicLong value = new AtomicLong(0); + + @Override + public void accumulate() { + // Oops! Relying on more than one Atomic at + // a time doesn't work. But it still gives us + // a performance indicator: + int i = index.getAndIncrement(); + value.getAndAdd(preLoaded[i]); + if (++i >= SIZE) { + index.set(0); + } + } + + @Override + public long read() { + return value.get(); } - } - public long read() { return value.get(); } } public class SynchronizationComparisons { - static BaseLine baseLine = new BaseLine(); - static SynchronizedTest synch = new SynchronizedTest(); - static LockTest lock = new LockTest(); - static AtomicTest atomic = new AtomicTest(); - static void test() { - print("============================"); - printf("%-12s : %13d\n", "Cycles", Accumulator.cycles); - baseLine.timedTest(); - synch.timedTest(); - lock.timedTest(); - atomic.timedTest(); - Accumulator.report(synch, baseLine); - Accumulator.report(lock, baseLine); - Accumulator.report(atomic, baseLine); - Accumulator.report(synch, lock); - Accumulator.report(synch, atomic); - Accumulator.report(lock, atomic); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - int iterations = 5; // Default - if(args.length > 0) // Optionally change iterations - { - iterations = new Integer(args[0]); + static BaseLine baseLine = new BaseLine(); + static SynchronizedTest synch = new SynchronizedTest(); + static LockTest lock = new LockTest(); + static AtomicTest atomic = new AtomicTest(); + + static void test() { + print("============================"); + printf("%-12s : %13d\n", "Cycles", Accumulator.cycles); + baseLine.timedTest(); + synch.timedTest(); + lock.timedTest(); + atomic.timedTest(); + Accumulator.report(synch, baseLine); + Accumulator.report(lock, baseLine); + Accumulator.report(atomic, baseLine); + Accumulator.report(synch, lock); + Accumulator.report(synch, atomic); + Accumulator.report(lock, atomic); } - // The first time fills the thread pool: - print("Warmup"); - baseLine.timedTest(); - // Now the initial test doesn't include the cost - // of starting the threads for the first time. - // Produce multiple data points: - for(int i = 0; i < iterations; i++) { - test(); - Accumulator.cycles *= 2; + + public static void main(String[] args) { + int iterations = 5; // Default + if (args.length > 0) // Optionally change iterations + { + iterations = new Integer(args[0]); + } + // The first time fills the thread pool: + print("Warmup"); + baseLine.timedTest(); + // Now the initial test doesn't include the cost + // of starting the threads for the first time. + // Produce multiple data points: + for (int i = 0; i < iterations; i++) { + test(); + Accumulator.cycles *= 2; + } + Accumulator.exec.shutdown(); } - Accumulator.exec.shutdown(); - } } /* Output: (Sample) Warmup BaseLine : 34237033 diff --git a/src/concurrency/SynchronizedEvenGenerator.java b/src/concurrency/SynchronizedEvenGenerator.java index e990d14..d15eb00 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/SynchronizedEvenGenerator.java +++ b/src/concurrency/SynchronizedEvenGenerator.java @@ -4,14 +4,17 @@ package concurrency;//: concurrency/SynchronizedEvenGenerator.java public class SynchronizedEvenGenerator extends IntGenerator { - private int currentEvenValue = 0; - public synchronized int next() { - ++currentEvenValue; - Thread.yield(); // Cause failure faster - ++currentEvenValue; - return currentEvenValue; - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - EvenChecker.test(new SynchronizedEvenGenerator()); - } + private int currentEvenValue = 0; + + @Override + public synchronized int next() { + ++currentEvenValue; + Thread.yield(); // Cause failure faster + ++currentEvenValue; + return currentEvenValue; + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + EvenChecker.test(new SynchronizedEvenGenerator()); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/concurrency/TestBlockingQueues.java b/src/concurrency/TestBlockingQueues.java index a97c16d..768950e 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/TestBlockingQueues.java +++ b/src/concurrency/TestBlockingQueues.java @@ -1,68 +1,77 @@ package concurrency;//: concurrency/TestBlockingQueues.java // {RunByHand} + import java.util.concurrent.*; import java.io.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; class LiftOffRunner implements Runnable { - private BlockingQueue rockets; - public LiftOffRunner(BlockingQueue queue) { - rockets = queue; - } - public void add(LiftOff lo) { - try { - rockets.put(lo); - } catch(InterruptedException e) { - print("Interrupted during put()"); + private BlockingQueue rockets; + + public LiftOffRunner(BlockingQueue queue) { + rockets = queue; } - } - public void run() { - try { - while(!Thread.interrupted()) { - LiftOff rocket = rockets.take(); - rocket.run(); // Use this thread - } - } catch(InterruptedException e) { - print("Waking from take()"); + + public void add(LiftOff lo) { + try { + rockets.put(lo); + } catch (InterruptedException e) { + print("Interrupted during put()"); + } + } + + @Override + public void run() { + try { + while (!Thread.interrupted()) { + LiftOff rocket = rockets.take(); + rocket.run(); // Use this thread + } + } catch (InterruptedException e) { + print("Waking from take()"); + } + print("Exiting LiftOffRunner"); } - print("Exiting LiftOffRunner"); - } } public class TestBlockingQueues { - static void getkey() { - try { - // Compensate for Windows/Linux difference in the - // length of the result produced by the Enter key: - new BufferedReader( - new InputStreamReader(System.in)).readLine(); - } catch(java.io.IOException e) { - throw new RuntimeException(e); + static void getkey() { + try { + // Compensate for Windows/Linux difference in the + // length of the result produced by the Enter key: + new BufferedReader( + new InputStreamReader(System.in)).readLine(); + } catch (java.io.IOException e) { + throw new RuntimeException(e); + } } - } - static void getkey(String message) { - print(message); - getkey(); - } - static void - test(String msg, BlockingQueue queue) { - print(msg); - LiftOffRunner runner = new LiftOffRunner(queue); - Thread t = new Thread(runner); - t.start(); - for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { - runner.add(new LiftOff(5)); + + static void getkey(String message) { + print(message); + getkey(); + } + + static void + test(String msg, BlockingQueue queue) { + print(msg); + LiftOffRunner runner = new LiftOffRunner(queue); + Thread t = new Thread(runner); + t.start(); + for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { + runner.add(new LiftOff(5)); + } + getkey("Press 'Enter' (" + msg + ")"); + t.interrupt(); + print("Finished " + msg + " test"); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + test("LinkedBlockingQueue", // Unlimited size + new LinkedBlockingQueue()); + test("ArrayBlockingQueue", // Fixed size + new ArrayBlockingQueue(3)); + test("SynchronousQueue", // Size of 1 + new SynchronousQueue()); } - getkey("Press 'Enter' (" + msg + ")"); - t.interrupt(); - print("Finished " + msg + " test"); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - test("LinkedBlockingQueue", // Unlimited size - new LinkedBlockingQueue()); - test("ArrayBlockingQueue", // Fixed size - new ArrayBlockingQueue(3)); - test("SynchronousQueue", // Size of 1 - new SynchronousQueue()); - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/concurrency/Tester.java b/src/concurrency/Tester.java index 116bff9..35f5581 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/Tester.java +++ b/src/concurrency/Tester.java @@ -1,79 +1,92 @@ package concurrency;//: concurrency/Tester.java // Framework to test performance of concurrency containers. + import java.util.concurrent.*; + import net.mindview.util.*; public abstract class Tester { - static int testReps = 10; - static int testCycles = 1000; - static int containerSize = 1000; - abstract C containerInitializer(); - abstract void startReadersAndWriters(); - C testContainer; - String testId; - int nReaders; - int nWriters; - volatile long readResult = 0; - volatile long readTime = 0; - volatile long writeTime = 0; - CountDownLatch endLatch; - static ExecutorService exec = - Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); - Integer[] writeData; - Tester(String testId, int nReaders, int nWriters) { - this.testId = testId + " " + - nReaders + "r " + nWriters + "w"; - this.nReaders = nReaders; - this.nWriters = nWriters; - writeData = Generated.array(Integer.class, - new RandomGenerator.Integer(), containerSize); - for(int i = 0; i < testReps; i++) { - runTest(); - readTime = 0; - writeTime = 0; + static int testReps = 10; + static int testCycles = 1000; + static int containerSize = 1000; + + abstract C containerInitializer(); + + abstract void startReadersAndWriters(); + + C testContainer; + String testId; + int nReaders; + int nWriters; + volatile long readResult = 0; + volatile long readTime = 0; + volatile long writeTime = 0; + CountDownLatch endLatch; + static ExecutorService exec = + Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); + Integer[] writeData; + + Tester(String testId, int nReaders, int nWriters) { + this.testId = testId + " " + + nReaders + "r " + nWriters + "w"; + this.nReaders = nReaders; + this.nWriters = nWriters; + writeData = Generated.array(Integer.class, + new RandomGenerator.Integer(), containerSize); + for (int i = 0; i < testReps; i++) { + runTest(); + readTime = 0; + writeTime = 0; + } } - } - void runTest() { - endLatch = new CountDownLatch(nReaders + nWriters); - testContainer = containerInitializer(); - startReadersAndWriters(); - try { - endLatch.await(); - } catch(InterruptedException ex) { - System.out.println("endLatch interrupted"); + + void runTest() { + endLatch = new CountDownLatch(nReaders + nWriters); + testContainer = containerInitializer(); + startReadersAndWriters(); + try { + endLatch.await(); + } catch (InterruptedException ex) { + System.out.println("endLatch interrupted"); + } + System.out.printf("%-27s %14d %14d\n", + testId, readTime, writeTime); + if (readTime != 0 && writeTime != 0) { + System.out.printf("%-27s %14d\n", + "readTime + writeTime =", readTime + writeTime); + } } - System.out.printf("%-27s %14d %14d\n", - testId, readTime, writeTime); - if(readTime != 0 && writeTime != 0) { - System.out.printf("%-27s %14d\n", - "readTime + writeTime =", readTime + writeTime); + + abstract class TestTask implements Runnable { + abstract void test(); + + abstract void putResults(); + + long duration; + + @Override + public void run() { + long startTime = System.nanoTime(); + test(); + duration = System.nanoTime() - startTime; + synchronized (Tester.this) { + putResults(); + } + endLatch.countDown(); + } } - } - abstract class TestTask implements Runnable { - abstract void test(); - abstract void putResults(); - long duration; - public void run() { - long startTime = System.nanoTime(); - test(); - duration = System.nanoTime() - startTime; - synchronized(Tester.this) { - putResults(); - } - endLatch.countDown(); + + public static void initMain(String[] args) { + if (args.length > 0) { + testReps = new Integer(args[0]); + } + if (args.length > 1) { + testCycles = new Integer(args[1]); + } + if (args.length > 2) { + containerSize = new Integer(args[2]); + } + System.out.printf("%-27s %14s %14s\n", + "Type", "Read time", "Write time"); } - } - public static void initMain(String[] args) { - if(args.length > 0) { - testReps = new Integer(args[0]); - } - if(args.length > 1) { - testCycles = new Integer(args[1]); - } - if(args.length > 2) { - containerSize = new Integer(args[2]); - } - System.out.printf("%-27s %14s %14s\n", - "Type", "Read time", "Write time"); - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/concurrency/ThreadLocalVariableHolder.java b/src/concurrency/ThreadLocalVariableHolder.java index 21cf5bd..f882c6b 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/ThreadLocalVariableHolder.java +++ b/src/concurrency/ThreadLocalVariableHolder.java @@ -1,44 +1,59 @@ package concurrency;//: concurrency/ThreadLocalVariableHolder.java // Automatically giving each thread its own storage. + import java.util.concurrent.*; import java.util.*; class Accessor implements Runnable { - private final int id; - public Accessor(int idn) { id = idn; } - public void run() { - while(!Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted()) { - ThreadLocalVariableHolder.increment(); - System.out.println(this); - Thread.yield(); + private final int id; + + public Accessor(int idn) { + id = idn; + } + + @Override + public void run() { + while (!Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted()) { + ThreadLocalVariableHolder.increment(); + System.out.println(this); + Thread.yield(); + } + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return "#" + id + ": " + + ThreadLocalVariableHolder.get(); } - } - public String toString() { - return "#" + id + ": " + - ThreadLocalVariableHolder.get(); - } } public class ThreadLocalVariableHolder { - private static ThreadLocal value = - new ThreadLocal() { - private Random rand = new Random(47); - protected synchronized Integer initialValue() { - return rand.nextInt(10000); - } - }; - public static void increment() { - value.set(value.get() + 1); - } - public static int get() { return value.get(); } - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); - for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { - exec.execute(new Accessor(i)); + private static ThreadLocal value = + new ThreadLocal() { + private Random rand = new Random(47); + + @Override + protected synchronized Integer initialValue() { + return rand.nextInt(10000); + } + }; + + public static void increment() { + value.set(value.get() + 1); + } + + public static int get() { + return value.get(); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); + for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { + exec.execute(new Accessor(i)); + } + TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(3); // Run for a while + exec.shutdownNow(); // All Accessors will quit } - TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(3); // Run for a while - exec.shutdownNow(); // All Accessors will quit - } } /* Output: (Sample) #0: 9259 #1: 556 diff --git a/src/concurrency/ThreadVariations.java b/src/concurrency/ThreadVariations.java index a439165..bcb2f55 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/ThreadVariations.java +++ b/src/concurrency/ThreadVariations.java @@ -1,163 +1,193 @@ package concurrency;//: concurrency/ThreadVariations.java // Creating threads with inner classes. + import java.util.concurrent.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; // Using a named inner class: class InnerThread1 { - private int countDown = 5; - private Inner inner; - private class Inner extends Thread { - Inner(String name) { - super(name); - start(); - } - public void run() { - try { - while(true) { - print(this); - if(--countDown == 0) { - return; - } - sleep(10); + private int countDown = 5; + private Inner inner; + + private class Inner extends Thread { + Inner(String name) { + super(name); + start(); + } + + @Override + public void run() { + try { + while (true) { + print(this); + if (--countDown == 0) { + return; + } + sleep(10); + } + } catch (InterruptedException e) { + print("interrupted"); + } + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return getName() + ": " + countDown; } - } catch(InterruptedException e) { - print("interrupted"); - } } - public String toString() { - return getName() + ": " + countDown; + + public InnerThread1(String name) { + inner = new Inner(name); } - } - public InnerThread1(String name) { - inner = new Inner(name); - } } // Using an anonymous inner class: class InnerThread2 { - private int countDown = 5; - private Thread t; - public InnerThread2(String name) { - t = new Thread(name) { - public void run() { - try { - while(true) { - print(this); - if(--countDown == 0) { - return; + private int countDown = 5; + private Thread t; + + public InnerThread2(String name) { + t = new Thread(name) { + @Override + public void run() { + try { + while (true) { + print(this); + if (--countDown == 0) { + return; + } + sleep(10); + } + } catch (InterruptedException e) { + print("sleep() interrupted"); + } } - sleep(10); - } - } catch(InterruptedException e) { - print("sleep() interrupted"); - } - } - public String toString() { - return getName() + ": " + countDown; - } - }; - t.start(); - } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return getName() + ": " + countDown; + } + }; + t.start(); + } } // Using a named Runnable implementation: class InnerRunnable1 { - private int countDown = 5; - private Inner inner; - private class Inner implements Runnable { - Thread t; - Inner(String name) { - t = new Thread(this, name); - t.start(); - } - public void run() { - try { - while(true) { - print(this); - if(--countDown == 0) { - return; - } - TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(10); + private int countDown = 5; + private Inner inner; + + private class Inner implements Runnable { + Thread t; + + Inner(String name) { + t = new Thread(this, name); + t.start(); + } + + @Override + public void run() { + try { + while (true) { + print(this); + if (--countDown == 0) { + return; + } + TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(10); + } + } catch (InterruptedException e) { + print("sleep() interrupted"); + } + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return t.getName() + ": " + countDown; } - } catch(InterruptedException e) { - print("sleep() interrupted"); - } } - public String toString() { - return t.getName() + ": " + countDown; + + public InnerRunnable1(String name) { + inner = new Inner(name); } - } - public InnerRunnable1(String name) { - inner = new Inner(name); - } } // Using an anonymous Runnable implementation: class InnerRunnable2 { - private int countDown = 5; - private Thread t; - public InnerRunnable2(String name) { - t = new Thread(new Runnable() { - public void run() { - try { - while(true) { - print(this); - if(--countDown == 0) { - return; + private int countDown = 5; + private Thread t; + + public InnerRunnable2(String name) { + t = new Thread(new Runnable() { + @Override + public void run() { + try { + while (true) { + print(this); + if (--countDown == 0) { + return; + } + TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(10); + } + } catch (InterruptedException e) { + print("sleep() interrupted"); + } } - TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(10); - } - } catch(InterruptedException e) { - print("sleep() interrupted"); - } - } - public String toString() { - return Thread.currentThread().getName() + - ": " + countDown; - } - }, name); - t.start(); - } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return Thread.currentThread().getName() + + ": " + countDown; + } + }, name); + t.start(); + } } // A separate method to run some code as a task: class ThreadMethod { - private int countDown = 5; - private Thread t; - private String name; - public ThreadMethod(String name) { this.name = name; } - public void runTask() { - if(t == null) { - t = new Thread(name) { - public void run() { - try { - while(true) { - print(this); - if(--countDown == 0) { - return; - } - sleep(10); - } - } catch(InterruptedException e) { - print("sleep() interrupted"); - } - } - public String toString() { - return getName() + ": " + countDown; - } - }; - t.start(); + private int countDown = 5; + private Thread t; + private String name; + + public ThreadMethod(String name) { + this.name = name; + } + + public void runTask() { + if (t == null) { + t = new Thread(name) { + @Override + public void run() { + try { + while (true) { + print(this); + if (--countDown == 0) { + return; + } + sleep(10); + } + } catch (InterruptedException e) { + print("sleep() interrupted"); + } + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return getName() + ": " + countDown; + } + }; + t.start(); + } } - } } public class ThreadVariations { - public static void main(String[] args) { - new InnerThread1("InnerThread1"); - new InnerThread2("InnerThread2"); - new InnerRunnable1("InnerRunnable1"); - new InnerRunnable2("InnerRunnable2"); - new ThreadMethod("ThreadMethod").runTask(); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + new InnerThread1("InnerThread1"); + new InnerThread2("InnerThread2"); + new InnerRunnable1("InnerRunnable1"); + new InnerRunnable2("InnerRunnable2"); + new ThreadMethod("ThreadMethod").runTask(); + } } /* (Execute to see output) *///:~ diff --git a/src/concurrency/ToastOMatic.java b/src/concurrency/ToastOMatic.java index 1a85484..05ffe87 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/ToastOMatic.java +++ b/src/concurrency/ToastOMatic.java @@ -1,134 +1,169 @@ package concurrency;//: concurrency/ToastOMatic.java // A toaster that uses queues. + import java.util.concurrent.*; import java.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; class Toast { - public enum Status { DRY, BUTTERED, JAMMED } - private Status status = Status.DRY; - private final int id; - public Toast(int idn) { id = idn; } - public void butter() { status = Status.BUTTERED; } - public void jam() { status = Status.JAMMED; } - public Status getStatus() { return status; } - public int getId() { return id; } - public String toString() { - return "Toast " + id + ": " + status; - } + public enum Status {DRY, BUTTERED, JAMMED} + + private Status status = Status.DRY; + private final int id; + + public Toast(int idn) { + id = idn; + } + + public void butter() { + status = Status.BUTTERED; + } + + public void jam() { + status = Status.JAMMED; + } + + public Status getStatus() { + return status; + } + + public int getId() { + return id; + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return "Toast " + id + ": " + status; + } } -class ToastQueue extends LinkedBlockingQueue {} +class ToastQueue extends LinkedBlockingQueue { +} class Toaster implements Runnable { - private ToastQueue toastQueue; - private int count = 0; - private Random rand = new Random(47); - public Toaster(ToastQueue tq) { toastQueue = tq; } - public void run() { - try { - while(!Thread.interrupted()) { - TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep( - 100 + rand.nextInt(500)); - // Make toast - Toast t = new Toast(count++); - print(t); - // Insert into queue - toastQueue.put(t); - } - } catch(InterruptedException e) { - print("Toaster interrupted"); + private ToastQueue toastQueue; + private int count = 0; + private Random rand = new Random(47); + + public Toaster(ToastQueue tq) { + toastQueue = tq; + } + + @Override + public void run() { + try { + while (!Thread.interrupted()) { + TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep( + 100 + rand.nextInt(500)); + // Make toast + Toast t = new Toast(count++); + print(t); + // Insert into queue + toastQueue.put(t); + } + } catch (InterruptedException e) { + print("Toaster interrupted"); + } + print("Toaster off"); } - print("Toaster off"); - } } // Apply butter to toast: class Butterer implements Runnable { - private ToastQueue dryQueue, butteredQueue; - public Butterer(ToastQueue dry, ToastQueue buttered) { - dryQueue = dry; - butteredQueue = buttered; - } - public void run() { - try { - while(!Thread.interrupted()) { - // Blocks until next piece of toast is available: - Toast t = dryQueue.take(); - t.butter(); - print(t); - butteredQueue.put(t); - } - } catch(InterruptedException e) { - print("Butterer interrupted"); + private ToastQueue dryQueue, butteredQueue; + + public Butterer(ToastQueue dry, ToastQueue buttered) { + dryQueue = dry; + butteredQueue = buttered; + } + + @Override + public void run() { + try { + while (!Thread.interrupted()) { + // Blocks until next piece of toast is available: + Toast t = dryQueue.take(); + t.butter(); + print(t); + butteredQueue.put(t); + } + } catch (InterruptedException e) { + print("Butterer interrupted"); + } + print("Butterer off"); } - print("Butterer off"); - } } // Apply jam to buttered toast: class Jammer implements Runnable { - private ToastQueue butteredQueue, finishedQueue; - public Jammer(ToastQueue buttered, ToastQueue finished) { - butteredQueue = buttered; - finishedQueue = finished; - } - public void run() { - try { - while(!Thread.interrupted()) { - // Blocks until next piece of toast is available: - Toast t = butteredQueue.take(); - t.jam(); - print(t); - finishedQueue.put(t); - } - } catch(InterruptedException e) { - print("Jammer interrupted"); + private ToastQueue butteredQueue, finishedQueue; + + public Jammer(ToastQueue buttered, ToastQueue finished) { + butteredQueue = buttered; + finishedQueue = finished; + } + + @Override + public void run() { + try { + while (!Thread.interrupted()) { + // Blocks until next piece of toast is available: + Toast t = butteredQueue.take(); + t.jam(); + print(t); + finishedQueue.put(t); + } + } catch (InterruptedException e) { + print("Jammer interrupted"); + } + print("Jammer off"); } - print("Jammer off"); - } } // Consume the toast: class Eater implements Runnable { - private ToastQueue finishedQueue; - private int counter = 0; - public Eater(ToastQueue finished) { - finishedQueue = finished; - } - public void run() { - try { - while(!Thread.interrupted()) { - // Blocks until next piece of toast is available: - Toast t = finishedQueue.take(); - // Verify that the toast is coming in order, - // and that all pieces are getting jammed: - if(t.getId() != counter++ || - t.getStatus() != Toast.Status.JAMMED) { - print(">>>> Error: " + t); - System.exit(1); - } else { - print("Chomp! " + t); - } - } - } catch(InterruptedException e) { - print("Eater interrupted"); + private ToastQueue finishedQueue; + private int counter = 0; + + public Eater(ToastQueue finished) { + finishedQueue = finished; + } + + @Override + public void run() { + try { + while (!Thread.interrupted()) { + // Blocks until next piece of toast is available: + Toast t = finishedQueue.take(); + // Verify that the toast is coming in order, + // and that all pieces are getting jammed: + if (t.getId() != counter++ || + t.getStatus() != Toast.Status.JAMMED) { + print(">>>> Error: " + t); + System.exit(1); + } else { + print("Chomp! " + t); + } + } + } catch (InterruptedException e) { + print("Eater interrupted"); + } + print("Eater off"); } - print("Eater off"); - } } public class ToastOMatic { - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - ToastQueue dryQueue = new ToastQueue(), - butteredQueue = new ToastQueue(), - finishedQueue = new ToastQueue(); - ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); - exec.execute(new Toaster(dryQueue)); - exec.execute(new Butterer(dryQueue, butteredQueue)); - exec.execute(new Jammer(butteredQueue, finishedQueue)); - exec.execute(new Eater(finishedQueue)); - TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(5); - exec.shutdownNow(); - } + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + ToastQueue dryQueue = new ToastQueue(), + butteredQueue = new ToastQueue(), + finishedQueue = new ToastQueue(); + ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); + exec.execute(new Toaster(dryQueue)); + exec.execute(new Butterer(dryQueue, butteredQueue)); + exec.execute(new Jammer(butteredQueue, finishedQueue)); + exec.execute(new Eater(finishedQueue)); + TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(5); + exec.shutdownNow(); + } } /* (Execute to see output) *///:~ diff --git a/src/concurrency/build.xml b/src/concurrency/build.xml index 8770d84..232d203 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/build.xml +++ b/src/concurrency/build.xml @@ -1,778 +1,778 @@ - - - build.xml for the source code for the concurrency chapter of - Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel - Source code available at http://www.MindView.net - See copyright notice in CopyRight.txt - - Ant available from: http://jakarta.apache.org/ant - - To see options, type: ant -p - - This file was automatically generated by AntBuilder - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + basedir="." + default="run" + name="Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel (chapter: concurrency)"> + + + build.xml for the source code for the concurrency chapter of + Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel + Source code available at http://www.MindView.net + See copyright notice in CopyRight.txt + + Ant available from: http://jakarta.apache.org/ant + + To see options, type: ant -p + + This file was automatically generated by AntBuilder + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/src/concurrency/restaurant2/RestaurantWithQueues.java b/src/concurrency/restaurant2/RestaurantWithQueues.java index c75770d..ed45681 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/restaurant2/RestaurantWithQueues.java +++ b/src/concurrency/restaurant2/RestaurantWithQueues.java @@ -1,194 +1,248 @@ //: concurrency/restaurant2/RestaurantWithQueues.java // {Args: 5} package concurrency.restaurant2; + import enumerated.menu.*; + import java.util.concurrent.*; import java.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; // This is given to the waiter, who gives it to the chef: class Order { // (A data-transfer object) - private static int counter = 0; - private final int id = counter++; - private final Customer customer; - private final WaitPerson waitPerson; - private final Food food; - public Order(Customer cust, WaitPerson wp, Food f) { - customer = cust; - waitPerson = wp; - food = f; - } - public Food item() { return food; } - public Customer getCustomer() { return customer; } - public WaitPerson getWaitPerson() { return waitPerson; } - public String toString() { - return "Order: " + id + " item: " + food + - " for: " + customer + - " served by: " + waitPerson; - } + private static int counter = 0; + private final int id = counter++; + private final Customer customer; + private final WaitPerson waitPerson; + private final Food food; + + public Order(Customer cust, WaitPerson wp, Food f) { + customer = cust; + waitPerson = wp; + food = f; + } + + public Food item() { + return food; + } + + public Customer getCustomer() { + return customer; + } + + public WaitPerson getWaitPerson() { + return waitPerson; + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return "Order: " + id + " item: " + food + + " for: " + customer + + " served by: " + waitPerson; + } } // This is what comes back from the chef: class Plate { - private final Order order; - private final Food food; - public Plate(Order ord, Food f) { - order = ord; - food = f; - } - public Order getOrder() { return order; } - public Food getFood() { return food; } - public String toString() { return food.toString(); } + private final Order order; + private final Food food; + + public Plate(Order ord, Food f) { + order = ord; + food = f; + } + + public Order getOrder() { + return order; + } + + public Food getFood() { + return food; + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return food.toString(); + } } class Customer implements Runnable { - private static int counter = 0; - private final int id = counter++; - private final WaitPerson waitPerson; - // Only one course at a time can be received: - private SynchronousQueue placeSetting = - new SynchronousQueue(); - public Customer(WaitPerson w) { waitPerson = w; } - public void - deliver(Plate p) throws InterruptedException { - // Only blocks if customer is still - // eating the previous course: - placeSetting.put(p); - } - public void run() { - for(Course course : Course.values()) { - Food food = course.randomSelection(); - try { - waitPerson.placeOrder(this, food); - // Blocks until course has been delivered: - print(this + "eating " + placeSetting.take()); - } catch(InterruptedException e) { - print(this + "waiting for " + - course + " interrupted"); - break; - } + private static int counter = 0; + private final int id = counter++; + private final WaitPerson waitPerson; + // Only one course at a time can be received: + private SynchronousQueue placeSetting = + new SynchronousQueue(); + + public Customer(WaitPerson w) { + waitPerson = w; + } + + public void + deliver(Plate p) throws InterruptedException { + // Only blocks if customer is still + // eating the previous course: + placeSetting.put(p); + } + + @Override + public void run() { + for (Course course : Course.values()) { + Food food = course.randomSelection(); + try { + waitPerson.placeOrder(this, food); + // Blocks until course has been delivered: + print(this + "eating " + placeSetting.take()); + } catch (InterruptedException e) { + print(this + "waiting for " + + course + " interrupted"); + break; + } + } + print(this + "finished meal, leaving"); + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return "Customer " + id + " "; } - print(this + "finished meal, leaving"); - } - public String toString() { - return "Customer " + id + " "; - } } class WaitPerson implements Runnable { - private static int counter = 0; - private final int id = counter++; - private final Restaurant restaurant; - BlockingQueue filledOrders = - new LinkedBlockingQueue(); - public WaitPerson(Restaurant rest) { restaurant = rest; } - public void placeOrder(Customer cust, Food food) { - try { - // Shouldn't actually block because this is - // a LinkedBlockingQueue with no size limit: - restaurant.orders.put(new Order(cust, this, food)); - } catch(InterruptedException e) { - print(this + " placeOrder interrupted"); + private static int counter = 0; + private final int id = counter++; + private final Restaurant restaurant; + BlockingQueue filledOrders = + new LinkedBlockingQueue(); + + public WaitPerson(Restaurant rest) { + restaurant = rest; } - } - public void run() { - try { - while(!Thread.interrupted()) { - // Blocks until a course is ready - Plate plate = filledOrders.take(); - print(this + "received " + plate + - " delivering to " + - plate.getOrder().getCustomer()); - plate.getOrder().getCustomer().deliver(plate); - } - } catch(InterruptedException e) { - print(this + " interrupted"); + + public void placeOrder(Customer cust, Food food) { + try { + // Shouldn't actually block because this is + // a LinkedBlockingQueue with no size limit: + restaurant.orders.put(new Order(cust, this, food)); + } catch (InterruptedException e) { + print(this + " placeOrder interrupted"); + } + } + + @Override + public void run() { + try { + while (!Thread.interrupted()) { + // Blocks until a course is ready + Plate plate = filledOrders.take(); + print(this + "received " + plate + + " delivering to " + + plate.getOrder().getCustomer()); + plate.getOrder().getCustomer().deliver(plate); + } + } catch (InterruptedException e) { + print(this + " interrupted"); + } + print(this + " off duty"); + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return "WaitPerson " + id + " "; } - print(this + " off duty"); - } - public String toString() { - return "WaitPerson " + id + " "; - } } class Chef implements Runnable { - private static int counter = 0; - private final int id = counter++; - private final Restaurant restaurant; - private static Random rand = new Random(47); - public Chef(Restaurant rest) { restaurant = rest; } - public void run() { - try { - while(!Thread.interrupted()) { - // Blocks until an order appears: - Order order = restaurant.orders.take(); - Food requestedItem = order.item(); - // Time to prepare order: - TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(rand.nextInt(500)); - Plate plate = new Plate(order, requestedItem); - order.getWaitPerson().filledOrders.put(plate); - } - } catch(InterruptedException e) { - print(this + " interrupted"); + private static int counter = 0; + private final int id = counter++; + private final Restaurant restaurant; + private static Random rand = new Random(47); + + public Chef(Restaurant rest) { + restaurant = rest; + } + + @Override + public void run() { + try { + while (!Thread.interrupted()) { + // Blocks until an order appears: + Order order = restaurant.orders.take(); + Food requestedItem = order.item(); + // Time to prepare order: + TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(rand.nextInt(500)); + Plate plate = new Plate(order, requestedItem); + order.getWaitPerson().filledOrders.put(plate); + } + } catch (InterruptedException e) { + print(this + " interrupted"); + } + print(this + " off duty"); + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return "Chef " + id + " "; } - print(this + " off duty"); - } - public String toString() { return "Chef " + id + " "; } } class Restaurant implements Runnable { - private List waitPersons = - new ArrayList(); - private List chefs = new ArrayList(); - private ExecutorService exec; - private static Random rand = new Random(47); - BlockingQueue - orders = new LinkedBlockingQueue(); - public Restaurant(ExecutorService e, int nWaitPersons, - int nChefs) { - exec = e; - for(int i = 0; i < nWaitPersons; i++) { - WaitPerson waitPerson = new WaitPerson(this); - waitPersons.add(waitPerson); - exec.execute(waitPerson); + private List waitPersons = + new ArrayList(); + private List chefs = new ArrayList(); + private ExecutorService exec; + private static Random rand = new Random(47); + BlockingQueue + orders = new LinkedBlockingQueue(); + + public Restaurant(ExecutorService e, int nWaitPersons, + int nChefs) { + exec = e; + for (int i = 0; i < nWaitPersons; i++) { + WaitPerson waitPerson = new WaitPerson(this); + waitPersons.add(waitPerson); + exec.execute(waitPerson); + } + for (int i = 0; i < nChefs; i++) { + Chef chef = new Chef(this); + chefs.add(chef); + exec.execute(chef); + } } - for(int i = 0; i < nChefs; i++) { - Chef chef = new Chef(this); - chefs.add(chef); - exec.execute(chef); + + @Override + public void run() { + try { + while (!Thread.interrupted()) { + // A new customer arrives; assign a WaitPerson: + WaitPerson wp = waitPersons.get( + rand.nextInt(waitPersons.size())); + Customer c = new Customer(wp); + exec.execute(c); + TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(100); + } + } catch (InterruptedException e) { + print("Restaurant interrupted"); + } + print("Restaurant closing"); } - } - public void run() { - try { - while(!Thread.interrupted()) { - // A new customer arrives; assign a WaitPerson: - WaitPerson wp = waitPersons.get( - rand.nextInt(waitPersons.size())); - Customer c = new Customer(wp); - exec.execute(c); - TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(100); - } - } catch(InterruptedException e) { - print("Restaurant interrupted"); - } - print("Restaurant closing"); - } } public class RestaurantWithQueues { - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); - Restaurant restaurant = new Restaurant(exec, 5, 2); - exec.execute(restaurant); - if(args.length > 0) // Optional argument - { - TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(new Integer(args[0])); - } else { - print("Press 'Enter' to quit"); - System.in.read(); + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); + Restaurant restaurant = new Restaurant(exec, 5, 2); + exec.execute(restaurant); + if (args.length > 0) // Optional argument + { + TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(new Integer(args[0])); + } else { + print("Press 'Enter' to quit"); + System.in.read(); + } + exec.shutdownNow(); } - exec.shutdownNow(); - } } /* Output: (Sample) WaitPerson 0 received SPRING_ROLLS delivering to Customer 1 Customer 1 eating SPRING_ROLLS diff --git a/src/concurrency/waxomatic/WaxOMatic.java b/src/concurrency/waxomatic/WaxOMatic.java index b1981fe..c3c08ff 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/waxomatic/WaxOMatic.java +++ b/src/concurrency/waxomatic/WaxOMatic.java @@ -1,78 +1,94 @@ //: concurrency/waxomatic/WaxOMatic.java // Basic task cooperation. package concurrency.waxomatic; + import java.util.concurrent.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; class Car { - private boolean waxOn = false; - public synchronized void waxed() { - waxOn = true; // Ready to buff - notifyAll(); - } - public synchronized void buffed() { - waxOn = false; // Ready for another coat of wax - notifyAll(); - } - public synchronized void waitForWaxing() - throws InterruptedException { - while(waxOn == false) { - wait(); + private boolean waxOn = false; + + public synchronized void waxed() { + waxOn = true; // Ready to buff + notifyAll(); } - } - public synchronized void waitForBuffing() - throws InterruptedException { - while(waxOn == true) { - wait(); + + public synchronized void buffed() { + waxOn = false; // Ready for another coat of wax + notifyAll(); + } + + public synchronized void waitForWaxing() + throws InterruptedException { + while (waxOn == false) { + wait(); + } + } + + public synchronized void waitForBuffing() + throws InterruptedException { + while (waxOn == true) { + wait(); + } } - } } class WaxOn implements Runnable { - private Car car; - public WaxOn(Car c) { car = c; } - public void run() { - try { - while(!Thread.interrupted()) { - printnb("Wax On! "); - TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(200); - car.waxed(); - car.waitForBuffing(); - } - } catch(InterruptedException e) { - print("Exiting via interrupt"); + private Car car; + + public WaxOn(Car c) { + car = c; + } + + @Override + public void run() { + try { + while (!Thread.interrupted()) { + printnb("Wax On! "); + TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(200); + car.waxed(); + car.waitForBuffing(); + } + } catch (InterruptedException e) { + print("Exiting via interrupt"); + } + print("Ending Wax On task"); } - print("Ending Wax On task"); - } } class WaxOff implements Runnable { - private Car car; - public WaxOff(Car c) { car = c; } - public void run() { - try { - while(!Thread.interrupted()) { - car.waitForWaxing(); - printnb("Wax Off! "); - TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(200); - car.buffed(); - } - } catch(InterruptedException e) { - print("Exiting via interrupt"); + private Car car; + + public WaxOff(Car c) { + car = c; + } + + @Override + public void run() { + try { + while (!Thread.interrupted()) { + car.waitForWaxing(); + printnb("Wax Off! "); + TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(200); + car.buffed(); + } + } catch (InterruptedException e) { + print("Exiting via interrupt"); + } + print("Ending Wax Off task"); } - print("Ending Wax Off task"); - } } public class WaxOMatic { - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - Car car = new Car(); - ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); - exec.execute(new WaxOff(car)); - exec.execute(new WaxOn(car)); - TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(5); // Run for a while... - exec.shutdownNow(); // Interrupt all tasks - } + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + Car car = new Car(); + ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); + exec.execute(new WaxOff(car)); + exec.execute(new WaxOn(car)); + TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(5); // Run for a while... + exec.shutdownNow(); // Interrupt all tasks + } } /* Output: (95% match) Wax On! Wax Off! Wax On! Wax Off! Wax On! Wax Off! Wax On! Wax Off! Wax On! Wax Off! Wax On! Wax Off! Wax On! Wax Off! Wax On! Wax Off! Wax On! Wax Off! Wax On! Wax Off! Wax On! Wax Off! Wax On! Wax Off! Wax On! Exiting via interrupt Ending Wax On task diff --git a/src/concurrency/waxomatic2/WaxOMatic2.java b/src/concurrency/waxomatic2/WaxOMatic2.java index 612252a..4244f9e 100644 --- a/src/concurrency/waxomatic2/WaxOMatic2.java +++ b/src/concurrency/waxomatic2/WaxOMatic2.java @@ -1,99 +1,115 @@ //: concurrency/waxomatic2/WaxOMatic2.java // Using Lock and Condition objects. package concurrency.waxomatic2; + import java.util.concurrent.*; import java.util.concurrent.locks.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; class Car { - private Lock lock = new ReentrantLock(); - private Condition condition = lock.newCondition(); - private boolean waxOn = false; - public void waxed() { - lock.lock(); - try { - waxOn = true; // Ready to buff - condition.signalAll(); - } finally { - lock.unlock(); + private Lock lock = new ReentrantLock(); + private Condition condition = lock.newCondition(); + private boolean waxOn = false; + + public void waxed() { + lock.lock(); + try { + waxOn = true; // Ready to buff + condition.signalAll(); + } finally { + lock.unlock(); + } } - } - public void buffed() { - lock.lock(); - try { - waxOn = false; // Ready for another coat of wax - condition.signalAll(); - } finally { - lock.unlock(); + + public void buffed() { + lock.lock(); + try { + waxOn = false; // Ready for another coat of wax + condition.signalAll(); + } finally { + lock.unlock(); + } } - } - public void waitForWaxing() throws InterruptedException { - lock.lock(); - try { - while(waxOn == false) { - condition.await(); - } - } finally { - lock.unlock(); + + public void waitForWaxing() throws InterruptedException { + lock.lock(); + try { + while (waxOn == false) { + condition.await(); + } + } finally { + lock.unlock(); + } } - } - public void waitForBuffing() throws InterruptedException{ - lock.lock(); - try { - while(waxOn == true) { - condition.await(); - } - } finally { - lock.unlock(); + + public void waitForBuffing() throws InterruptedException { + lock.lock(); + try { + while (waxOn == true) { + condition.await(); + } + } finally { + lock.unlock(); + } } - } } class WaxOn implements Runnable { - private Car car; - public WaxOn(Car c) { car = c; } - public void run() { - try { - while(!Thread.interrupted()) { - printnb("Wax On! "); - TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(200); - car.waxed(); - car.waitForBuffing(); - } - } catch(InterruptedException e) { - print("Exiting via interrupt"); + private Car car; + + public WaxOn(Car c) { + car = c; + } + + @Override + public void run() { + try { + while (!Thread.interrupted()) { + printnb("Wax On! "); + TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(200); + car.waxed(); + car.waitForBuffing(); + } + } catch (InterruptedException e) { + print("Exiting via interrupt"); + } + print("Ending Wax On task"); } - print("Ending Wax On task"); - } } class WaxOff implements Runnable { - private Car car; - public WaxOff(Car c) { car = c; } - public void run() { - try { - while(!Thread.interrupted()) { - car.waitForWaxing(); - printnb("Wax Off! "); - TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(200); - car.buffed(); - } - } catch(InterruptedException e) { - print("Exiting via interrupt"); + private Car car; + + public WaxOff(Car c) { + car = c; + } + + @Override + public void run() { + try { + while (!Thread.interrupted()) { + car.waitForWaxing(); + printnb("Wax Off! "); + TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(200); + car.buffed(); + } + } catch (InterruptedException e) { + print("Exiting via interrupt"); + } + print("Ending Wax Off task"); } - print("Ending Wax Off task"); - } } public class WaxOMatic2 { - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - Car car = new Car(); - ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); - exec.execute(new WaxOff(car)); - exec.execute(new WaxOn(car)); - TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(5); - exec.shutdownNow(); - } + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + Car car = new Car(); + ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); + exec.execute(new WaxOff(car)); + exec.execute(new WaxOn(car)); + TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(5); + exec.shutdownNow(); + } } /* Output: (90% match) Wax On! Wax Off! Wax On! Wax Off! Wax On! Wax Off! Wax On! Wax Off! Wax On! Wax Off! Wax On! Wax Off! Wax On! Wax Off! Wax On! Wax Off! Wax On! Wax Off! Wax On! Wax Off! Wax On! Wax Off! Wax On! Wax Off! Wax On! Exiting via interrupt Ending Wax Off task diff --git a/src/containers/AssociativeArray.java b/src/containers/AssociativeArray.java index ed9cb30..4735765 100644 --- a/src/containers/AssociativeArray.java +++ b/src/containers/AssociativeArray.java @@ -1,57 +1,64 @@ package containers;//: containers/AssociativeArray.java // Associates keys with values. + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; -public class AssociativeArray { - private Object[][] pairs; - private int index; - public AssociativeArray(int length) { - pairs = new Object[length][2]; - } - public void put(K key, V value) { - if(index >= pairs.length) { - throw new ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException(); +public class AssociativeArray { + private Object[][] pairs; + private int index; + + public AssociativeArray(int length) { + pairs = new Object[length][2]; } - pairs[index++] = new Object[]{ key, value }; - } - @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") - public V get(K key) { - for(int i = 0; i < index; i++) { - if(key.equals(pairs[i][0])) { - return (V) pairs[i][1]; + + public void put(K key, V value) { + if (index >= pairs.length) { + throw new ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException(); } + pairs[index++] = new Object[]{key, value}; } - return null; // Did not find key - } - public String toString() { - StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder(); - for(int i = 0; i < index; i++) { - result.append(pairs[i][0].toString()); - result.append(" : "); - result.append(pairs[i][1].toString()); - if(i < index - 1) { - result.append("\n"); - } + + @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") + public V get(K key) { + for (int i = 0; i < index; i++) { + if (key.equals(pairs[i][0])) { + return (V) pairs[i][1]; + } + } + return null; // Did not find key } - return result.toString(); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - AssociativeArray map = - new AssociativeArray(6); - map.put("sky", "blue"); - map.put("grass", "green"); - map.put("ocean", "dancing"); - map.put("tree", "tall"); - map.put("earth", "brown"); - map.put("sun", "warm"); - try { - map.put("extra", "object"); // Past the end - } catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e) { - print("Too many objects!"); + + @Override + public String toString() { + StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder(); + for (int i = 0; i < index; i++) { + result.append(pairs[i][0].toString()); + result.append(" : "); + result.append(pairs[i][1].toString()); + if (i < index - 1) { + result.append("\n"); + } + } + return result.toString(); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + AssociativeArray map = + new AssociativeArray(6); + map.put("sky", "blue"); + map.put("grass", "green"); + map.put("ocean", "dancing"); + map.put("tree", "tall"); + map.put("earth", "brown"); + map.put("sun", "warm"); + try { + map.put("extra", "object"); // Past the end + } catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e) { + print("Too many objects!"); + } + print(map); + print(map.get("ocean")); } - print(map); - print(map.get("ocean")); - } } /* Output: Too many objects! sky : blue diff --git a/src/containers/Bits.java b/src/containers/Bits.java index 3b878f2..9b91025 100644 --- a/src/containers/Bits.java +++ b/src/containers/Bits.java @@ -1,68 +1,71 @@ package containers;//: containers/Bits.java // Demonstration of BitSet. + import java.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class Bits { - public static void printBitSet(BitSet b) { - print("bits: " + b); - StringBuilder bbits = new StringBuilder(); - for(int j = 0; j < b.size() ; j++) { - bbits.append(b.get(j) ? "1" : "0"); - } - print("bit pattern: " + bbits); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - Random rand = new Random(47); - // Take the LSB of nextInt(): - byte bt = (byte)rand.nextInt(); - BitSet bb = new BitSet(); - for(int i = 7; i >= 0; i--) { - if(((1 << i) & bt) != 0) { - bb.set(i); - } else { - bb.clear(i); + public static void printBitSet(BitSet b) { + print("bits: " + b); + StringBuilder bbits = new StringBuilder(); + for (int j = 0; j < b.size(); j++) { + bbits.append(b.get(j) ? "1" : "0"); } + print("bit pattern: " + bbits); } - print("byte value: " + bt); - printBitSet(bb); - short st = (short)rand.nextInt(); - BitSet bs = new BitSet(); - for(int i = 15; i >= 0; i--) { - if(((1 << i) & st) != 0) { - bs.set(i); - } else { - bs.clear(i); + public static void main(String[] args) { + Random rand = new Random(47); + // Take the LSB of nextInt(): + byte bt = (byte) rand.nextInt(); + BitSet bb = new BitSet(); + for (int i = 7; i >= 0; i--) { + if (((1 << i) & bt) != 0) { + bb.set(i); + } else { + bb.clear(i); + } } - } - print("short value: " + st); - printBitSet(bs); + print("byte value: " + bt); + printBitSet(bb); - int it = rand.nextInt(); - BitSet bi = new BitSet(); - for(int i = 31; i >= 0; i--) { - if(((1 << i) & it) != 0) { - bi.set(i); - } else { - bi.clear(i); + short st = (short) rand.nextInt(); + BitSet bs = new BitSet(); + for (int i = 15; i >= 0; i--) { + if (((1 << i) & st) != 0) { + bs.set(i); + } else { + bs.clear(i); + } } - } - print("int value: " + it); - printBitSet(bi); + print("short value: " + st); + printBitSet(bs); - // Test bitsets >= 64 bits: - BitSet b127 = new BitSet(); - b127.set(127); - print("set bit 127: " + b127); - BitSet b255 = new BitSet(65); - b255.set(255); - print("set bit 255: " + b255); - BitSet b1023 = new BitSet(512); - b1023.set(1023); - b1023.set(1024); - print("set bit 1023: " + b1023); - } + int it = rand.nextInt(); + BitSet bi = new BitSet(); + for (int i = 31; i >= 0; i--) { + if (((1 << i) & it) != 0) { + bi.set(i); + } else { + bi.clear(i); + } + } + print("int value: " + it); + printBitSet(bi); + + // Test bitsets >= 64 bits: + BitSet b127 = new BitSet(); + b127.set(127); + print("set bit 127: " + b127); + BitSet b255 = new BitSet(65); + b255.set(255); + print("set bit 255: " + b255); + BitSet b1023 = new BitSet(512); + b1023.set(1023); + b1023.set(1024); + print("set bit 1023: " + b1023); + } } /* Output: byte value: -107 bits: {0, 2, 4, 7} diff --git a/src/containers/CanonicalMapping.java b/src/containers/CanonicalMapping.java index cec1ffa..2b1640d 100644 --- a/src/containers/CanonicalMapping.java +++ b/src/containers/CanonicalMapping.java @@ -1,48 +1,68 @@ package containers;//: containers/CanonicalMapping.java // Demonstrates WeakHashMap. + import java.util.*; class Element { - private String ident; - public Element(String id) { ident = id; } - public String toString() { return ident; } - public int hashCode() { return ident.hashCode(); } - public boolean equals(Object r) { - return r instanceof Element && - ident.equals(((Element)r).ident); - } - protected void finalize() { - System.out.println("Finalizing " + - getClass().getSimpleName() + " " + ident); - } + private String ident; + + public Element(String id) { + ident = id; + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return ident; + } + + @Override + public int hashCode() { + return ident.hashCode(); + } + + @Override + public boolean equals(Object r) { + return r instanceof Element && + ident.equals(((Element) r).ident); + } + + @Override + protected void finalize() { + System.out.println("Finalizing " + + getClass().getSimpleName() + " " + ident); + } } class Key extends Element { - public Key(String id) { super(id); } + public Key(String id) { + super(id); + } } class Value extends Element { - public Value(String id) { super(id); } + public Value(String id) { + super(id); + } } public class CanonicalMapping { - public static void main(String[] args) { - int size = 1000; - // Or, choose size via the command line: - if(args.length > 0) { - size = new Integer(args[0]); + public static void main(String[] args) { + int size = 1000; + // Or, choose size via the command line: + if (args.length > 0) { + size = new Integer(args[0]); + } + Key[] keys = new Key[size]; + WeakHashMap map = + new WeakHashMap(); + for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) { + Key k = new Key(Integer.toString(i)); + Value v = new Value(Integer.toString(i)); + if (i % 3 == 0) { + keys[i] = k; // Save as "real" references + } + map.put(k, v); + } + System.gc(); } - Key[] keys = new Key[size]; - WeakHashMap map = - new WeakHashMap(); - for(int i = 0; i < size; i++) { - Key k = new Key(Integer.toString(i)); - Value v = new Value(Integer.toString(i)); - if(i % 3 == 0) { - keys[i] = k; // Save as "real" references - } - map.put(k, v); - } - System.gc(); - } } /* (Execute to see output) *///:~ diff --git a/src/containers/CollectionDataGeneration.java b/src/containers/CollectionDataGeneration.java index 2b48604..05f1665 100644 --- a/src/containers/CollectionDataGeneration.java +++ b/src/containers/CollectionDataGeneration.java @@ -1,17 +1,19 @@ package containers;//: containers/CollectionDataGeneration.java // Using the Generators defined in the Arrays chapter. + import java.util.*; + import net.mindview.util.*; public class CollectionDataGeneration { - public static void main(String[] args) { - System.out.println(new ArrayList( - CollectionData.list( // Convenience method - new RandomGenerator.String(9), 10))); - System.out.println(new HashSet( - new CollectionData( - new RandomGenerator.Integer(), 10))); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + System.out.println(new ArrayList( + CollectionData.list( // Convenience method + new RandomGenerator.String(9), 10))); + System.out.println(new HashSet( + new CollectionData( + new RandomGenerator.Integer(), 10))); + } } /* Output: [YNzbrnyGc, FOWZnTcQr, GseGZMmJM, RoEsuEcUO, neOEdLsmw, HLGEahKcx, rEqUCBbkI, naMesbtWH, kjUrUkZPg, wsqPzDyCy] [573, 4779, 871, 4367, 6090, 7882, 2017, 8037, 3455, 299] diff --git a/src/containers/CollectionDataTest.java b/src/containers/CollectionDataTest.java index 5cf5d41..457bfff 100644 --- a/src/containers/CollectionDataTest.java +++ b/src/containers/CollectionDataTest.java @@ -1,23 +1,29 @@ package containers;//: containers/CollectionDataTest.java + import java.util.*; + import net.mindview.util.*; class Government implements Generator { - String[] foundation = ("strange women lying in ponds " + - "distributing swords is no basis for a system of " + - "government").split(" "); - private int index; - public String next() { return foundation[index++]; } + String[] foundation = ("strange women lying in ponds " + + "distributing swords is no basis for a system of " + + "government").split(" "); + private int index; + + @Override + public String next() { + return foundation[index++]; + } } public class CollectionDataTest { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Set set = new LinkedHashSet( - new CollectionData(new Government(), 15)); - // Using the convenience method: - set.addAll(CollectionData.list(new Government(), 15)); - System.out.println(set); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + Set set = new LinkedHashSet( + new CollectionData(new Government(), 15)); + // Using the convenience method: + set.addAll(CollectionData.list(new Government(), 15)); + System.out.println(set); + } } /* Output: [strange, women, lying, in, ponds, distributing, swords, is, no, basis, for, a, system, of, government] *///:~ diff --git a/src/containers/CollectionMethods.java b/src/containers/CollectionMethods.java index 11785a2..baec781 100644 --- a/src/containers/CollectionMethods.java +++ b/src/containers/CollectionMethods.java @@ -1,61 +1,64 @@ package containers;//: containers/CollectionMethods.java // Things you can do with all Collections. + import java.util.*; + import net.mindview.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class CollectionMethods { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Collection c = new ArrayList(); - c.addAll(Countries.names(6)); - c.add("ten"); - c.add("eleven"); - print(c); - // Make an array from the List: - Object[] array = c.toArray(); - // Make a String array from the List: - String[] str = c.toArray(new String[0]); - // Find max and min elements; this means - // different things depending on the way - // the Comparable interface is implemented: - print("Collections.max(c) = " + Collections.max(c)); - print("Collections.min(c) = " + Collections.min(c)); - // Add a Collection to another Collection - Collection c2 = new ArrayList(); - c2.addAll(Countries.names(6)); - c.addAll(c2); - print(c); - c.remove(Countries.DATA[0][0]); - print(c); - c.remove(Countries.DATA[1][0]); - print(c); - // Remove all components that are - // in the argument collection: - c.removeAll(c2); - print(c); - c.addAll(c2); - print(c); - // Is an element in this Collection? - String val = Countries.DATA[3][0]; - print("c.contains(" + val + ") = " + c.contains(val)); - // Is a Collection in this Collection? - print("c.containsAll(c2) = " + c.containsAll(c2)); - Collection c3 = - ((List)c).subList(3, 5); - // Keep all the elements that are in both - // c2 and c3 (an intersection of sets): - c2.retainAll(c3); - print(c2); - // Throw away all the elements - // in c2 that also appear in c3: - c2.removeAll(c3); - print("c2.isEmpty() = " + c2.isEmpty()); - c = new ArrayList(); - c.addAll(Countries.names(6)); - print(c); - c.clear(); // Remove all elements - print("after c.clear():" + c); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + Collection c = new ArrayList(); + c.addAll(Countries.names(6)); + c.add("ten"); + c.add("eleven"); + print(c); + // Make an array from the List: + Object[] array = c.toArray(); + // Make a String array from the List: + String[] str = c.toArray(new String[0]); + // Find max and min elements; this means + // different things depending on the way + // the Comparable interface is implemented: + print("Collections.max(c) = " + Collections.max(c)); + print("Collections.min(c) = " + Collections.min(c)); + // Add a Collection to another Collection + Collection c2 = new ArrayList(); + c2.addAll(Countries.names(6)); + c.addAll(c2); + print(c); + c.remove(Countries.DATA[0][0]); + print(c); + c.remove(Countries.DATA[1][0]); + print(c); + // Remove all components that are + // in the argument collection: + c.removeAll(c2); + print(c); + c.addAll(c2); + print(c); + // Is an element in this Collection? + String val = Countries.DATA[3][0]; + print("c.contains(" + val + ") = " + c.contains(val)); + // Is a Collection in this Collection? + print("c.containsAll(c2) = " + c.containsAll(c2)); + Collection c3 = + ((List) c).subList(3, 5); + // Keep all the elements that are in both + // c2 and c3 (an intersection of sets): + c2.retainAll(c3); + print(c2); + // Throw away all the elements + // in c2 that also appear in c3: + c2.removeAll(c3); + print("c2.isEmpty() = " + c2.isEmpty()); + c = new ArrayList(); + c.addAll(Countries.names(6)); + print(c); + c.clear(); // Remove all elements + print("after c.clear():" + c); + } } /* Output: [ALGERIA, ANGOLA, BENIN, BOTSWANA, BULGARIA, BURKINA FASO, ten, eleven] Collections.max(c) = ten diff --git a/src/containers/CountedString.java b/src/containers/CountedString.java index 6dd39fe..7f4ff02 100644 --- a/src/containers/CountedString.java +++ b/src/containers/CountedString.java @@ -1,56 +1,66 @@ package containers;//: containers/CountedString.java // Creating a good hashCode(). + import java.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class CountedString { - private static List created = - new ArrayList(); - private String s; - private int id = 0; - public CountedString(String str) { - s = str; - created.add(s); - // id is the total number of instances - // of this string in use by CountedString: - for(String s2 : created) { - if(s2.equals(s)) { - id++; + private static List created = + new ArrayList(); + private String s; + private int id = 0; + + public CountedString(String str) { + s = str; + created.add(s); + // id is the total number of instances + // of this string in use by CountedString: + for (String s2 : created) { + if (s2.equals(s)) { + id++; + } } } - } - public String toString() { - return "String: " + s + " id: " + id + - " hashCode(): " + hashCode(); - } - public int hashCode() { - // The very simple approach: - // return s.hashCode() * id; - // Using Joshua Bloch's recipe: - int result = 17; - result = 37 * result + s.hashCode(); - result = 37 * result + id; - return result; - } - public boolean equals(Object o) { - return o instanceof CountedString && - s.equals(((CountedString)o).s) && - id == ((CountedString)o).id; - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - Map map = - new HashMap(); - CountedString[] cs = new CountedString[5]; - for(int i = 0; i < cs.length; i++) { - cs[i] = new CountedString("hi"); - map.put(cs[i], i); // Autobox int -> Integer + + @Override + public String toString() { + return "String: " + s + " id: " + id + + " hashCode(): " + hashCode(); } - print(map); - for(CountedString cstring : cs) { - print("Looking up " + cstring); - print(map.get(cstring)); + + @Override + public int hashCode() { + // The very simple approach: + // return s.hashCode() * id; + // Using Joshua Bloch's recipe: + int result = 17; + result = 37 * result + s.hashCode(); + result = 37 * result + id; + return result; + } + + @Override + public boolean equals(Object o) { + return o instanceof CountedString && + s.equals(((CountedString) o).s) && + id == ((CountedString) o).id; + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + Map map = + new HashMap(); + CountedString[] cs = new CountedString[5]; + for (int i = 0; i < cs.length; i++) { + cs[i] = new CountedString("hi"); + map.put(cs[i], i); // Autobox int -> Integer + } + print(map); + for (CountedString cstring : cs) { + print("Looking up " + cstring); + print(map.get(cstring)); + } } - } } /* Output: (Sample) {String: hi id: 4 hashCode(): 146450=3, String: hi id: 1 hashCode(): 146447=0, String: hi id: 3 hashCode(): 146449=2, String: hi id: 5 hashCode(): 146451=4, String: hi id: 2 hashCode(): 146448=1} Looking up String: hi id: 1 hashCode(): 146447 diff --git a/src/containers/DequeTest.java b/src/containers/DequeTest.java index 4663ce3..948ebeb 100644 --- a/src/containers/DequeTest.java +++ b/src/containers/DequeTest.java @@ -1,29 +1,32 @@ package containers;//: containers/DequeTest.java + import net.mindview.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class DequeTest { - static void fillTest(Deque deque) { - for(int i = 20; i < 27; i++) { - deque.addFirst(i); + static void fillTest(Deque deque) { + for (int i = 20; i < 27; i++) { + deque.addFirst(i); + } + for (int i = 50; i < 55; i++) { + deque.addLast(i); + } } - for(int i = 50; i < 55; i++) { - deque.addLast(i); + + public static void main(String[] args) { + Deque di = new Deque(); + fillTest(di); + print(di); + while (di.size() != 0) { + printnb(di.removeFirst() + " "); + } + print(); + fillTest(di); + while (di.size() != 0) { + printnb(di.removeLast() + " "); + } } - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - Deque di = new Deque(); - fillTest(di); - print(di); - while(di.size() != 0) { - printnb(di.removeFirst() + " "); - } - print(); - fillTest(di); - while(di.size() != 0) { - printnb(di.removeLast() + " "); - } - } } /* Output: [26, 25, 24, 23, 22, 21, 20, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54] 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 50 51 52 53 54 diff --git a/src/containers/Enumerations.java b/src/containers/Enumerations.java index e723741..3a65407 100644 --- a/src/containers/Enumerations.java +++ b/src/containers/Enumerations.java @@ -1,19 +1,21 @@ package containers;//: containers/Enumerations.java // Java 1.0/1.1 Vector and Enumeration. + import java.util.*; + import net.mindview.util.*; public class Enumerations { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Vector v = - new Vector(Countries.names(10)); - Enumeration e = v.elements(); - while(e.hasMoreElements()) { - System.out.print(e.nextElement() + ", "); + public static void main(String[] args) { + Vector v = + new Vector(Countries.names(10)); + Enumeration e = v.elements(); + while (e.hasMoreElements()) { + System.out.print(e.nextElement() + ", "); + } + // Produce an Enumeration from a Collection: + e = Collections.enumeration(new ArrayList()); } - // Produce an Enumeration from a Collection: - e = Collections.enumeration(new ArrayList()); - } } /* Output: ALGERIA, ANGOLA, BENIN, BOTSWANA, BULGARIA, BURKINA FASO, BURUNDI, CAMEROON, CAPE VERDE, CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC, *///:~ diff --git a/src/containers/FailFast.java b/src/containers/FailFast.java index 39d4314..3306cd4 100644 --- a/src/containers/FailFast.java +++ b/src/containers/FailFast.java @@ -1,18 +1,19 @@ package containers;//: containers/FailFast.java // Demonstrates the "fail-fast" behavior. + import java.util.*; public class FailFast { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Collection c = new ArrayList(); - Iterator it = c.iterator(); - c.add("An object"); - try { - String s = it.next(); - } catch(ConcurrentModificationException e) { - System.out.println(e); + public static void main(String[] args) { + Collection c = new ArrayList(); + Iterator it = c.iterator(); + c.add("An object"); + try { + String s = it.next(); + } catch (ConcurrentModificationException e) { + System.out.println(e); + } } - } } /* Output: java.util.ConcurrentModificationException *///:~ diff --git a/src/containers/FillingLists.java b/src/containers/FillingLists.java index 5e2a1e0..4254f10 100644 --- a/src/containers/FillingLists.java +++ b/src/containers/FillingLists.java @@ -1,23 +1,29 @@ package containers;//: containers/FillingLists.java // The Collections.fill() & Collections.nCopies() methods. + import java.util.*; class StringAddress { - private String s; - public StringAddress(String s) { this.s = s; } - public String toString() { - return super.toString() + " " + s; - } + private String s; + + public StringAddress(String s) { + this.s = s; + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return super.toString() + " " + s; + } } public class FillingLists { - public static void main(String[] args) { - List list= new ArrayList( - Collections.nCopies(4, new StringAddress("Hello"))); - System.out.println(list); - Collections.fill(list, new StringAddress("World!")); - System.out.println(list); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + List list = new ArrayList( + Collections.nCopies(4, new StringAddress("Hello"))); + System.out.println(list); + Collections.fill(list, new StringAddress("World!")); + System.out.println(list); + } } /* Output: (Sample) [StringAddress@82ba41 Hello, StringAddress@82ba41 Hello, StringAddress@82ba41 Hello, StringAddress@82ba41 Hello] [StringAddress@923e30 World!, StringAddress@923e30 World!, StringAddress@923e30 World!, StringAddress@923e30 World!] diff --git a/src/containers/Groundhog.java b/src/containers/Groundhog.java index dc1c12c..bbeb29f 100644 --- a/src/containers/Groundhog.java +++ b/src/containers/Groundhog.java @@ -2,9 +2,14 @@ package containers;//: containers/Groundhog.java // Looks plausible, but doesn't work as a HashMap key. public class Groundhog { - protected int number; - public Groundhog(int n) { number = n; } - public String toString() { - return "Groundhog #" + number; - } + protected int number; + + public Groundhog(int n) { + number = n; + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return "Groundhog #" + number; + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/containers/Groundhog2.java b/src/containers/Groundhog2.java index ec78979..5db191a 100644 --- a/src/containers/Groundhog2.java +++ b/src/containers/Groundhog2.java @@ -3,10 +3,18 @@ package containers;//: containers/Groundhog2.java // must override hashCode() and equals(). public class Groundhog2 extends Groundhog { - public Groundhog2(int n) { super(n); } - public int hashCode() { return number; } - public boolean equals(Object o) { - return o instanceof Groundhog2 && - (number == ((Groundhog2)o).number); - } + public Groundhog2(int n) { + super(n); + } + + @Override + public int hashCode() { + return number; + } + + @Override + public boolean equals(Object o) { + return o instanceof Groundhog2 && + (number == ((Groundhog2) o).number); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/containers/IndividualTest.java b/src/containers/IndividualTest.java index aa86101..e9494ed 100644 --- a/src/containers/IndividualTest.java +++ b/src/containers/IndividualTest.java @@ -1,19 +1,21 @@ package containers;//: containers/IndividualTest.java + import holding.MapOfList; import typeinfo.pets.*; + import java.util.*; public class IndividualTest { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Set pets = new TreeSet(); - for(List lp : - MapOfList.petPeople.values()) { - for(Pet p : lp) { - pets.add(p); + public static void main(String[] args) { + Set pets = new TreeSet(); + for (List lp : + MapOfList.petPeople.values()) { + for (Pet p : lp) { + pets.add(p); + } } + System.out.println(pets); } - System.out.println(pets); - } } /* Output: [Cat Elsie May, Cat Pinkola, Cat Shackleton, Cat Stanford aka Stinky el Negro, Cymric Molly, Dog Margrett, Mutt Spot, Pug Louie aka Louis Snorkelstein Dupree, Rat Fizzy, Rat Freckly, Rat Fuzzy] *///:~ diff --git a/src/containers/LinkedHashMapDemo.java b/src/containers/LinkedHashMapDemo.java index bc6ad9f..aa01500 100644 --- a/src/containers/LinkedHashMapDemo.java +++ b/src/containers/LinkedHashMapDemo.java @@ -1,28 +1,31 @@ package containers;//: containers/LinkedHashMapDemo.java // What you can do with a LinkedHashMap. + import java.util.*; + import net.mindview.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class LinkedHashMapDemo { - public static void main(String[] args) { - LinkedHashMap linkedMap = - new LinkedHashMap( - new CountingMapData(9)); - print(linkedMap); - // Least-recently-used order: - linkedMap = - new LinkedHashMap(16, 0.75f, true); - linkedMap.putAll(new CountingMapData(9)); - print(linkedMap); - for(int i = 0; i < 6; i++) // Cause accesses: - { - linkedMap.get(i); + public static void main(String[] args) { + LinkedHashMap linkedMap = + new LinkedHashMap( + new CountingMapData(9)); + print(linkedMap); + // Least-recently-used order: + linkedMap = + new LinkedHashMap(16, 0.75f, true); + linkedMap.putAll(new CountingMapData(9)); + print(linkedMap); + for (int i = 0; i < 6; i++) // Cause accesses: + { + linkedMap.get(i); + } + print(linkedMap); + linkedMap.get(0); + print(linkedMap); } - print(linkedMap); - linkedMap.get(0); - print(linkedMap); - } } /* Output: {0=A0, 1=B0, 2=C0, 3=D0, 4=E0, 5=F0, 6=G0, 7=H0, 8=I0} {0=A0, 1=B0, 2=C0, 3=D0, 4=E0, 5=F0, 6=G0, 7=H0, 8=I0} diff --git a/src/containers/ListPerformance.java b/src/containers/ListPerformance.java index 70d8162..b759a96 100644 --- a/src/containers/ListPerformance.java +++ b/src/containers/ListPerformance.java @@ -1,191 +1,203 @@ package containers;//: containers/ListPerformance.java // Demonstrates performance differences in Lists. // {Args: 100 500} Small to keep build testing short + import java.util.*; + import net.mindview.util.*; public class ListPerformance { - static Random rand = new Random(); - static int reps = 1000; - static List>> tests = - new ArrayList>>(); - static List>> qTests = - new ArrayList>>(); - static { - tests.add(new Test>("add") { - int test(List list, TestParam tp) { - int loops = tp.loops; - int listSize = tp.size; - for(int i = 0; i < loops; i++) { - list.clear(); - for(int j = 0; j < listSize; j++) { - list.add(j); - } - } - return loops * listSize; - } - }); - tests.add(new Test>("get") { - int test(List list, TestParam tp) { - int loops = tp.loops * reps; - int listSize = list.size(); - for(int i = 0; i < loops; i++) { - list.get(rand.nextInt(listSize)); - } - return loops; - } - }); - tests.add(new Test>("set") { - int test(List list, TestParam tp) { - int loops = tp.loops * reps; - int listSize = list.size(); - for(int i = 0; i < loops; i++) { - list.set(rand.nextInt(listSize), 47); - } - return loops; - } - }); - tests.add(new Test>("iteradd") { - int test(List list, TestParam tp) { - final int LOOPS = 1000000; - int half = list.size() / 2; - ListIterator it = list.listIterator(half); - for(int i = 0; i < LOOPS; i++) { - it.add(47); - } - return LOOPS; - } - }); - tests.add(new Test>("insert") { - int test(List list, TestParam tp) { - int loops = tp.loops; - for(int i = 0; i < loops; i++) { - list.add(5, 47); // Minimize random-access cost - } - return loops; - } - }); - tests.add(new Test>("remove") { - int test(List list, TestParam tp) { - int loops = tp.loops; - int size = tp.size; - for(int i = 0; i < loops; i++) { - list.clear(); - list.addAll(new CountingIntegerList(size)); - while(list.size() > 5) { - list.remove(5); // Minimize random-access cost - } - } - return loops * size; - } - }); - // Tests for queue behavior: - qTests.add(new Test>("addFirst") { - int test(LinkedList list, TestParam tp) { - int loops = tp.loops; - int size = tp.size; - for(int i = 0; i < loops; i++) { - list.clear(); - for(int j = 0; j < size; j++) { - list.addFirst(47); - } - } - return loops * size; - } - }); - qTests.add(new Test>("addLast") { - int test(LinkedList list, TestParam tp) { - int loops = tp.loops; - int size = tp.size; - for(int i = 0; i < loops; i++) { - list.clear(); - for(int j = 0; j < size; j++) { - list.addLast(47); - } - } - return loops * size; - } - }); - qTests.add( - new Test>("rmFirst") { - int test(LinkedList list, TestParam tp) { - int loops = tp.loops; - int size = tp.size; - for(int i = 0; i < loops; i++) { - list.clear(); - list.addAll(new CountingIntegerList(size)); - while(list.size() > 0) { - list.removeFirst(); + static Random rand = new Random(); + static int reps = 1000; + static List>> tests = + new ArrayList>>(); + static List>> qTests = + new ArrayList>>(); + + static { + tests.add(new Test>("add") { + int test(List list, TestParam tp) { + int loops = tp.loops; + int listSize = tp.size; + for (int i = 0; i < loops; i++) { + list.clear(); + for (int j = 0; j < listSize; j++) { + list.add(j); + } + } + return loops * listSize; } - } - return loops * size; + }); + tests.add(new Test>("get") { + int test(List list, TestParam tp) { + int loops = tp.loops * reps; + int listSize = list.size(); + for (int i = 0; i < loops; i++) { + list.get(rand.nextInt(listSize)); + } + return loops; + } + }); + tests.add(new Test>("set") { + int test(List list, TestParam tp) { + int loops = tp.loops * reps; + int listSize = list.size(); + for (int i = 0; i < loops; i++) { + list.set(rand.nextInt(listSize), 47); + } + return loops; + } + }); + tests.add(new Test>("iteradd") { + int test(List list, TestParam tp) { + final int LOOPS = 1000000; + int half = list.size() / 2; + ListIterator it = list.listIterator(half); + for (int i = 0; i < LOOPS; i++) { + it.add(47); + } + return LOOPS; + } + }); + tests.add(new Test>("insert") { + int test(List list, TestParam tp) { + int loops = tp.loops; + for (int i = 0; i < loops; i++) { + list.add(5, 47); // Minimize random-access cost + } + return loops; + } + }); + tests.add(new Test>("remove") { + int test(List list, TestParam tp) { + int loops = tp.loops; + int size = tp.size; + for (int i = 0; i < loops; i++) { + list.clear(); + list.addAll(new CountingIntegerList(size)); + while (list.size() > 5) { + list.remove(5); // Minimize random-access cost + } + } + return loops * size; + } + }); + // Tests for queue behavior: + qTests.add(new Test>("addFirst") { + @Override + int test(LinkedList list, TestParam tp) { + int loops = tp.loops; + int size = tp.size; + for (int i = 0; i < loops; i++) { + list.clear(); + for (int j = 0; j < size; j++) { + list.addFirst(47); + } + } + return loops * size; + } + }); + qTests.add(new Test>("addLast") { + @Override + int test(LinkedList list, TestParam tp) { + int loops = tp.loops; + int size = tp.size; + for (int i = 0; i < loops; i++) { + list.clear(); + for (int j = 0; j < size; j++) { + list.addLast(47); + } + } + return loops * size; + } + }); + qTests.add( + new Test>("rmFirst") { + @Override + int test(LinkedList list, TestParam tp) { + int loops = tp.loops; + int size = tp.size; + for (int i = 0; i < loops; i++) { + list.clear(); + list.addAll(new CountingIntegerList(size)); + while (list.size() > 0) { + list.removeFirst(); + } + } + return loops * size; + } + }); + qTests.add(new Test>("rmLast") { + @Override + int test(LinkedList list, TestParam tp) { + int loops = tp.loops; + int size = tp.size; + for (int i = 0; i < loops; i++) { + list.clear(); + list.addAll(new CountingIntegerList(size)); + while (list.size() > 0) { + list.removeLast(); + } + } + return loops * size; + } + }); + } + + static class ListTester extends Tester> { + public ListTester(List container, + List>> tests) { + super(container, tests); } - }); - qTests.add(new Test>("rmLast") { - int test(LinkedList list, TestParam tp) { - int loops = tp.loops; - int size = tp.size; - for(int i = 0; i < loops; i++) { - list.clear(); - list.addAll(new CountingIntegerList(size)); - while(list.size() > 0) { - list.removeLast(); - } + + // Fill to the appropriate size before each test: + @Override + protected List initialize(int size) { + container.clear(); + container.addAll(new CountingIntegerList(size)); + return container; } - return loops * size; - } - }); - } - static class ListTester extends Tester> { - public ListTester(List container, - List>> tests) { - super(container, tests); - } - // Fill to the appropriate size before each test: - @Override protected List initialize(int size){ - container.clear(); - container.addAll(new CountingIntegerList(size)); - return container; - } - // Convenience method: - public static void run(List list, - List>> tests) { - new ListTester(list, tests).timedTest(); - } - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - if(args.length > 0) { - Tester.defaultParams = TestParam.array(args); - } - // Can only do these two tests on an array: - Tester> arrayTest = - new Tester>(null, tests.subList(1, 3)){ - // This will be called before each test. It - // produces a non-resizeable array-backed list: - @Override protected - List initialize(int size) { - Integer[] ia = Generated.array(Integer.class, - new CountingGenerator.Integer(), size); - return Arrays.asList(ia); + + // Convenience method: + public static void run(List list, + List>> tests) { + new ListTester(list, tests).timedTest(); } - }; - arrayTest.setHeadline("Array as List"); - arrayTest.timedTest(); - Tester.defaultParams= TestParam.array( - 10, 5000, 100, 5000, 1000, 1000, 10000, 200); - if(args.length > 0) { - Tester.defaultParams = TestParam.array(args); } - ListTester.run(new ArrayList(), tests); - ListTester.run(new LinkedList(), tests); - ListTester.run(new Vector(), tests); - Tester.fieldWidth = 12; - Tester> qTest = - new Tester>( - new LinkedList(), qTests); - qTest.setHeadline("Queue tests"); - qTest.timedTest(); - } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + if (args.length > 0) { + Tester.defaultParams = TestParam.array(args); + } + // Can only do these two tests on an array: + Tester> arrayTest = + new Tester>(null, tests.subList(1, 3)) { + // This will be called before each test. It + // produces a non-resizeable array-backed list: + @Override + protected List initialize(int size) { + Integer[] ia = Generated.array(Integer.class, + new CountingGenerator.Integer(), size); + return Arrays.asList(ia); + } + }; + arrayTest.setHeadline("Array as List"); + arrayTest.timedTest(); + Tester.defaultParams = TestParam.array( + 10, 5000, 100, 5000, 1000, 1000, 10000, 200); + if (args.length > 0) { + Tester.defaultParams = TestParam.array(args); + } + ListTester.run(new ArrayList(), tests); + ListTester.run(new LinkedList(), tests); + ListTester.run(new Vector(), tests); + Tester.fieldWidth = 12; + Tester> qTest = + new Tester>( + new LinkedList(), qTests); + qTest.setHeadline("Queue tests"); + qTest.timedTest(); + } } /* Output: (Sample) --- Array as List --- size get set diff --git a/src/containers/ListSortSearch.java b/src/containers/ListSortSearch.java index 715b89f..7aaae87 100644 --- a/src/containers/ListSortSearch.java +++ b/src/containers/ListSortSearch.java @@ -1,37 +1,39 @@ package containers;//: containers/ListSortSearch.java // Sorting and searching Lists with Collections utilities. + import java.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class ListSortSearch { - public static void main(String[] args) { - List list = - new ArrayList(Utilities.list); - list.addAll(Utilities.list); - print(list); - Collections.shuffle(list, new Random(47)); - print("Shuffled: " + list); - // Use a ListIterator to trim off the last elements: - ListIterator it = list.listIterator(10); - while(it.hasNext()) { - it.next(); - it.remove(); + public static void main(String[] args) { + List list = + new ArrayList(Utilities.list); + list.addAll(Utilities.list); + print(list); + Collections.shuffle(list, new Random(47)); + print("Shuffled: " + list); + // Use a ListIterator to trim off the last elements: + ListIterator it = list.listIterator(10); + while (it.hasNext()) { + it.next(); + it.remove(); + } + print("Trimmed: " + list); + Collections.sort(list); + print("Sorted: " + list); + String key = list.get(7); + int index = Collections.binarySearch(list, key); + print("Location of " + key + " is " + index + + ", list.get(" + index + ") = " + list.get(index)); + Collections.sort(list, String.CASE_INSENSITIVE_ORDER); + print("Case-insensitive sorted: " + list); + key = list.get(7); + index = Collections.binarySearch(list, key, + String.CASE_INSENSITIVE_ORDER); + print("Location of " + key + " is " + index + + ", list.get(" + index + ") = " + list.get(index)); } - print("Trimmed: " + list); - Collections.sort(list); - print("Sorted: " + list); - String key = list.get(7); - int index = Collections.binarySearch(list, key); - print("Location of " + key + " is " + index + - ", list.get(" + index + ") = " + list.get(index)); - Collections.sort(list, String.CASE_INSENSITIVE_ORDER); - print("Case-insensitive sorted: " + list); - key = list.get(7); - index = Collections.binarySearch(list, key, - String.CASE_INSENSITIVE_ORDER); - print("Location of " + key + " is " + index + - ", list.get(" + index + ") = " + list.get(index)); - } } /* Output: [one, Two, three, Four, five, six, one, one, Two, three, Four, five, six, one] Shuffled: [Four, five, one, one, Two, six, six, three, three, five, Four, Two, one, one] diff --git a/src/containers/Lists.java b/src/containers/Lists.java index 50cffcf..2695944 100644 --- a/src/containers/Lists.java +++ b/src/containers/Lists.java @@ -1,126 +1,135 @@ package containers;//: containers/Lists.java // Things you can do with Lists. + import java.util.*; + import net.mindview.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class Lists { - private static boolean b; - private static String s; - private static int i; - private static Iterator it; - private static ListIterator lit; - public static void basicTest(List a) { - a.add(1, "x"); // Add at location 1 - a.add("x"); // Add at end - // Add a collection: - a.addAll(Countries.names(25)); - // Add a collection starting at location 3: - a.addAll(3, Countries.names(25)); - b = a.contains("1"); // Is it in there? - // Is the entire collection in there? - b = a.containsAll(Countries.names(25)); - // Lists allow random access, which is cheap - // for ArrayList, expensive for LinkedList: - s = a.get(1); // Get (typed) object at location 1 - i = a.indexOf("1"); // Tell index of object - b = a.isEmpty(); // Any elements inside? - it = a.iterator(); // Ordinary Iterator - lit = a.listIterator(); // ListIterator - lit = a.listIterator(3); // Start at loc 3 - i = a.lastIndexOf("1"); // Last match - a.remove(1); // Remove location 1 - a.remove("3"); // Remove this object - a.set(1, "y"); // Set location 1 to "y" - // Keep everything that's in the argument - // (the intersection of the two sets): - a.retainAll(Countries.names(25)); - // Remove everything that's in the argument: - a.removeAll(Countries.names(25)); - i = a.size(); // How big is it? - a.clear(); // Remove all elements - } - public static void iterMotion(List a) { - ListIterator it = a.listIterator(); - b = it.hasNext(); - b = it.hasPrevious(); - s = it.next(); - i = it.nextIndex(); - s = it.previous(); - i = it.previousIndex(); - } - public static void iterManipulation(List a) { - ListIterator it = a.listIterator(); - it.add("47"); - // Must move to an element after add(): - it.next(); - // Remove the element after the newly produced one: - it.remove(); - // Must move to an element after remove(): - it.next(); - // Change the element after the deleted one: - it.set("47"); - } - public static void testVisual(List a) { - print(a); - List b = Countries.names(25); - print("b = " + b); - a.addAll(b); - a.addAll(b); - print(a); - // Insert, remove, and replace elements - // using a ListIterator: - ListIterator x = a.listIterator(a.size()/2); - x.add("one"); - print(a); - print(x.next()); - x.remove(); - print(x.next()); - x.set("47"); - print(a); - // Traverse the list backwards: - x = a.listIterator(a.size()); - while(x.hasPrevious()) { - printnb(x.previous() + " "); + private static boolean b; + private static String s; + private static int i; + private static Iterator it; + private static ListIterator lit; + + public static void basicTest(List a) { + a.add(1, "x"); // Add at location 1 + a.add("x"); // Add at end + // Add a collection: + a.addAll(Countries.names(25)); + // Add a collection starting at location 3: + a.addAll(3, Countries.names(25)); + b = a.contains("1"); // Is it in there? + // Is the entire collection in there? + b = a.containsAll(Countries.names(25)); + // Lists allow random access, which is cheap + // for ArrayList, expensive for LinkedList: + s = a.get(1); // Get (typed) object at location 1 + i = a.indexOf("1"); // Tell index of object + b = a.isEmpty(); // Any elements inside? + it = a.iterator(); // Ordinary Iterator + lit = a.listIterator(); // ListIterator + lit = a.listIterator(3); // Start at loc 3 + i = a.lastIndexOf("1"); // Last match + a.remove(1); // Remove location 1 + a.remove("3"); // Remove this object + a.set(1, "y"); // Set location 1 to "y" + // Keep everything that's in the argument + // (the intersection of the two sets): + a.retainAll(Countries.names(25)); + // Remove everything that's in the argument: + a.removeAll(Countries.names(25)); + i = a.size(); // How big is it? + a.clear(); // Remove all elements + } + + public static void iterMotion(List a) { + ListIterator it = a.listIterator(); + b = it.hasNext(); + b = it.hasPrevious(); + s = it.next(); + i = it.nextIndex(); + s = it.previous(); + i = it.previousIndex(); + } + + public static void iterManipulation(List a) { + ListIterator it = a.listIterator(); + it.add("47"); + // Must move to an element after add(): + it.next(); + // Remove the element after the newly produced one: + it.remove(); + // Must move to an element after remove(): + it.next(); + // Change the element after the deleted one: + it.set("47"); + } + + public static void testVisual(List a) { + print(a); + List b = Countries.names(25); + print("b = " + b); + a.addAll(b); + a.addAll(b); + print(a); + // Insert, remove, and replace elements + // using a ListIterator: + ListIterator x = a.listIterator(a.size() / 2); + x.add("one"); + print(a); + print(x.next()); + x.remove(); + print(x.next()); + x.set("47"); + print(a); + // Traverse the list backwards: + x = a.listIterator(a.size()); + while (x.hasPrevious()) { + printnb(x.previous() + " "); + } + print(); + print("testVisual finished"); + } + + // There are some things that only LinkedLists can do: + public static void testLinkedList() { + LinkedList ll = new LinkedList(); + ll.addAll(Countries.names(25)); + print(ll); + // Treat it like a stack, pushing: + ll.addFirst("one"); + ll.addFirst("two"); + print(ll); + // Like "peeking" at the top of a stack: + print(ll.getFirst()); + // Like popping a stack: + print(ll.removeFirst()); + print(ll.removeFirst()); + // Treat it like a queue, pulling elements + // off the tail end: + print(ll.removeLast()); + print(ll); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + // Make and fill a new list each time: + basicTest( + new LinkedList(Countries.names(25))); + basicTest( + new ArrayList(Countries.names(25))); + iterMotion( + new LinkedList(Countries.names(25))); + iterMotion( + new ArrayList(Countries.names(25))); + iterManipulation( + new LinkedList(Countries.names(25))); + iterManipulation( + new ArrayList(Countries.names(25))); + testVisual( + new LinkedList(Countries.names(25))); + testLinkedList(); } - print(); - print("testVisual finished"); - } - // There are some things that only LinkedLists can do: - public static void testLinkedList() { - LinkedList ll = new LinkedList(); - ll.addAll(Countries.names(25)); - print(ll); - // Treat it like a stack, pushing: - ll.addFirst("one"); - ll.addFirst("two"); - print(ll); - // Like "peeking" at the top of a stack: - print(ll.getFirst()); - // Like popping a stack: - print(ll.removeFirst()); - print(ll.removeFirst()); - // Treat it like a queue, pulling elements - // off the tail end: - print(ll.removeLast()); - print(ll); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - // Make and fill a new list each time: - basicTest( - new LinkedList(Countries.names(25))); - basicTest( - new ArrayList(Countries.names(25))); - iterMotion( - new LinkedList(Countries.names(25))); - iterMotion( - new ArrayList(Countries.names(25))); - iterManipulation( - new LinkedList(Countries.names(25))); - iterManipulation( - new ArrayList(Countries.names(25))); - testVisual( - new LinkedList(Countries.names(25))); - testLinkedList(); - } } /* (Execute to see output) *///:~ diff --git a/src/containers/MapDataTest.java b/src/containers/MapDataTest.java index 75948f6..a596cb1 100644 --- a/src/containers/MapDataTest.java +++ b/src/containers/MapDataTest.java @@ -1,44 +1,60 @@ package containers;//: containers/MapDataTest.java + import java.util.*; + import net.mindview.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; -class Letters implements Generator>, - Iterable { - private int size = 9; - private int number = 1; - private char letter = 'A'; - public Pair next() { - return new Pair( - number++, "" + letter++); - } - public Iterator iterator() { - return new Iterator() { - public Integer next() { return number++; } - public boolean hasNext() { return number < size; } - public void remove() { - throw new UnsupportedOperationException(); - } - }; - } +class Letters implements Generator>, + Iterable { + private int size = 9; + private int number = 1; + private char letter = 'A'; + + @Override + public Pair next() { + return new Pair( + number++, "" + letter++); + } + + @Override + public Iterator iterator() { + return new Iterator() { + @Override + public Integer next() { + return number++; + } + + @Override + public boolean hasNext() { + return number < size; + } + + @Override + public void remove() { + throw new UnsupportedOperationException(); + } + }; + } } public class MapDataTest { - public static void main(String[] args) { - // Pair Generator: - print(MapData.map(new Letters(), 11)); - // Two separate generators: - print(MapData.map(new CountingGenerator.Character(), - new RandomGenerator.String(3), 8)); - // A key Generator and a single value: - print(MapData.map(new CountingGenerator.Character(), - "Value", 6)); - // An Iterable and a value Generator: - print(MapData.map(new Letters(), - new RandomGenerator.String(3))); - // An Iterable and a single value: - print(MapData.map(new Letters(), "Pop")); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + // Pair Generator: + print(MapData.map(new Letters(), 11)); + // Two separate generators: + print(MapData.map(new CountingGenerator.Character(), + new RandomGenerator.String(3), 8)); + // A key Generator and a single value: + print(MapData.map(new CountingGenerator.Character(), + "Value", 6)); + // An Iterable and a value Generator: + print(MapData.map(new Letters(), + new RandomGenerator.String(3))); + // An Iterable and a single value: + print(MapData.map(new Letters(), "Pop")); + } } /* Output: {1=A, 2=B, 3=C, 4=D, 5=E, 6=F, 7=G, 8=H, 9=I, 10=J, 11=K} {a=YNz, b=brn, c=yGc, d=FOW, e=ZnT, f=cQr, g=Gse, h=GZM} diff --git a/src/containers/MapEntry.java b/src/containers/MapEntry.java index 120b7d5..a38a75b 100644 --- a/src/containers/MapEntry.java +++ b/src/containers/MapEntry.java @@ -1,35 +1,55 @@ package containers;//: containers/MapEntry.java // A simple Map.Entry for sample Map implementations. + import java.util.*; -public class MapEntry implements Map.Entry { - private K key; - private V value; - public MapEntry(K key, V value) { - this.key = key; - this.value = value; - } - public K getKey() { return key; } - public V getValue() { return value; } - public V setValue(V v) { - V result = value; - value = v; - return result; - } - public int hashCode() { - return (key==null ? 0 : key.hashCode()) ^ - (value==null ? 0 : value.hashCode()); - } - public boolean equals(Object o) { - if(!(o instanceof MapEntry)) { - return false; +public class MapEntry implements Map.Entry { + private K key; + private V value; + + public MapEntry(K key, V value) { + this.key = key; + this.value = value; + } + + @Override + public K getKey() { + return key; + } + + @Override + public V getValue() { + return value; + } + + @Override + public V setValue(V v) { + V result = value; + value = v; + return result; + } + + @Override + public int hashCode() { + return (key == null ? 0 : key.hashCode()) ^ + (value == null ? 0 : value.hashCode()); + } + + @Override + public boolean equals(Object o) { + if (!(o instanceof MapEntry)) { + return false; + } + MapEntry me = (MapEntry) o; + return + (key == null ? + me.getKey() == null : key.equals(me.getKey())) && + (value == null ? + me.getValue() == null : value.equals(me.getValue())); + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return key + "=" + value; } - MapEntry me = (MapEntry)o; - return - (key == null ? - me.getKey() == null : key.equals(me.getKey())) && - (value == null ? - me.getValue()== null : value.equals(me.getValue())); - } - public String toString() { return key + "=" + value; } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/containers/MapPerformance.java b/src/containers/MapPerformance.java index 5d786df..bd30df2 100644 --- a/src/containers/MapPerformance.java +++ b/src/containers/MapPerformance.java @@ -1,62 +1,68 @@ package containers;//: containers/MapPerformance.java // Demonstrates performance differences in Maps. // {Args: 100 5000} Small to keep build testing short + import java.util.*; public class MapPerformance { - static List>> tests = - new ArrayList>>(); - static { - tests.add(new Test>("put") { - int test(Map map, TestParam tp) { - int loops = tp.loops; - int size = tp.size; - for(int i = 0; i < loops; i++) { - map.clear(); - for(int j = 0; j < size; j++) { - map.put(j, j); - } - } - return loops * size; - } - }); - tests.add(new Test>("get") { - int test(Map map, TestParam tp) { - int loops = tp.loops; - int span = tp.size * 2; - for(int i = 0; i < loops; i++) { - for(int j = 0; j < span; j++) { - map.get(j); + static List>> tests = + new ArrayList>>(); + + static { + tests.add(new Test>("put") { + @Override + int test(Map map, TestParam tp) { + int loops = tp.loops; + int size = tp.size; + for (int i = 0; i < loops; i++) { + map.clear(); + for (int j = 0; j < size; j++) { + map.put(j, j); + } + } + return loops * size; } - } - return loops * span; - } - }); - tests.add(new Test>("iterate") { - int test(Map map, TestParam tp) { - int loops = tp.loops * 10; - for(int i = 0; i < loops; i ++) { - Iterator it = map.entrySet().iterator(); - while(it.hasNext()) { - it.next(); - } - } - return loops * map.size(); - } - }); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - if(args.length > 0) { - Tester.defaultParams = TestParam.array(args); + }); + tests.add(new Test>("get") { + @Override + int test(Map map, TestParam tp) { + int loops = tp.loops; + int span = tp.size * 2; + for (int i = 0; i < loops; i++) { + for (int j = 0; j < span; j++) { + map.get(j); + } + } + return loops * span; + } + }); + tests.add(new Test>("iterate") { + @Override + int test(Map map, TestParam tp) { + int loops = tp.loops * 10; + for (int i = 0; i < loops; i++) { + Iterator it = map.entrySet().iterator(); + while (it.hasNext()) { + it.next(); + } + } + return loops * map.size(); + } + }); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + if (args.length > 0) { + Tester.defaultParams = TestParam.array(args); + } + Tester.run(new TreeMap(), tests); + Tester.run(new HashMap(), tests); + Tester.run(new LinkedHashMap(), tests); + Tester.run( + new IdentityHashMap(), tests); + Tester.run(new WeakHashMap(), tests); + Tester.run(new Hashtable(), tests); } - Tester.run(new TreeMap(), tests); - Tester.run(new HashMap(), tests); - Tester.run(new LinkedHashMap(),tests); - Tester.run( - new IdentityHashMap(), tests); - Tester.run(new WeakHashMap(), tests); - Tester.run(new Hashtable(), tests); - } } /* Output: (Sample) ---------- TreeMap ---------- size put get iterate diff --git a/src/containers/Maps.java b/src/containers/Maps.java index 2efbe9e..9493c6c 100644 --- a/src/containers/Maps.java +++ b/src/containers/Maps.java @@ -1,49 +1,54 @@ package containers;//: containers/Maps.java // Things you can do with Maps. + import java.util.concurrent.*; import java.util.*; + import net.mindview.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class Maps { - public static void printKeys(Map map) { - printnb("Size = " + map.size() + ", "); - printnb("Keys: "); - print(map.keySet()); // Produce a Set of the keys - } - public static void test(Map map) { - print(map.getClass().getSimpleName()); - map.putAll(new CountingMapData(25)); - // Map has 'Set' behavior for keys: - map.putAll(new CountingMapData(25)); - printKeys(map); - // Producing a Collection of the values: - printnb("Values: "); - print(map.values()); - print(map); - print("map.containsKey(11): " + map.containsKey(11)); - print("map.get(11): " + map.get(11)); - print("map.containsValue(\"F0\"): " - + map.containsValue("F0")); - Integer key = map.keySet().iterator().next(); - print("First key in map: " + key); - map.remove(key); - printKeys(map); - map.clear(); - print("map.isEmpty(): " + map.isEmpty()); - map.putAll(new CountingMapData(25)); - // Operations on the Set change the Map: - map.keySet().removeAll(map.keySet()); - print("map.isEmpty(): " + map.isEmpty()); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - test(new HashMap()); - test(new TreeMap()); - test(new LinkedHashMap()); - test(new IdentityHashMap()); - test(new ConcurrentHashMap()); - test(new WeakHashMap()); - } + public static void printKeys(Map map) { + printnb("Size = " + map.size() + ", "); + printnb("Keys: "); + print(map.keySet()); // Produce a Set of the keys + } + + public static void test(Map map) { + print(map.getClass().getSimpleName()); + map.putAll(new CountingMapData(25)); + // Map has 'Set' behavior for keys: + map.putAll(new CountingMapData(25)); + printKeys(map); + // Producing a Collection of the values: + printnb("Values: "); + print(map.values()); + print(map); + print("map.containsKey(11): " + map.containsKey(11)); + print("map.get(11): " + map.get(11)); + print("map.containsValue(\"F0\"): " + + map.containsValue("F0")); + Integer key = map.keySet().iterator().next(); + print("First key in map: " + key); + map.remove(key); + printKeys(map); + map.clear(); + print("map.isEmpty(): " + map.isEmpty()); + map.putAll(new CountingMapData(25)); + // Operations on the Set change the Map: + map.keySet().removeAll(map.keySet()); + print("map.isEmpty(): " + map.isEmpty()); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + test(new HashMap()); + test(new TreeMap()); + test(new LinkedHashMap()); + test(new IdentityHashMap()); + test(new ConcurrentHashMap()); + test(new WeakHashMap()); + } } /* Output: HashMap Size = 25, Keys: [15, 8, 23, 16, 7, 22, 9, 21, 6, 1, 14, 24, 4, 19, 11, 18, 3, 12, 17, 2, 13, 20, 10, 5, 0] diff --git a/src/containers/Prediction.java b/src/containers/Prediction.java index a5e56b3..696b0d8 100644 --- a/src/containers/Prediction.java +++ b/src/containers/Prediction.java @@ -1,15 +1,18 @@ package containers;//: containers/Prediction.java // Predicting the weather with groundhogs. + import java.util.*; public class Prediction { - private static Random rand = new Random(47); - private boolean shadow = rand.nextDouble() > 0.5; - public String toString() { - if(shadow) { - return "Six more weeks of Winter!"; - } else { - return "Early Spring!"; + private static Random rand = new Random(47); + private boolean shadow = rand.nextDouble() > 0.5; + + @Override + public String toString() { + if (shadow) { + return "Six more weeks of Winter!"; + } else { + return "Early Spring!"; + } } - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/containers/QueueBehavior.java b/src/containers/QueueBehavior.java index a8081b4..a64953f 100644 --- a/src/containers/QueueBehavior.java +++ b/src/containers/QueueBehavior.java @@ -1,34 +1,43 @@ package containers;//: containers/QueueBehavior.java // Compares the behavior of some of the queues + import java.util.concurrent.*; import java.util.*; + import net.mindview.util.*; public class QueueBehavior { - private static int count = 10; - static void test(Queue queue, Generator gen) { - for(int i = 0; i < count; i++) { - queue.offer(gen.next()); + private static int count = 10; + + static void test(Queue queue, Generator gen) { + for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) { + queue.offer(gen.next()); + } + while (queue.peek() != null) { + System.out.print(queue.remove() + " "); + } + System.out.println(); } - while(queue.peek() != null) { - System.out.print(queue.remove() + " "); + + static class Gen implements Generator { + String[] s = ("one two three four five six seven " + + "eight nine ten").split(" "); + int i; + + @Override + public String next() { + return s[i++]; + } + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + test(new LinkedList(), new Gen()); + test(new PriorityQueue(), new Gen()); + test(new ArrayBlockingQueue(count), new Gen()); + test(new ConcurrentLinkedQueue(), new Gen()); + test(new LinkedBlockingQueue(), new Gen()); + test(new PriorityBlockingQueue(), new Gen()); } - System.out.println(); - } - static class Gen implements Generator { - String[] s = ("one two three four five six seven " + - "eight nine ten").split(" "); - int i; - public String next() { return s[i++]; } - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - test(new LinkedList(), new Gen()); - test(new PriorityQueue(), new Gen()); - test(new ArrayBlockingQueue(count), new Gen()); - test(new ConcurrentLinkedQueue(), new Gen()); - test(new LinkedBlockingQueue(), new Gen()); - test(new PriorityBlockingQueue(), new Gen()); - } } /* Output: one two three four five six seven eight nine ten eight five four nine one seven six ten three two diff --git a/src/containers/RandomBounds.java b/src/containers/RandomBounds.java index 3145baa..f492510 100644 --- a/src/containers/RandomBounds.java +++ b/src/containers/RandomBounds.java @@ -1,31 +1,31 @@ package containers;//: containers/RandomBounds.java // Does Math.random() produce 0.0 and 1.0? // {RunByHand} + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class RandomBounds { - static void usage() { - print("Usage:"); - print("\tRandomBounds lower"); - print("\tRandomBounds upper"); - System.exit(1); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - if(args.length != 1) { - usage(); + static void usage() { + print("Usage:"); + print("\tRandomBounds lower"); + print("\tRandomBounds upper"); + System.exit(1); } - if(args[0].equals("lower")) { - while(Math.random() != 0.0) { - } - print("Produced 0.0!"); + + public static void main(String[] args) { + if (args.length != 1) { + usage(); + } + if (args[0].equals("lower")) { + while (Math.random() != 0.0) { + } + print("Produced 0.0!"); + } else if (args[0].equals("upper")) { + while (Math.random() != 1.0) { + } + print("Produced 1.0!"); + } else { + usage(); + } } - else if(args[0].equals("upper")) { - while(Math.random() != 1.0) { - } - print("Produced 1.0!"); - } - else { - usage(); - } - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/containers/ReadOnly.java b/src/containers/ReadOnly.java index 738b506..451d268 100644 --- a/src/containers/ReadOnly.java +++ b/src/containers/ReadOnly.java @@ -1,44 +1,48 @@ package containers;//: containers/ReadOnly.java // Using the Collections.unmodifiable methods. + import java.util.*; + import net.mindview.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class ReadOnly { - static Collection data = - new ArrayList(Countries.names(6)); - public static void main(String[] args) { - Collection c = - Collections.unmodifiableCollection( - new ArrayList(data)); - print(c); // Reading is OK - //! c.add("one"); // Can't change it + static Collection data = + new ArrayList(Countries.names(6)); - List a = Collections.unmodifiableList( - new ArrayList(data)); - ListIterator lit = a.listIterator(); - print(lit.next()); // Reading is OK - //! lit.add("one"); // Can't change it + public static void main(String[] args) { + Collection c = + Collections.unmodifiableCollection( + new ArrayList(data)); + print(c); // Reading is OK + //! c.add("one"); // Can't change it - Set s = Collections.unmodifiableSet( - new HashSet(data)); - print(s); // Reading is OK - //! s.add("one"); // Can't change it + List a = Collections.unmodifiableList( + new ArrayList(data)); + ListIterator lit = a.listIterator(); + print(lit.next()); // Reading is OK + //! lit.add("one"); // Can't change it - // For a SortedSet: - Set ss = Collections.unmodifiableSortedSet( - new TreeSet(data)); + Set s = Collections.unmodifiableSet( + new HashSet(data)); + print(s); // Reading is OK + //! s.add("one"); // Can't change it - Map m = Collections.unmodifiableMap( - new HashMap(Countries.capitals(6))); - print(m); // Reading is OK - //! m.put("Ralph", "Howdy!"); + // For a SortedSet: + Set ss = Collections.unmodifiableSortedSet( + new TreeSet(data)); - // For a SortedMap: - Map sm = - Collections.unmodifiableSortedMap( - new TreeMap(Countries.capitals(6))); - } + Map m = Collections.unmodifiableMap( + new HashMap(Countries.capitals(6))); + print(m); // Reading is OK + //! m.put("Ralph", "Howdy!"); + + // For a SortedMap: + Map sm = + Collections.unmodifiableSortedMap( + new TreeMap(Countries.capitals(6))); + } } /* Output: [ALGERIA, ANGOLA, BENIN, BOTSWANA, BULGARIA, BURKINA FASO] ALGERIA diff --git a/src/containers/References.java b/src/containers/References.java index f3f6113..0a0388d 100644 --- a/src/containers/References.java +++ b/src/containers/References.java @@ -1,62 +1,74 @@ package containers;//: containers/References.java // Demonstrates Reference objects + import java.lang.ref.*; import java.util.*; class VeryBig { - private static final int SIZE = 10000; - private long[] la = new long[SIZE]; - private String ident; - public VeryBig(String id) { ident = id; } - public String toString() { return ident; } - protected void finalize() { - System.out.println("Finalizing " + ident); - } + private static final int SIZE = 10000; + private long[] la = new long[SIZE]; + private String ident; + + public VeryBig(String id) { + ident = id; + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return ident; + } + + @Override + protected void finalize() { + System.out.println("Finalizing " + ident); + } } public class References { - private static ReferenceQueue rq = - new ReferenceQueue(); - public static void checkQueue() { - Reference inq = rq.poll(); - if(inq != null) { - System.out.println("In queue: " + inq.get()); + private static ReferenceQueue rq = + new ReferenceQueue(); + + public static void checkQueue() { + Reference inq = rq.poll(); + if (inq != null) { + System.out.println("In queue: " + inq.get()); + } } - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - int size = 10; - // Or, choose size via the command line: - if(args.length > 0) { - size = new Integer(args[0]); + + public static void main(String[] args) { + int size = 10; + // Or, choose size via the command line: + if (args.length > 0) { + size = new Integer(args[0]); + } + LinkedList> sa = + new LinkedList>(); + for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) { + sa.add(new SoftReference( + new VeryBig("Soft " + i), rq)); + System.out.println("Just created: " + sa.getLast()); + checkQueue(); + } + LinkedList> wa = + new LinkedList>(); + for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) { + wa.add(new WeakReference( + new VeryBig("Weak " + i), rq)); + System.out.println("Just created: " + wa.getLast()); + checkQueue(); + } + SoftReference s = + new SoftReference(new VeryBig("Soft")); + WeakReference w = + new WeakReference(new VeryBig("Weak")); + System.gc(); + LinkedList> pa = + new LinkedList>(); + for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) { + pa.add(new PhantomReference( + new VeryBig("Phantom " + i), rq)); + System.out.println("Just created: " + pa.getLast()); + checkQueue(); + } } - LinkedList> sa = - new LinkedList>(); - for(int i = 0; i < size; i++) { - sa.add(new SoftReference( - new VeryBig("Soft " + i), rq)); - System.out.println("Just created: " + sa.getLast()); - checkQueue(); - } - LinkedList> wa = - new LinkedList>(); - for(int i = 0; i < size; i++) { - wa.add(new WeakReference( - new VeryBig("Weak " + i), rq)); - System.out.println("Just created: " + wa.getLast()); - checkQueue(); - } - SoftReference s = - new SoftReference(new VeryBig("Soft")); - WeakReference w = - new WeakReference(new VeryBig("Weak")); - System.gc(); - LinkedList> pa = - new LinkedList>(); - for(int i = 0; i < size; i++) { - pa.add(new PhantomReference( - new VeryBig("Phantom " + i), rq)); - System.out.println("Just created: " + pa.getLast()); - checkQueue(); - } - } } /* (Execute to see output) *///:~ diff --git a/src/containers/SetPerformance.java b/src/containers/SetPerformance.java index 625144d..c00d0cc 100644 --- a/src/containers/SetPerformance.java +++ b/src/containers/SetPerformance.java @@ -1,59 +1,65 @@ package containers;//: containers/SetPerformance.java // Demonstrates performance differences in Sets. // {Args: 100 5000} Small to keep build testing short + import java.util.*; public class SetPerformance { - static List>> tests = - new ArrayList>>(); - static { - tests.add(new Test>("add") { - int test(Set set, TestParam tp) { - int loops = tp.loops; - int size = tp.size; - for(int i = 0; i < loops; i++) { - set.clear(); - for(int j = 0; j < size; j++) { - set.add(j); - } - } - return loops * size; - } - }); - tests.add(new Test>("contains") { - int test(Set set, TestParam tp) { - int loops = tp.loops; - int span = tp.size * 2; - for(int i = 0; i < loops; i++) { - for(int j = 0; j < span; j++) { - set.contains(j); + static List>> tests = + new ArrayList>>(); + + static { + tests.add(new Test>("add") { + @Override + int test(Set set, TestParam tp) { + int loops = tp.loops; + int size = tp.size; + for (int i = 0; i < loops; i++) { + set.clear(); + for (int j = 0; j < size; j++) { + set.add(j); + } + } + return loops * size; } - } - return loops * span; - } - }); - tests.add(new Test>("iterate") { - int test(Set set, TestParam tp) { - int loops = tp.loops * 10; - for(int i = 0; i < loops; i++) { - Iterator it = set.iterator(); - while(it.hasNext()) { - it.next(); - } - } - return loops * set.size(); - } - }); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - if(args.length > 0) { - Tester.defaultParams = TestParam.array(args); + }); + tests.add(new Test>("contains") { + @Override + int test(Set set, TestParam tp) { + int loops = tp.loops; + int span = tp.size * 2; + for (int i = 0; i < loops; i++) { + for (int j = 0; j < span; j++) { + set.contains(j); + } + } + return loops * span; + } + }); + tests.add(new Test>("iterate") { + @Override + int test(Set set, TestParam tp) { + int loops = tp.loops * 10; + for (int i = 0; i < loops; i++) { + Iterator it = set.iterator(); + while (it.hasNext()) { + it.next(); + } + } + return loops * set.size(); + } + }); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + if (args.length > 0) { + Tester.defaultParams = TestParam.array(args); + } + Tester.fieldWidth = 10; + Tester.run(new TreeSet(), tests); + Tester.run(new HashSet(), tests); + Tester.run(new LinkedHashSet(), tests); } - Tester.fieldWidth = 10; - Tester.run(new TreeSet(), tests); - Tester.run(new HashSet(), tests); - Tester.run(new LinkedHashSet(), tests); - } } /* Output: (Sample) ------------- TreeSet ------------- size add contains iterate diff --git a/src/containers/SimpleHashMap.java b/src/containers/SimpleHashMap.java index 9c1a4f0..780d63e 100644 --- a/src/containers/SimpleHashMap.java +++ b/src/containers/SimpleHashMap.java @@ -1,73 +1,82 @@ package containers;//: containers/SimpleHashMap.java // A demonstration hashed Map. + import java.util.*; + import net.mindview.util.*; -public class SimpleHashMap extends AbstractMap { - // Choose a prime number for the hash table - // size, to achieve a uniform distribution: - static final int SIZE = 997; - // You can't have a physical array of generics, - // but you can upcast to one: - @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") - LinkedList>[] buckets = - new LinkedList[SIZE]; - public V put(K key, V value) { - V oldValue = null; - int index = Math.abs(key.hashCode()) % SIZE; - if(buckets[index] == null) { - buckets[index] = new LinkedList>(); +public class SimpleHashMap extends AbstractMap { + // Choose a prime number for the hash table + // size, to achieve a uniform distribution: + static final int SIZE = 997; + // You can't have a physical array of generics, + // but you can upcast to one: + @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") + LinkedList>[] buckets = + new LinkedList[SIZE]; + + @Override + public V put(K key, V value) { + V oldValue = null; + int index = Math.abs(key.hashCode()) % SIZE; + if (buckets[index] == null) { + buckets[index] = new LinkedList>(); + } + LinkedList> bucket = buckets[index]; + MapEntry pair = new MapEntry(key, value); + boolean found = false; + ListIterator> it = bucket.listIterator(); + while (it.hasNext()) { + MapEntry iPair = it.next(); + if (iPair.getKey().equals(key)) { + oldValue = iPair.getValue(); + it.set(pair); // Replace old with new + found = true; + break; + } + } + if (!found) { + buckets[index].add(pair); + } + return oldValue; } - LinkedList> bucket = buckets[index]; - MapEntry pair = new MapEntry(key, value); - boolean found = false; - ListIterator> it = bucket.listIterator(); - while(it.hasNext()) { - MapEntry iPair = it.next(); - if(iPair.getKey().equals(key)) { - oldValue = iPair.getValue(); - it.set(pair); // Replace old with new - found = true; - break; - } - } - if(!found) { - buckets[index].add(pair); - } - return oldValue; - } - public V get(Object key) { - int index = Math.abs(key.hashCode()) % SIZE; - if(buckets[index] == null) { + + @Override + public V get(Object key) { + int index = Math.abs(key.hashCode()) % SIZE; + if (buckets[index] == null) { + return null; + } + for (MapEntry iPair : buckets[index]) { + if (iPair.getKey().equals(key)) { + return iPair.getValue(); + } + } return null; } - for(MapEntry iPair : buckets[index]) { - if(iPair.getKey().equals(key)) { - return iPair.getValue(); + + @Override + public Set> entrySet() { + Set> set = new HashSet>(); + for (LinkedList> bucket : buckets) { + if (bucket == null) { + continue; + } + for (MapEntry mpair : bucket) { + set.add(mpair); + } } + return set; } - return null; - } - public Set> entrySet() { - Set> set= new HashSet>(); - for(LinkedList> bucket : buckets) { - if(bucket == null) { - continue; - } - for(MapEntry mpair : bucket) { - set.add(mpair); - } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + SimpleHashMap m = + new SimpleHashMap(); + m.putAll(Countries.capitals(25)); + System.out.println(m); + System.out.println(m.get("ERITREA")); + System.out.println(m.entrySet()); } - return set; - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - SimpleHashMap m = - new SimpleHashMap(); - m.putAll(Countries.capitals(25)); - System.out.println(m); - System.out.println(m.get("ERITREA")); - System.out.println(m.entrySet()); - } } /* Output: {CAMEROON=Yaounde, CONGO=Brazzaville, CHAD=N'djamena, COTE D'IVOIR (IVORY COAST)=Yamoussoukro, CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC=Bangui, GUINEA=Conakry, BOTSWANA=Gaberone, BISSAU=Bissau, EGYPT=Cairo, ANGOLA=Luanda, BURKINA FASO=Ouagadougou, ERITREA=Asmara, THE GAMBIA=Banjul, KENYA=Nairobi, GABON=Libreville, CAPE VERDE=Praia, ALGERIA=Algiers, COMOROS=Moroni, EQUATORIAL GUINEA=Malabo, BURUNDI=Bujumbura, BENIN=Porto-Novo, BULGARIA=Sofia, GHANA=Accra, DJIBOUTI=Dijibouti, ETHIOPIA=Addis Ababa} Asmara diff --git a/src/containers/SlowMap.java b/src/containers/SlowMap.java index 7487abc..1408b27 100644 --- a/src/containers/SlowMap.java +++ b/src/containers/SlowMap.java @@ -1,43 +1,52 @@ package containers;//: containers/SlowMap.java // A Map implemented with ArrayLists. + import java.util.*; + import net.mindview.util.*; -public class SlowMap extends AbstractMap { - private List keys = new ArrayList(); - private List values = new ArrayList(); - public V put(K key, V value) { - V oldValue = get(key); // The old value or null - if(!keys.contains(key)) { - keys.add(key); - values.add(value); - } else { - values.set(keys.indexOf(key), value); +public class SlowMap extends AbstractMap { + private List keys = new ArrayList(); + private List values = new ArrayList(); + + @Override + public V put(K key, V value) { + V oldValue = get(key); // The old value or null + if (!keys.contains(key)) { + keys.add(key); + values.add(value); + } else { + values.set(keys.indexOf(key), value); + } + return oldValue; } - return oldValue; - } - public V get(Object key) { // key is type Object, not K - if(!keys.contains(key)) { - return null; + + @Override + public V get(Object key) { // key is type Object, not K + if (!keys.contains(key)) { + return null; + } + return values.get(keys.indexOf(key)); } - return values.get(keys.indexOf(key)); - } - public Set> entrySet() { - Set> set= new HashSet>(); - Iterator ki = keys.iterator(); - Iterator vi = values.iterator(); - while(ki.hasNext()) { - set.add(new MapEntry(ki.next(), vi.next())); + + @Override + public Set> entrySet() { + Set> set = new HashSet>(); + Iterator ki = keys.iterator(); + Iterator vi = values.iterator(); + while (ki.hasNext()) { + set.add(new MapEntry(ki.next(), vi.next())); + } + return set; + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + SlowMap m = new SlowMap(); + m.putAll(Countries.capitals(15)); + System.out.println(m); + System.out.println(m.get("BULGARIA")); + System.out.println(m.entrySet()); } - return set; - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - SlowMap m= new SlowMap(); - m.putAll(Countries.capitals(15)); - System.out.println(m); - System.out.println(m.get("BULGARIA")); - System.out.println(m.entrySet()); - } } /* Output: {CAMEROON=Yaounde, CHAD=N'djamena, CONGO=Brazzaville, CAPE VERDE=Praia, ALGERIA=Algiers, COMOROS=Moroni, CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC=Bangui, BOTSWANA=Gaberone, BURUNDI=Bujumbura, BENIN=Porto-Novo, BULGARIA=Sofia, EGYPT=Cairo, ANGOLA=Luanda, BURKINA FASO=Ouagadougou, DJIBOUTI=Dijibouti} Sofia diff --git a/src/containers/SortedMapDemo.java b/src/containers/SortedMapDemo.java index b0ef138..3500bb3 100644 --- a/src/containers/SortedMapDemo.java +++ b/src/containers/SortedMapDemo.java @@ -1,35 +1,38 @@ package containers;//: containers/SortedMapDemo.java // What you can do with a TreeMap. + import java.util.*; + import net.mindview.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class SortedMapDemo { - public static void main(String[] args) { - TreeMap sortedMap = - new TreeMap(new CountingMapData(10)); - print(sortedMap); - Integer low = sortedMap.firstKey(); - Integer high = sortedMap.lastKey(); - print(low); - print(high); - Iterator it = sortedMap.keySet().iterator(); - for(int i = 0; i <= 6; i++) { - if(i == 3) { - low = it.next(); - } - if(i == 6) { - high = it.next(); - } else { - it.next(); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + TreeMap sortedMap = + new TreeMap(new CountingMapData(10)); + print(sortedMap); + Integer low = sortedMap.firstKey(); + Integer high = sortedMap.lastKey(); + print(low); + print(high); + Iterator it = sortedMap.keySet().iterator(); + for (int i = 0; i <= 6; i++) { + if (i == 3) { + low = it.next(); + } + if (i == 6) { + high = it.next(); + } else { + it.next(); + } + } + print(low); + print(high); + print(sortedMap.subMap(low, high)); + print(sortedMap.headMap(high)); + print(sortedMap.tailMap(low)); } - print(low); - print(high); - print(sortedMap.subMap(low, high)); - print(sortedMap.headMap(high)); - print(sortedMap.tailMap(low)); - } } /* Output: {0=A0, 1=B0, 2=C0, 3=D0, 4=E0, 5=F0, 6=G0, 7=H0, 8=I0, 9=J0} 0 diff --git a/src/containers/SortedSetDemo.java b/src/containers/SortedSetDemo.java index e07c596..deccea5 100644 --- a/src/containers/SortedSetDemo.java +++ b/src/containers/SortedSetDemo.java @@ -1,36 +1,38 @@ package containers;//: containers/SortedSetDemo.java // What you can do with a TreeSet. + import java.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class SortedSetDemo { - public static void main(String[] args) { - SortedSet sortedSet = new TreeSet(); - Collections.addAll(sortedSet, - "one two three four five six seven eight" - .split(" ")); - print(sortedSet); - String low = sortedSet.first(); - String high = sortedSet.last(); - print(low); - print(high); - Iterator it = sortedSet.iterator(); - for(int i = 0; i <= 6; i++) { - if(i == 3) { - low = it.next(); - } - if(i == 6) { - high = it.next(); - } else { - it.next(); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + SortedSet sortedSet = new TreeSet(); + Collections.addAll(sortedSet, + "one two three four five six seven eight" + .split(" ")); + print(sortedSet); + String low = sortedSet.first(); + String high = sortedSet.last(); + print(low); + print(high); + Iterator it = sortedSet.iterator(); + for (int i = 0; i <= 6; i++) { + if (i == 3) { + low = it.next(); + } + if (i == 6) { + high = it.next(); + } else { + it.next(); + } + } + print(low); + print(high); + print(sortedSet.subSet(low, high)); + print(sortedSet.headSet(high)); + print(sortedSet.tailSet(low)); } - print(low); - print(high); - print(sortedSet.subSet(low, high)); - print(sortedSet.headSet(high)); - print(sortedSet.tailSet(low)); - } } /* Output: [eight, five, four, one, seven, six, three, two] eight diff --git a/src/containers/SpringDetector.java b/src/containers/SpringDetector.java index 6c1deb1..6dfa7af 100644 --- a/src/containers/SpringDetector.java +++ b/src/containers/SpringDetector.java @@ -1,31 +1,34 @@ package containers;//: containers/SpringDetector.java // What will the weather be? + import java.lang.reflect.*; import java.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class SpringDetector { - // Uses a Groundhog or class derived from Groundhog: - public static - void detectSpring(Class type) throws Exception { - Constructor ghog = type.getConstructor(int.class); - Map map = - new HashMap(); - for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { - map.put(ghog.newInstance(i), new Prediction()); + // Uses a Groundhog or class derived from Groundhog: + public static + void detectSpring(Class type) throws Exception { + Constructor ghog = type.getConstructor(int.class); + Map map = + new HashMap(); + for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { + map.put(ghog.newInstance(i), new Prediction()); + } + print("map = " + map); + Groundhog gh = ghog.newInstance(3); + print("Looking up prediction for " + gh); + if (map.containsKey(gh)) { + print(map.get(gh)); + } else { + print("Key not found: " + gh); + } } - print("map = " + map); - Groundhog gh = ghog.newInstance(3); - print("Looking up prediction for " + gh); - if(map.containsKey(gh)) { - print(map.get(gh)); - } else { - print("Key not found: " + gh); + + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + detectSpring(Groundhog.class); } - } - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - detectSpring(Groundhog.class); - } } /* Output: map = {Groundhog #3=Early Spring!, Groundhog #7=Early Spring!, Groundhog #5=Early Spring!, Groundhog #9=Six more weeks of Winter!, Groundhog #8=Six more weeks of Winter!, Groundhog #0=Six more weeks of Winter!, Groundhog #6=Early Spring!, Groundhog #4=Six more weeks of Winter!, Groundhog #1=Six more weeks of Winter!, Groundhog #2=Early Spring!} Looking up prediction for Groundhog #3 diff --git a/src/containers/SpringDetector2.java b/src/containers/SpringDetector2.java index 6b40782..242fde6 100644 --- a/src/containers/SpringDetector2.java +++ b/src/containers/SpringDetector2.java @@ -2,9 +2,9 @@ package containers;//: containers/SpringDetector2.java // A working key. public class SpringDetector2 { - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - SpringDetector.detectSpring(Groundhog2.class); - } + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + SpringDetector.detectSpring(Groundhog2.class); + } } /* Output: map = {Groundhog #2=Early Spring!, Groundhog #4=Six more weeks of Winter!, Groundhog #9=Six more weeks of Winter!, Groundhog #8=Six more weeks of Winter!, Groundhog #6=Early Spring!, Groundhog #1=Six more weeks of Winter!, Groundhog #3=Early Spring!, Groundhog #7=Early Spring!, Groundhog #5=Early Spring!, Groundhog #0=Six more weeks of Winter!} Looking up prediction for Groundhog #3 diff --git a/src/containers/Stacks.java b/src/containers/Stacks.java index d8c1eb8..a81655d 100644 --- a/src/containers/Stacks.java +++ b/src/containers/Stacks.java @@ -1,49 +1,53 @@ package containers;//: containers/Stacks.java // Demonstration of Stack Class. + import java.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; -enum Month { JANUARY, FEBRUARY, MARCH, APRIL, MAY, JUNE, - JULY, AUGUST, SEPTEMBER, OCTOBER, NOVEMBER } +enum Month { + JANUARY, FEBRUARY, MARCH, APRIL, MAY, JUNE, + JULY, AUGUST, SEPTEMBER, OCTOBER, NOVEMBER +} public class Stacks { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Stack stack = new Stack(); - for(Month m : Month.values()) { - stack.push(m.toString()); - } - print("stack = " + stack); - // Treating a stack as a Vector: - stack.addElement("The last line"); - print("element 5 = " + stack.elementAt(5)); - print("popping elements:"); - while(!stack.empty()) { - printnb(stack.pop() + " "); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + Stack stack = new Stack(); + for (Month m : Month.values()) { + stack.push(m.toString()); + } + print("stack = " + stack); + // Treating a stack as a Vector: + stack.addElement("The last line"); + print("element 5 = " + stack.elementAt(5)); + print("popping elements:"); + while (!stack.empty()) { + printnb(stack.pop() + " "); + } - // Using a LinkedList as a Stack: - LinkedList lstack = new LinkedList(); - for(Month m : Month.values()) { - lstack.addFirst(m.toString()); - } - print("lstack = " + lstack); - while(!lstack.isEmpty()) { - printnb(lstack.removeFirst() + " "); - } + // Using a LinkedList as a Stack: + LinkedList lstack = new LinkedList(); + for (Month m : Month.values()) { + lstack.addFirst(m.toString()); + } + print("lstack = " + lstack); + while (!lstack.isEmpty()) { + printnb(lstack.removeFirst() + " "); + } - // Using the Stack class from - // the Holding Your Objects Chapter: - net.mindview.util.Stack stack2 = - new net.mindview.util.Stack(); - for(Month m : Month.values()) { - stack2.push(m.toString()); - } - print("stack2 = " + stack2); - while(!stack2.empty()) { - printnb(stack2.pop() + " "); - } + // Using the Stack class from + // the Holding Your Objects Chapter: + net.mindview.util.Stack stack2 = + new net.mindview.util.Stack(); + for (Month m : Month.values()) { + stack2.push(m.toString()); + } + print("stack2 = " + stack2); + while (!stack2.empty()) { + printnb(stack2.pop() + " "); + } - } + } } /* Output: stack = [JANUARY, FEBRUARY, MARCH, APRIL, MAY, JUNE, JULY, AUGUST, SEPTEMBER, OCTOBER, NOVEMBER] element 5 = JUNE diff --git a/src/containers/StringHashCode.java b/src/containers/StringHashCode.java index 78ca10d..dd86b94 100644 --- a/src/containers/StringHashCode.java +++ b/src/containers/StringHashCode.java @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ package containers;//: containers/StringHashCode.java public class StringHashCode { - public static void main(String[] args) { - String[] hellos = "Hello Hello".split(" "); - System.out.println(hellos[0].hashCode()); - System.out.println(hellos[1].hashCode()); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + String[] hellos = "Hello Hello".split(" "); + System.out.println(hellos[0].hashCode()); + System.out.println(hellos[1].hashCode()); + } } /* Output: (Sample) 69609650 69609650 diff --git a/src/containers/Synchronization.java b/src/containers/Synchronization.java index 53ca0d5..2b784c7 100644 --- a/src/containers/Synchronization.java +++ b/src/containers/Synchronization.java @@ -1,22 +1,23 @@ package containers;//: containers/Synchronization.java // Using the Collections.synchronized methods. + import java.util.*; public class Synchronization { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Collection c = - Collections.synchronizedCollection( - new ArrayList()); - List list = Collections.synchronizedList( - new ArrayList()); - Set s = Collections.synchronizedSet( - new HashSet()); - Set ss = Collections.synchronizedSortedSet( - new TreeSet()); - Map m = Collections.synchronizedMap( - new HashMap()); - Map sm = - Collections.synchronizedSortedMap( - new TreeMap()); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + Collection c = + Collections.synchronizedCollection( + new ArrayList()); + List list = Collections.synchronizedList( + new ArrayList()); + Set s = Collections.synchronizedSet( + new HashSet()); + Set ss = Collections.synchronizedSortedSet( + new TreeSet()); + Map m = Collections.synchronizedMap( + new HashMap()); + Map sm = + Collections.synchronizedSortedMap( + new TreeMap()); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/containers/Test.java b/src/containers/Test.java index de37a2e..c4c2045 100644 --- a/src/containers/Test.java +++ b/src/containers/Test.java @@ -2,9 +2,13 @@ package containers;//: containers/Test.java // Framework for performing timed tests of containers. public abstract class Test { - String name; - public Test(String name) { this.name = name; } - // Override this method for different tests. - // Returns actual number of repetitions of test. - abstract int test(C container, TestParam tp); + String name; + + public Test(String name) { + this.name = name; + } + + // Override this method for different tests. + // Returns actual number of repetitions of test. + abstract int test(C container, TestParam tp); } ///:~ diff --git a/src/containers/TestParam.java b/src/containers/TestParam.java index 719d915..85a6645 100644 --- a/src/containers/TestParam.java +++ b/src/containers/TestParam.java @@ -2,28 +2,31 @@ package containers;//: containers/TestParam.java // A "data transfer object." public class TestParam { - public final int size; - public final int loops; - public TestParam(int size, int loops) { - this.size = size; - this.loops = loops; - } - // Create an array of TestParam from a varargs sequence: - public static TestParam[] array(int... values) { - int size = values.length/2; - TestParam[] result = new TestParam[size]; - int n = 0; - for(int i = 0; i < size; i++) { - result[i] = new TestParam(values[n++], values[n++]); + public final int size; + public final int loops; + + public TestParam(int size, int loops) { + this.size = size; + this.loops = loops; } - return result; - } - // Convert a String array to a TestParam array: - public static TestParam[] array(String[] values) { - int[] vals = new int[values.length]; - for(int i = 0; i < vals.length; i++) { - vals[i] = Integer.decode(values[i]); + + // Create an array of TestParam from a varargs sequence: + public static TestParam[] array(int... values) { + int size = values.length / 2; + TestParam[] result = new TestParam[size]; + int n = 0; + for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) { + result[i] = new TestParam(values[n++], values[n++]); + } + return result; + } + + // Convert a String array to a TestParam array: + public static TestParam[] array(String[] values) { + int[] vals = new int[values.length]; + for (int i = 0; i < vals.length; i++) { + vals[i] = Integer.decode(values[i]); + } + return array(vals); } - return array(vals); - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/containers/Tester.java b/src/containers/Tester.java index f0813be..2cf1f72 100644 --- a/src/containers/Tester.java +++ b/src/containers/Tester.java @@ -1,85 +1,100 @@ package containers;//: containers/Tester.java // Applies Test objects to lists of different containers. + import java.util.*; public class Tester { - public static int fieldWidth = 8; - public static TestParam[] defaultParams= TestParam.array( - 10, 5000, 100, 5000, 1000, 5000, 10000, 500); - // Override this to modify pre-test initialization: - protected C initialize(int size) { return container; } - protected C container; - private String headline = ""; - private List> tests; - private static String stringField() { - return "%" + fieldWidth + "s"; - } - private static String numberField() { - return "%" + fieldWidth + "d"; - } - private static int sizeWidth = 5; - private static String sizeField = "%" + sizeWidth + "s"; - private TestParam[] paramList = defaultParams; - public Tester(C container, List> tests) { - this.container = container; - this.tests = tests; - if(container != null) { - headline = container.getClass().getSimpleName(); + public static int fieldWidth = 8; + public static TestParam[] defaultParams = TestParam.array( + 10, 5000, 100, 5000, 1000, 5000, 10000, 500); + + // Override this to modify pre-test initialization: + protected C initialize(int size) { + return container; } - } - public Tester(C container, List> tests, - TestParam[] paramList) { - this(container, tests); - this.paramList = paramList; - } - public void setHeadline(String newHeadline) { - headline = newHeadline; - } - // Generic methods for convenience : - public static void run(C cntnr, List> tests){ - new Tester(cntnr, tests).timedTest(); - } - public static void run(C cntnr, - List> tests, TestParam[] paramList) { - new Tester(cntnr, tests, paramList).timedTest(); - } - private void displayHeader() { - // Calculate width and pad with '-': - int width = fieldWidth * tests.size() + sizeWidth; - int dashLength = width - headline.length() - 1; - StringBuilder head = new StringBuilder(width); - for(int i = 0; i < dashLength/2; i++) { - head.append('-'); + + protected C container; + private String headline = ""; + private List> tests; + + private static String stringField() { + return "%" + fieldWidth + "s"; } - head.append(' '); - head.append(headline); - head.append(' '); - for(int i = 0; i < dashLength/2; i++) { - head.append('-'); + + private static String numberField() { + return "%" + fieldWidth + "d"; } - System.out.println(head); - // Print column headers: - System.out.format(sizeField, "size"); - for(Test test : tests) { - System.out.format(stringField(), test.name); + + private static int sizeWidth = 5; + private static String sizeField = "%" + sizeWidth + "s"; + private TestParam[] paramList = defaultParams; + + public Tester(C container, List> tests) { + this.container = container; + this.tests = tests; + if (container != null) { + headline = container.getClass().getSimpleName(); + } } - System.out.println(); - } - // Run the tests for this container: - public void timedTest() { - displayHeader(); - for(TestParam param : paramList) { - System.out.format(sizeField, param.size); - for(Test test : tests) { - C kontainer = initialize(param.size); - long start = System.nanoTime(); - // Call the overriden method: - int reps = test.test(kontainer, param); - long duration = System.nanoTime() - start; - long timePerRep = duration / reps; // Nanoseconds - System.out.format(numberField(), timePerRep); - } - System.out.println(); + + public Tester(C container, List> tests, + TestParam[] paramList) { + this(container, tests); + this.paramList = paramList; + } + + public void setHeadline(String newHeadline) { + headline = newHeadline; + } + + // Generic methods for convenience : + public static void run(C cntnr, List> tests) { + new Tester(cntnr, tests).timedTest(); + } + + public static void run(C cntnr, + List> tests, TestParam[] paramList) { + new Tester(cntnr, tests, paramList).timedTest(); + } + + private void displayHeader() { + // Calculate width and pad with '-': + int width = fieldWidth * tests.size() + sizeWidth; + int dashLength = width - headline.length() - 1; + StringBuilder head = new StringBuilder(width); + for (int i = 0; i < dashLength / 2; i++) { + head.append('-'); + } + head.append(' '); + head.append(headline); + head.append(' '); + for (int i = 0; i < dashLength / 2; i++) { + head.append('-'); + } + System.out.println(head); + // Print column headers: + System.out.format(sizeField, "size"); + for (Test test : tests) { + System.out.format(stringField(), test.name); + } + System.out.println(); + } + + // Run the tests for this container: + public void timedTest() { + displayHeader(); + for (TestParam param : paramList) { + System.out.format(sizeField, param.size); + for (Test test : tests) { + C kontainer = initialize(param.size); + long start = System.nanoTime(); + // Call the overriden method: + int reps = test.test(kontainer, param); + long duration = System.nanoTime() - start; + long timePerRep = duration / reps; // Nanoseconds + System.out.format(numberField(), timePerRep); + } + System.out.println(); + } } - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/containers/ToDoList.java b/src/containers/ToDoList.java index d2cebbc..e4b4a98 100644 --- a/src/containers/ToDoList.java +++ b/src/containers/ToDoList.java @@ -1,50 +1,58 @@ package containers;//: containers/ToDoList.java // A more complex use of PriorityQueue. + import java.util.*; class ToDoList extends PriorityQueue { - static class ToDoItem implements Comparable { - private char primary; - private int secondary; - private String item; - public ToDoItem(String td, char pri, int sec) { - primary = pri; - secondary = sec; - item = td; + static class ToDoItem implements Comparable { + private char primary; + private int secondary; + private String item; + + public ToDoItem(String td, char pri, int sec) { + primary = pri; + secondary = sec; + item = td; + } + + @Override + public int compareTo(ToDoItem arg) { + if (primary > arg.primary) { + return +1; + } + if (primary == arg.primary) { + if (secondary > arg.secondary) { + return +1; + } else if (secondary == arg.secondary) { + return 0; + } + } + return -1; + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return Character.toString(primary) + + secondary + ": " + item; + } } - public int compareTo(ToDoItem arg) { - if(primary > arg.primary) { - return +1; - } - if(primary == arg.primary) { - if(secondary > arg.secondary) { - return +1; - } else if(secondary == arg.secondary) { - return 0; - } - } - return -1; + + public void add(String td, char pri, int sec) { + super.add(new ToDoItem(td, pri, sec)); } - public String toString() { - return Character.toString(primary) + - secondary + ": " + item; + + public static void main(String[] args) { + ToDoList toDoList = new ToDoList(); + toDoList.add("Empty trash", 'C', 4); + toDoList.add("Feed dog", 'A', 2); + toDoList.add("Feed bird", 'B', 7); + toDoList.add("Mow lawn", 'C', 3); + toDoList.add("Water lawn", 'A', 1); + toDoList.add("Feed cat", 'B', 1); + while (!toDoList.isEmpty()) { + System.out.println(toDoList.remove()); + } } - } - public void add(String td, char pri, int sec) { - super.add(new ToDoItem(td, pri, sec)); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - ToDoList toDoList = new ToDoList(); - toDoList.add("Empty trash", 'C', 4); - toDoList.add("Feed dog", 'A', 2); - toDoList.add("Feed bird", 'B', 7); - toDoList.add("Mow lawn", 'C', 3); - toDoList.add("Water lawn", 'A', 1); - toDoList.add("Feed cat", 'B', 1); - while(!toDoList.isEmpty()) { - System.out.println(toDoList.remove()); - } - } } /* Output: A1: Water lawn A2: Feed dog diff --git a/src/containers/TypesForSets.java b/src/containers/TypesForSets.java index 6c007f3..1f5aa02 100644 --- a/src/containers/TypesForSets.java +++ b/src/containers/TypesForSets.java @@ -1,67 +1,89 @@ package containers;//: containers/TypesForSets.java // Methods necessary to put your own type in a Set. + import java.util.*; class SetType { - int i; - public SetType(int n) { i = n; } - public boolean equals(Object o) { - return o instanceof SetType && (i == ((SetType)o).i); - } - public String toString() { return Integer.toString(i); } + int i; + + public SetType(int n) { + i = n; + } + + @Override + public boolean equals(Object o) { + return o instanceof SetType && (i == ((SetType) o).i); + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return Integer.toString(i); + } } class HashType extends SetType { - public HashType(int n) { super(n); } - public int hashCode() { return i; } + public HashType(int n) { + super(n); + } + + @Override + public int hashCode() { + return i; + } } class TreeType extends SetType -implements Comparable { - public TreeType(int n) { super(n); } - public int compareTo(TreeType arg) { - return (arg.i < i ? -1 : (arg.i == i ? 0 : 1)); - } + implements Comparable { + public TreeType(int n) { + super(n); + } + + @Override + public int compareTo(TreeType arg) { + return (arg.i < i ? -1 : (arg.i == i ? 0 : 1)); + } } public class TypesForSets { - static Set fill(Set set, Class type) { - try { - for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { - set.add( - type.getConstructor(int.class).newInstance(i)); - } - } catch(Exception e) { - throw new RuntimeException(e); + static Set fill(Set set, Class type) { + try { + for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { + set.add( + type.getConstructor(int.class).newInstance(i)); + } + } catch (Exception e) { + throw new RuntimeException(e); + } + return set; } - return set; - } - static void test(Set set, Class type) { - fill(set, type); - fill(set, type); // Try to add duplicates - fill(set, type); - System.out.println(set); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - test(new HashSet(), HashType.class); - test(new LinkedHashSet(), HashType.class); - test(new TreeSet(), TreeType.class); - // Things that don't work: - test(new HashSet(), SetType.class); - test(new HashSet(), TreeType.class); - test(new LinkedHashSet(), SetType.class); - test(new LinkedHashSet(), TreeType.class); - try { - test(new TreeSet(), SetType.class); - } catch(Exception e) { - System.out.println(e.getMessage()); + + static void test(Set set, Class type) { + fill(set, type); + fill(set, type); // Try to add duplicates + fill(set, type); + System.out.println(set); } - try { - test(new TreeSet(), HashType.class); - } catch(Exception e) { - System.out.println(e.getMessage()); + + public static void main(String[] args) { + test(new HashSet(), HashType.class); + test(new LinkedHashSet(), HashType.class); + test(new TreeSet(), TreeType.class); + // Things that don't work: + test(new HashSet(), SetType.class); + test(new HashSet(), TreeType.class); + test(new LinkedHashSet(), SetType.class); + test(new LinkedHashSet(), TreeType.class); + try { + test(new TreeSet(), SetType.class); + } catch (Exception e) { + System.out.println(e.getMessage()); + } + try { + test(new TreeSet(), HashType.class); + } catch (Exception e) { + System.out.println(e.getMessage()); + } } - } } /* Output: (Sample) [2, 4, 9, 8, 6, 1, 3, 7, 5, 0] [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] diff --git a/src/containers/Unsupported.java b/src/containers/Unsupported.java index c39a36a..6bc4a31 100644 --- a/src/containers/Unsupported.java +++ b/src/containers/Unsupported.java @@ -1,49 +1,63 @@ package containers;//: containers/Unsupported.java // Unsupported operations in Java containers. + import java.util.*; public class Unsupported { - static void test(String msg, List list) { - System.out.println("--- " + msg + " ---"); - Collection c = list; - Collection subList = list.subList(1,8); - // Copy of the sublist: - Collection c2 = new ArrayList(subList); - try { c.retainAll(c2); } catch(Exception e) { - System.out.println("retainAll(): " + e); + static void test(String msg, List list) { + System.out.println("--- " + msg + " ---"); + Collection c = list; + Collection subList = list.subList(1, 8); + // Copy of the sublist: + Collection c2 = new ArrayList(subList); + try { + c.retainAll(c2); + } catch (Exception e) { + System.out.println("retainAll(): " + e); + } + try { + c.removeAll(c2); + } catch (Exception e) { + System.out.println("removeAll(): " + e); + } + try { + c.clear(); + } catch (Exception e) { + System.out.println("clear(): " + e); + } + try { + c.add("X"); + } catch (Exception e) { + System.out.println("add(): " + e); + } + try { + c.addAll(c2); + } catch (Exception e) { + System.out.println("addAll(): " + e); + } + try { + c.remove("C"); + } catch (Exception e) { + System.out.println("remove(): " + e); + } + // The List.set() method modifies the value but + // doesn't change the size of the data structure: + try { + list.set(0, "X"); + } catch (Exception e) { + System.out.println("List.set(): " + e); + } } - try { c.removeAll(c2); } catch(Exception e) { - System.out.println("removeAll(): " + e); + + public static void main(String[] args) { + List list = + Arrays.asList("A B C D E F G H I J K L".split(" ")); + test("Modifiable Copy", new ArrayList(list)); + test("Arrays.asList()", list); + test("unmodifiableList()", + Collections.unmodifiableList( + new ArrayList(list))); } - try { c.clear(); } catch(Exception e) { - System.out.println("clear(): " + e); - } - try { c.add("X"); } catch(Exception e) { - System.out.println("add(): " + e); - } - try { c.addAll(c2); } catch(Exception e) { - System.out.println("addAll(): " + e); - } - try { c.remove("C"); } catch(Exception e) { - System.out.println("remove(): " + e); - } - // The List.set() method modifies the value but - // doesn't change the size of the data structure: - try { - list.set(0, "X"); - } catch(Exception e) { - System.out.println("List.set(): " + e); - } - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - List list = - Arrays.asList("A B C D E F G H I J K L".split(" ")); - test("Modifiable Copy", new ArrayList(list)); - test("Arrays.asList()", list); - test("unmodifiableList()", - Collections.unmodifiableList( - new ArrayList(list))); - } } /* Output: --- Modifiable Copy --- --- Arrays.asList() --- diff --git a/src/containers/Utilities.java b/src/containers/Utilities.java index e96ab50..e75c740 100644 --- a/src/containers/Utilities.java +++ b/src/containers/Utilities.java @@ -1,62 +1,65 @@ package containers;//: containers/Utilities.java // Simple demonstrations of the Collections utilities. + import java.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class Utilities { - static List list = Arrays.asList( - "one Two three Four five six one".split(" ")); - public static void main(String[] args) { - print(list); - print("'list' disjoint (Four)?: " + - Collections.disjoint(list, - Collections.singletonList("Four"))); - print("max: " + Collections.max(list)); - print("min: " + Collections.min(list)); - print("max w/ comparator: " + Collections.max(list, - String.CASE_INSENSITIVE_ORDER)); - print("min w/ comparator: " + Collections.min(list, - String.CASE_INSENSITIVE_ORDER)); - List sublist = - Arrays.asList("Four five six".split(" ")); - print("indexOfSubList: " + - Collections.indexOfSubList(list, sublist)); - print("lastIndexOfSubList: " + - Collections.lastIndexOfSubList(list, sublist)); - Collections.replaceAll(list, "one", "Yo"); - print("replaceAll: " + list); - Collections.reverse(list); - print("reverse: " + list); - Collections.rotate(list, 3); - print("rotate: " + list); - List source = - Arrays.asList("in the matrix".split(" ")); - Collections.copy(list, source); - print("copy: " + list); - Collections.swap(list, 0, list.size() - 1); - print("swap: " + list); - Collections.shuffle(list, new Random(47)); - print("shuffled: " + list); - Collections.fill(list, "pop"); - print("fill: " + list); - print("frequency of 'pop': " + - Collections.frequency(list, "pop")); - List dups = Collections.nCopies(3, "snap"); - print("dups: " + dups); - print("'list' disjoint 'dups'?: " + - Collections.disjoint(list, dups)); - // Getting an old-style Enumeration: - Enumeration e = Collections.enumeration(dups); - Vector v = new Vector(); - while(e.hasMoreElements()) { - v.addElement(e.nextElement()); + static List list = Arrays.asList( + "one Two three Four five six one".split(" ")); + + public static void main(String[] args) { + print(list); + print("'list' disjoint (Four)?: " + + Collections.disjoint(list, + Collections.singletonList("Four"))); + print("max: " + Collections.max(list)); + print("min: " + Collections.min(list)); + print("max w/ comparator: " + Collections.max(list, + String.CASE_INSENSITIVE_ORDER)); + print("min w/ comparator: " + Collections.min(list, + String.CASE_INSENSITIVE_ORDER)); + List sublist = + Arrays.asList("Four five six".split(" ")); + print("indexOfSubList: " + + Collections.indexOfSubList(list, sublist)); + print("lastIndexOfSubList: " + + Collections.lastIndexOfSubList(list, sublist)); + Collections.replaceAll(list, "one", "Yo"); + print("replaceAll: " + list); + Collections.reverse(list); + print("reverse: " + list); + Collections.rotate(list, 3); + print("rotate: " + list); + List source = + Arrays.asList("in the matrix".split(" ")); + Collections.copy(list, source); + print("copy: " + list); + Collections.swap(list, 0, list.size() - 1); + print("swap: " + list); + Collections.shuffle(list, new Random(47)); + print("shuffled: " + list); + Collections.fill(list, "pop"); + print("fill: " + list); + print("frequency of 'pop': " + + Collections.frequency(list, "pop")); + List dups = Collections.nCopies(3, "snap"); + print("dups: " + dups); + print("'list' disjoint 'dups'?: " + + Collections.disjoint(list, dups)); + // Getting an old-style Enumeration: + Enumeration e = Collections.enumeration(dups); + Vector v = new Vector(); + while (e.hasMoreElements()) { + v.addElement(e.nextElement()); + } + // Converting an old-style Vector + // to a List via an Enumeration: + ArrayList arrayList = + Collections.list(v.elements()); + print("arrayList: " + arrayList); } - // Converting an old-style Vector - // to a List via an Enumeration: - ArrayList arrayList = - Collections.list(v.elements()); - print("arrayList: " + arrayList); - } } /* Output: [one, Two, three, Four, five, six, one] 'list' disjoint (Four)?: false diff --git a/src/containers/build.xml b/src/containers/build.xml index fb2f18c..92f9752 100644 --- a/src/containers/build.xml +++ b/src/containers/build.xml @@ -1,463 +1,463 @@ + basedir="." + default="run" + name="Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel (chapter: containers)"> - - build.xml for the source code for the containers chapter of - Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel - Source code available at http://www.MindView.net - See copyright notice in CopyRight.txt + + build.xml for the source code for the containers chapter of + Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel + Source code available at http://www.MindView.net + See copyright notice in CopyRight.txt - Ant available from: http://jakarta.apache.org/ant + Ant available from: http://jakarta.apache.org/ant - To see options, type: ant -p + To see options, type: ant -p - This file was automatically generated by AntBuilder - + This file was automatically generated by AntBuilder + - - - + + + - - - - - - + + + + + + - - - - - - + + + + + + - - - - - - + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - - - + + + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - - - + + + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - - - + + + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/src/control/BreakAndContinue.java b/src/control/BreakAndContinue.java index 7113920..a8dfed6 100644 --- a/src/control/BreakAndContinue.java +++ b/src/control/BreakAndContinue.java @@ -1,44 +1,45 @@ package control;//: control/BreakAndContinue.java // Demonstrates break and continue keywords. + import static net.mindview.util.Range.*; public class BreakAndContinue { - public static void main(String[] args) { - for(int i = 0; i < 100; i++) { - if(i == 74) { - break; // Out of for loop - } - if(i % 9 != 0) { - continue; // Next iteration - } - System.out.print(i + " "); + public static void main(String[] args) { + for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) { + if (i == 74) { + break; // Out of for loop + } + if (i % 9 != 0) { + continue; // Next iteration + } + System.out.print(i + " "); + } + System.out.println(); + // Using foreach: + for (int i : range(100)) { + if (i == 74) { + break; // Out of for loop + } + if (i % 9 != 0) { + continue; // Next iteration + } + System.out.print(i + " "); + } + System.out.println(); + int i = 0; + // An "infinite loop": + while (true) { + i++; + int j = i * 27; + if (j == 1269) { + break; // Out of loop + } + if (i % 10 != 0) { + continue; // Top of loop + } + System.out.print(i + " "); + } } - System.out.println(); - // Using foreach: - for(int i : range(100)) { - if(i == 74) { - break; // Out of for loop - } - if(i % 9 != 0) { - continue; // Next iteration - } - System.out.print(i + " "); - } - System.out.println(); - int i = 0; - // An "infinite loop": - while(true) { - i++; - int j = i * 27; - if(j == 1269) { - break; // Out of loop - } - if(i % 10 != 0) { - continue; // Top of loop - } - System.out.print(i + " "); - } - } } /* Output: 0 9 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 0 9 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 diff --git a/src/control/CommaOperator.java b/src/control/CommaOperator.java index 1c852de..44d048a 100644 --- a/src/control/CommaOperator.java +++ b/src/control/CommaOperator.java @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ package control;//: control/CommaOperator.java public class CommaOperator { - public static void main(String[] args) { - for(int i = 1, j = i + 10; i < 5; i++, j = i * 2) { - System.out.println("i = " + i + " j = " + j); + public static void main(String[] args) { + for (int i = 1, j = i + 10; i < 5; i++, j = i * 2) { + System.out.println("i = " + i + " j = " + j); + } } - } } /* Output: i = 1 j = 11 i = 2 j = 4 diff --git a/src/control/ForEachFloat.java b/src/control/ForEachFloat.java index a8dc22b..20ac75e 100644 --- a/src/control/ForEachFloat.java +++ b/src/control/ForEachFloat.java @@ -1,17 +1,18 @@ package control;//: control/ForEachFloat.java + import java.util.*; public class ForEachFloat { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Random rand = new Random(47); - float f[] = new float[10]; - for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { - f[i] = rand.nextFloat(); + public static void main(String[] args) { + Random rand = new Random(47); + float f[] = new float[10]; + for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { + f[i] = rand.nextFloat(); + } + for (float x : f) { + System.out.println(x); + } } - for(float x : f) { - System.out.println(x); - } - } } /* Output: 0.72711575 0.39982635 diff --git a/src/control/ForEachInt.java b/src/control/ForEachInt.java index 0bd5b07..9572584 100644 --- a/src/control/ForEachInt.java +++ b/src/control/ForEachInt.java @@ -1,25 +1,26 @@ package control;//: control/ForEachInt.java + import static net.mindview.util.Range.*; import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class ForEachInt { - public static void main(String[] args) { - for(int i : range(10)) // 0..9 - { - printnb(i + " "); + public static void main(String[] args) { + for (int i : range(10)) // 0..9 + { + printnb(i + " "); + } + print(); + for (int i : range(5, 10)) // 5..9 + { + printnb(i + " "); + } + print(); + for (int i : range(5, 20, 3)) // 5..20 step 3 + { + printnb(i + " "); + } + print(); } - print(); - for(int i : range(5, 10)) // 5..9 - { - printnb(i + " "); - } - print(); - for(int i : range(5, 20, 3)) // 5..20 step 3 - { - printnb(i + " "); - } - print(); - } } /* Output: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 5 6 7 8 9 diff --git a/src/control/ForEachString.java b/src/control/ForEachString.java index 411f249..d8fb1af 100644 --- a/src/control/ForEachString.java +++ b/src/control/ForEachString.java @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ package control;//: control/ForEachString.java public class ForEachString { - public static void main(String[] args) { - for(char c : "An African Swallow".toCharArray() ) { - System.out.print(c + " "); + public static void main(String[] args) { + for (char c : "An African Swallow".toCharArray()) { + System.out.print(c + " "); + } } - } } /* Output: A n A f r i c a n S w a l l o w *///:~ diff --git a/src/control/IfElse.java b/src/control/IfElse.java index 18ff47e..4fe29d1 100644 --- a/src/control/IfElse.java +++ b/src/control/IfElse.java @@ -1,25 +1,28 @@ package control;//: control/IfElse.java + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class IfElse { - static int result = 0; - static void test(int testval, int target) { - if(testval > target) { - result = +1; - } else if(testval < target) { - result = -1; - } else { - result = 0; // Match + static int result = 0; + + static void test(int testval, int target) { + if (testval > target) { + result = +1; + } else if (testval < target) { + result = -1; + } else { + result = 0; // Match + } + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + test(10, 5); + print(result); + test(5, 10); + print(result); + test(5, 5); + print(result); } - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - test(10, 5); - print(result); - test(5, 10); - print(result); - test(5, 5); - print(result); - } } /* Output: 1 -1 diff --git a/src/control/IfElse2.java b/src/control/IfElse2.java index 737a74e..4265144 100644 --- a/src/control/IfElse2.java +++ b/src/control/IfElse2.java @@ -1,21 +1,23 @@ package control;//: control/IfElse2.java + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class IfElse2 { - static int test(int testval, int target) { - if(testval > target) { - return +1; - } else if(testval < target) { - return -1; - } else { - return 0; // Match + static int test(int testval, int target) { + if (testval > target) { + return +1; + } else if (testval < target) { + return -1; + } else { + return 0; // Match + } + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + print(test(10, 5)); + print(test(5, 10)); + print(test(5, 5)); } - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - print(test(10, 5)); - print(test(5, 10)); - print(test(5, 5)); - } } /* Output: 1 -1 diff --git a/src/control/LabeledFor.java b/src/control/LabeledFor.java index 7124897..609fa61 100644 --- a/src/control/LabeledFor.java +++ b/src/control/LabeledFor.java @@ -1,45 +1,48 @@ package control;//: control/LabeledFor.java // For loops with "labeled break" and "labeled continue." + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class LabeledFor { - public static void main(String[] args) { - int i = 0; - outer: // Can't have statements here - for(; true ;) { // infinite loop - inner: // Can't have statements here - for(; i < 10; i++) { - print("i = " + i); - if(i == 2) { - print("continue"); - continue; + public static void main(String[] args) { + int i = 0; + outer: + // Can't have statements here + for (; true; ) { // infinite loop + inner: + // Can't have statements here + for (; i < 10; i++) { + print("i = " + i); + if (i == 2) { + print("continue"); + continue; + } + if (i == 3) { + print("break"); + i++; // Otherwise i never + // gets incremented. + break; + } + if (i == 7) { + print("continue outer"); + i++; // Otherwise i never + // gets incremented. + continue outer; + } + if (i == 8) { + print("break outer"); + break outer; + } + for (int k = 0; k < 5; k++) { + if (k == 3) { + print("continue inner"); + continue inner; + } + } + } } - if(i == 3) { - print("break"); - i++; // Otherwise i never - // gets incremented. - break; - } - if(i == 7) { - print("continue outer"); - i++; // Otherwise i never - // gets incremented. - continue outer; - } - if(i == 8) { - print("break outer"); - break outer; - } - for(int k = 0; k < 5; k++) { - if(k == 3) { - print("continue inner"); - continue inner; - } - } - } + // Can't break or continue to labels here } - // Can't break or continue to labels here - } } /* Output: i = 0 continue inner diff --git a/src/control/LabeledWhile.java b/src/control/LabeledWhile.java index 4170cac..d628a5b 100644 --- a/src/control/LabeledWhile.java +++ b/src/control/LabeledWhile.java @@ -1,35 +1,36 @@ package control;//: control/LabeledWhile.java // While loops with "labeled break" and "labeled continue." + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class LabeledWhile { - public static void main(String[] args) { - int i = 0; - outer: - while(true) { - print("Outer while loop"); - while(true) { - i++; - print("i = " + i); - if(i == 1) { - print("continue"); - continue; + public static void main(String[] args) { + int i = 0; + outer: + while (true) { + print("Outer while loop"); + while (true) { + i++; + print("i = " + i); + if (i == 1) { + print("continue"); + continue; + } + if (i == 3) { + print("continue outer"); + continue outer; + } + if (i == 5) { + print("break"); + break; + } + if (i == 7) { + print("break outer"); + break outer; + } + } } - if(i == 3) { - print("continue outer"); - continue outer; - } - if(i == 5) { - print("break"); - break; - } - if(i == 7) { - print("break outer"); - break outer; - } - } } - } } /* Output: Outer while loop i = 1 diff --git a/src/control/ListCharacters.java b/src/control/ListCharacters.java index 0efed8a..d2d5679 100644 --- a/src/control/ListCharacters.java +++ b/src/control/ListCharacters.java @@ -3,14 +3,14 @@ package control;//: control/ListCharacters.java // all the lowercase ASCII letters. public class ListCharacters { - public static void main(String[] args) { - for(char c = 0; c < 128; c++) { - if(Character.isLowerCase(c)) { - System.out.println("value: " + (int) c + - " character: " + c); + public static void main(String[] args) { + for (char c = 0; c < 128; c++) { + if (Character.isLowerCase(c)) { + System.out.println("value: " + (int) c + + " character: " + c); + } } } - } } /* Output: value: 97 character: a value: 98 character: b diff --git a/src/control/VowelsAndConsonants.java b/src/control/VowelsAndConsonants.java index 8bbd86a..666e917 100644 --- a/src/control/VowelsAndConsonants.java +++ b/src/control/VowelsAndConsonants.java @@ -1,28 +1,33 @@ package control;//: control/VowelsAndConsonants.java // Demonstrates the switch statement. + import java.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class VowelsAndConsonants { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Random rand = new Random(47); - for(int i = 0; i < 100; i++) { - int c = rand.nextInt(26) + 'a'; - printnb((char)c + ", " + c + ": "); - switch(c) { - case 'a': - case 'e': - case 'i': - case 'o': - case 'u': print("vowel"); - break; - case 'y': - case 'w': print("Sometimes a vowel"); - break; - default: print("consonant"); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + Random rand = new Random(47); + for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) { + int c = rand.nextInt(26) + 'a'; + printnb((char) c + ", " + c + ": "); + switch (c) { + case 'a': + case 'e': + case 'i': + case 'o': + case 'u': + print("vowel"); + break; + case 'y': + case 'w': + print("Sometimes a vowel"); + break; + default: + print("consonant"); + } + } } - } } /* Output: y, 121: Sometimes a vowel n, 110: consonant diff --git a/src/control/WhileTest.java b/src/control/WhileTest.java index 7bf2c8f..8dd9536 100644 --- a/src/control/WhileTest.java +++ b/src/control/WhileTest.java @@ -2,15 +2,16 @@ package control;//: control/WhileTest.java // Demonstrates the while loop. public class WhileTest { - static boolean condition() { - boolean result = Math.random() < 0.99; - System.out.print(result + ", "); - return result; - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - while(condition()) { - System.out.println("Inside 'while'"); + static boolean condition() { + boolean result = Math.random() < 0.99; + System.out.print(result + ", "); + return result; + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + while (condition()) { + System.out.println("Inside 'while'"); + } + System.out.println("Exited 'while'"); } - System.out.println("Exited 'while'"); - } } /* (Execute to see output) *///:~ diff --git a/src/control/build.xml b/src/control/build.xml index 4c7bcab..8242b55 100644 --- a/src/control/build.xml +++ b/src/control/build.xml @@ -1,189 +1,189 @@ + basedir="." + default="run" + name="Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel (chapter: control)"> - - build.xml for the source code for the control chapter of - Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel - Source code available at http://www.MindView.net - See copyright notice in CopyRight.txt + + build.xml for the source code for the control chapter of + Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel + Source code available at http://www.MindView.net + See copyright notice in CopyRight.txt - Ant available from: http://jakarta.apache.org/ant + Ant available from: http://jakarta.apache.org/ant - To see options, type: ant -p + To see options, type: ant -p - This file was automatically generated by AntBuilder - + This file was automatically generated by AntBuilder + - - - + + + - - - - - - + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/src/enumerated/AlarmPoints.java b/src/enumerated/AlarmPoints.java index 2ab3be8..b969f79 100644 --- a/src/enumerated/AlarmPoints.java +++ b/src/enumerated/AlarmPoints.java @@ -1,6 +1,7 @@ //: enumerated/AlarmPoints.java package enumerated; + public enum AlarmPoints { - STAIR1, STAIR2, LOBBY, OFFICE1, OFFICE2, OFFICE3, - OFFICE4, BATHROOM, UTILITY, KITCHEN + STAIR1, STAIR2, LOBBY, OFFICE1, OFFICE2, OFFICE3, + OFFICE4, BATHROOM, UTILITY, KITCHEN } ///:~ diff --git a/src/enumerated/BigEnumSet.java b/src/enumerated/BigEnumSet.java index 21f2309..ce797ed 100644 --- a/src/enumerated/BigEnumSet.java +++ b/src/enumerated/BigEnumSet.java @@ -1,18 +1,22 @@ package enumerated;//: enumerated/BigEnumSet.java + import java.util.*; public class BigEnumSet { - enum Big { A0, A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8, A9, A10, - A11, A12, A13, A14, A15, A16, A17, A18, A19, A20, A21, - A22, A23, A24, A25, A26, A27, A28, A29, A30, A31, A32, - A33, A34, A35, A36, A37, A38, A39, A40, A41, A42, A43, - A44, A45, A46, A47, A48, A49, A50, A51, A52, A53, A54, - A55, A56, A57, A58, A59, A60, A61, A62, A63, A64, A65, - A66, A67, A68, A69, A70, A71, A72, A73, A74, A75 } - public static void main(String[] args) { - EnumSet bigEnumSet = EnumSet.allOf(Big.class); - System.out.println(bigEnumSet); - } + enum Big { + A0, A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8, A9, A10, + A11, A12, A13, A14, A15, A16, A17, A18, A19, A20, A21, + A22, A23, A24, A25, A26, A27, A28, A29, A30, A31, A32, + A33, A34, A35, A36, A37, A38, A39, A40, A41, A42, A43, + A44, A45, A46, A47, A48, A49, A50, A51, A52, A53, A54, + A55, A56, A57, A58, A59, A60, A61, A62, A63, A64, A65, + A66, A67, A68, A69, A70, A71, A72, A73, A74, A75 + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + EnumSet bigEnumSet = EnumSet.allOf(Big.class); + System.out.println(bigEnumSet); + } } /* Output: [A0, A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8, A9, A10, A11, A12, A13, A14, A15, A16, A17, A18, A19, A20, A21, A22, A23, A24, A25, A26, A27, A28, A29, A30, A31, A32, A33, A34, A35, A36, A37, A38, A39, A40, A41, A42, A43, A44, A45, A46, A47, A48, A49, A50, A51, A52, A53, A54, A55, A56, A57, A58, A59, A60, A61, A62, A63, A64, A65, A66, A67, A68, A69, A70, A71, A72, A73, A74, A75] *///:~ diff --git a/src/enumerated/Burrito.java b/src/enumerated/Burrito.java index b9b1961..55215f5 100644 --- a/src/enumerated/Burrito.java +++ b/src/enumerated/Burrito.java @@ -1,16 +1,25 @@ //: enumerated/Burrito.java package enumerated; + import static enumerated.Spiciness.*; public class Burrito { - Spiciness degree; - public Burrito(Spiciness degree) { this.degree = degree;} - public String toString() { return "Burrito is "+ degree;} - public static void main(String[] args) { - System.out.println(new Burrito(NOT)); - System.out.println(new Burrito(MEDIUM)); - System.out.println(new Burrito(HOT)); - } + Spiciness degree; + + public Burrito(Spiciness degree) { + this.degree = degree; + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return "Burrito is " + degree; + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + System.out.println(new Burrito(NOT)); + System.out.println(new Burrito(MEDIUM)); + System.out.println(new Burrito(HOT)); + } } /* Output: Burrito is NOT Burrito is MEDIUM diff --git a/src/enumerated/CarWash.java b/src/enumerated/CarWash.java index fd112eb..4905f3c 100644 --- a/src/enumerated/CarWash.java +++ b/src/enumerated/CarWash.java @@ -1,53 +1,87 @@ package enumerated;//: enumerated/CarWash.java + import java.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class CarWash { - public enum Cycle { - UNDERBODY { - void action() { print("Spraying the underbody"); } - }, - WHEELWASH { - void action() { print("Washing the wheels"); } - }, - PREWASH { - void action() { print("Loosening the dirt"); } - }, - BASIC { - void action() { print("The basic wash"); } - }, - HOTWAX { - void action() { print("Applying hot wax"); } - }, - RINSE { - void action() { print("Rinsing"); } - }, - BLOWDRY { - void action() { print("Blowing dry"); } - }; - abstract void action(); - } - EnumSet cycles = - EnumSet.of(Cycle.BASIC, Cycle.RINSE); - public void add(Cycle cycle) { cycles.add(cycle); } - public void washCar() { - for(Cycle c : cycles) { - c.action(); + public enum Cycle { + UNDERBODY { + @Override + void action() { + print("Spraying the underbody"); + } + }, + WHEELWASH { + @Override + void action() { + print("Washing the wheels"); + } + }, + PREWASH { + @Override + void action() { + print("Loosening the dirt"); + } + }, + BASIC { + @Override + void action() { + print("The basic wash"); + } + }, + HOTWAX { + @Override + void action() { + print("Applying hot wax"); + } + }, + RINSE { + @Override + void action() { + print("Rinsing"); + } + }, + BLOWDRY { + @Override + void action() { + print("Blowing dry"); + } + }; + + abstract void action(); + } + + EnumSet cycles = + EnumSet.of(Cycle.BASIC, Cycle.RINSE); + + public void add(Cycle cycle) { + cycles.add(cycle); + } + + public void washCar() { + for (Cycle c : cycles) { + c.action(); + } + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return cycles.toString(); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + CarWash wash = new CarWash(); + print(wash); + wash.washCar(); + // Order of addition is unimportant: + wash.add(Cycle.BLOWDRY); + wash.add(Cycle.BLOWDRY); // Duplicates ignored + wash.add(Cycle.RINSE); + wash.add(Cycle.HOTWAX); + print(wash); + wash.washCar(); } - } - public String toString() { return cycles.toString(); } - public static void main(String[] args) { - CarWash wash = new CarWash(); - print(wash); - wash.washCar(); - // Order of addition is unimportant: - wash.add(Cycle.BLOWDRY); - wash.add(Cycle.BLOWDRY); // Duplicates ignored - wash.add(Cycle.RINSE); - wash.add(Cycle.HOTWAX); - print(wash); - wash.washCar(); - } } /* Output: [BASIC, RINSE] The basic wash diff --git a/src/enumerated/Competitor.java b/src/enumerated/Competitor.java index 7d82546..7a9ebae 100644 --- a/src/enumerated/Competitor.java +++ b/src/enumerated/Competitor.java @@ -3,5 +3,5 @@ package enumerated; public interface Competitor> { - Outcome compete(T competitor); + Outcome compete(T competitor); } ///:~ diff --git a/src/enumerated/ConstantSpecificMethod.java b/src/enumerated/ConstantSpecificMethod.java index 705b67d..0de85a2 100644 --- a/src/enumerated/ConstantSpecificMethod.java +++ b/src/enumerated/ConstantSpecificMethod.java @@ -1,28 +1,34 @@ package enumerated;//: enumerated/ConstantSpecificMethod.java + import java.util.*; import java.text.*; public enum ConstantSpecificMethod { - DATE_TIME { - String getInfo() { - return - DateFormat.getDateInstance().format(new Date()); + DATE_TIME { + @Override + String getInfo() { + return + DateFormat.getDateInstance().format(new Date()); + } + }, + CLASSPATH { + @Override + String getInfo() { + return System.getenv("CLASSPATH"); + } + }, + VERSION { + @Override + String getInfo() { + return System.getProperty("java.version"); + } + }; + + abstract String getInfo(); + + public static void main(String[] args) { + for (ConstantSpecificMethod csm : values()) { + System.out.println(csm.getInfo()); + } } - }, - CLASSPATH { - String getInfo() { - return System.getenv("CLASSPATH"); - } - }, - VERSION { - String getInfo() { - return System.getProperty("java.version"); - } - }; - abstract String getInfo(); - public static void main(String[] args) { - for(ConstantSpecificMethod csm : values()) { - System.out.println(csm.getInfo()); - } - } } /* (Execute to see output) *///:~ diff --git a/src/enumerated/EnumClass.java b/src/enumerated/EnumClass.java index 1fc16d7..5f410c7 100644 --- a/src/enumerated/EnumClass.java +++ b/src/enumerated/EnumClass.java @@ -1,26 +1,27 @@ package enumerated;//: enumerated/EnumClass.java // Capabilities of the Enum class + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; -enum Shrubbery { GROUND, CRAWLING, HANGING } +enum Shrubbery {GROUND, CRAWLING, HANGING} public class EnumClass { - public static void main(String[] args) { - for(Shrubbery s : Shrubbery.values()) { - print(s + " ordinal: " + s.ordinal()); - printnb(s.compareTo(Shrubbery.CRAWLING) + " "); - printnb(s.equals(Shrubbery.CRAWLING) + " "); - print(s == Shrubbery.CRAWLING); - print(s.getDeclaringClass()); - print(s.name()); - print("----------------------"); + public static void main(String[] args) { + for (Shrubbery s : Shrubbery.values()) { + print(s + " ordinal: " + s.ordinal()); + printnb(s.compareTo(Shrubbery.CRAWLING) + " "); + printnb(s.equals(Shrubbery.CRAWLING) + " "); + print(s == Shrubbery.CRAWLING); + print(s.getDeclaringClass()); + print(s.name()); + print("----------------------"); + } + // Produce an enum value from a string name: + for (String s : "HANGING CRAWLING GROUND".split(" ")) { + Shrubbery shrub = Enum.valueOf(Shrubbery.class, s); + print(shrub); + } } - // Produce an enum value from a string name: - for(String s : "HANGING CRAWLING GROUND".split(" ")) { - Shrubbery shrub = Enum.valueOf(Shrubbery.class, s); - print(shrub); - } - } } /* Output: GROUND ordinal: 0 -1 false false diff --git a/src/enumerated/EnumMaps.java b/src/enumerated/EnumMaps.java index 59d122f..2c6d780 100644 --- a/src/enumerated/EnumMaps.java +++ b/src/enumerated/EnumMaps.java @@ -1,32 +1,42 @@ //: enumerated/EnumMaps.java // Basics of EnumMaps. package enumerated; + import java.util.*; + import static enumerated.AlarmPoints.*; import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; -interface Command { void action(); } +interface Command { + void action(); +} public class EnumMaps { - public static void main(String[] args) { - EnumMap em = - new EnumMap(AlarmPoints.class); - em.put(KITCHEN, new Command() { - public void action() { print("Kitchen fire!"); } - }); - em.put(BATHROOM, new Command() { - public void action() { print("Bathroom alert!"); } - }); - for(Map.Entry e : em.entrySet()) { - printnb(e.getKey() + ": "); - e.getValue().action(); + public static void main(String[] args) { + EnumMap em = + new EnumMap(AlarmPoints.class); + em.put(KITCHEN, new Command() { + @Override + public void action() { + print("Kitchen fire!"); + } + }); + em.put(BATHROOM, new Command() { + @Override + public void action() { + print("Bathroom alert!"); + } + }); + for (Map.Entry e : em.entrySet()) { + printnb(e.getKey() + ": "); + e.getValue().action(); + } + try { // If there's no value for a particular key: + em.get(UTILITY).action(); + } catch (Exception e) { + print(e); + } } - try { // If there's no value for a particular key: - em.get(UTILITY).action(); - } catch(Exception e) { - print(e); - } - } } /* Output: BATHROOM: Bathroom alert! KITCHEN: Kitchen fire! diff --git a/src/enumerated/EnumSets.java b/src/enumerated/EnumSets.java index 0f04b7a..10d551c 100644 --- a/src/enumerated/EnumSets.java +++ b/src/enumerated/EnumSets.java @@ -1,26 +1,28 @@ //: enumerated/EnumSets.java // Operations on EnumSets package enumerated; + import java.util.*; + import static enumerated.AlarmPoints.*; import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class EnumSets { - public static void main(String[] args) { - EnumSet points = - EnumSet.noneOf(AlarmPoints.class); // Empty set - points.add(BATHROOM); - print(points); - points.addAll(EnumSet.of(STAIR1, STAIR2, KITCHEN)); - print(points); - points = EnumSet.allOf(AlarmPoints.class); - points.removeAll(EnumSet.of(STAIR1, STAIR2, KITCHEN)); - print(points); - points.removeAll(EnumSet.range(OFFICE1, OFFICE4)); - print(points); - points = EnumSet.complementOf(points); - print(points); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + EnumSet points = + EnumSet.noneOf(AlarmPoints.class); // Empty set + points.add(BATHROOM); + print(points); + points.addAll(EnumSet.of(STAIR1, STAIR2, KITCHEN)); + print(points); + points = EnumSet.allOf(AlarmPoints.class); + points.removeAll(EnumSet.of(STAIR1, STAIR2, KITCHEN)); + print(points); + points.removeAll(EnumSet.range(OFFICE1, OFFICE4)); + print(points); + points = EnumSet.complementOf(points); + print(points); + } } /* Output: [BATHROOM] [STAIR1, STAIR2, BATHROOM, KITCHEN] diff --git a/src/enumerated/Input.java b/src/enumerated/Input.java index bd7b6d1..b3f5409 100644 --- a/src/enumerated/Input.java +++ b/src/enumerated/Input.java @@ -1,27 +1,42 @@ //: enumerated/Input.java package enumerated; + import java.util.*; public enum Input { - NICKEL(5), DIME(10), QUARTER(25), DOLLAR(100), - TOOTHPASTE(200), CHIPS(75), SODA(100), SOAP(50), - ABORT_TRANSACTION { - public int amount() { // Disallow - throw new RuntimeException("ABORT.amount()"); + NICKEL(5), DIME(10), QUARTER(25), DOLLAR(100), + TOOTHPASTE(200), CHIPS(75), SODA(100), SOAP(50), + ABORT_TRANSACTION { + @Override + public int amount() { // Disallow + throw new RuntimeException("ABORT.amount()"); + } + }, + STOP { // This must be the last instance. + + @Override + public int amount() { // Disallow + throw new RuntimeException("SHUT_DOWN.amount()"); + } + }; + int value; // In cents + + Input(int value) { + this.value = value; } - }, - STOP { // This must be the last instance. - public int amount() { // Disallow - throw new RuntimeException("SHUT_DOWN.amount()"); + + Input() { + } + + int amount() { + return value; + } + + ; // In cents + static Random rand = new Random(47); + + public static Input randomSelection() { + // Don't include STOP: + return values()[rand.nextInt(values().length - 1)]; } - }; - int value; // In cents - Input(int value) { this.value = value; } - Input() {} - int amount() { return value; }; // In cents - static Random rand = new Random(47); - public static Input randomSelection() { - // Don't include STOP: - return values()[rand.nextInt(values().length - 1)]; - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/enumerated/NonEnum.java b/src/enumerated/NonEnum.java index 95b9c52..56542de 100644 --- a/src/enumerated/NonEnum.java +++ b/src/enumerated/NonEnum.java @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ package enumerated;//: enumerated/NonEnum.java public class NonEnum { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Class intClass = Integer.class; - try { - for(Object en : intClass.getEnumConstants()) { - System.out.println(en); - } - } catch(Exception e) { - System.out.println(e); + public static void main(String[] args) { + Class intClass = Integer.class; + try { + for (Object en : intClass.getEnumConstants()) { + System.out.println(en); + } + } catch (Exception e) { + System.out.println(e); + } } - } } /* Output: java.lang.NullPointerException *///:~ diff --git a/src/enumerated/NotClasses.java b/src/enumerated/NotClasses.java index 8613b14..a2eadd5 100644 --- a/src/enumerated/NotClasses.java +++ b/src/enumerated/NotClasses.java @@ -1,16 +1,33 @@ package enumerated;//: enumerated/NotClasses.java // {Exec: javap -c LikeClasses} + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; enum LikeClasses { - WINKEN { void behavior() { print("Behavior1"); } }, - BLINKEN { void behavior() { print("Behavior2"); } }, - NOD { void behavior() { print("Behavior3"); } }; - abstract void behavior(); + WINKEN { + @Override + void behavior() { + print("Behavior1"); + } + }, + BLINKEN { + @Override + void behavior() { + print("Behavior2"); + } + }, + NOD { + @Override + void behavior() { + print("Behavior3"); + } + }; + + abstract void behavior(); } public class NotClasses { - // void f1(LikeClasses.WINKEN instance) {} // Nope + // void f1(LikeClasses.WINKEN instance) {} // Nope } /* Output: Compiled from "NotClasses.java" abstract class LikeClasses extends java.lang.Enum{ diff --git a/src/enumerated/Outcome.java b/src/enumerated/Outcome.java index d9ada31..23331ee 100644 --- a/src/enumerated/Outcome.java +++ b/src/enumerated/Outcome.java @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ //: enumerated/Outcome.java package enumerated; -public enum Outcome { WIN, LOSE, DRAW } ///:~ + +public enum Outcome {WIN, LOSE, DRAW} ///:~ diff --git a/src/enumerated/OverrideConstantSpecific.java b/src/enumerated/OverrideConstantSpecific.java index 7bdc2da..b3d9bd2 100644 --- a/src/enumerated/OverrideConstantSpecific.java +++ b/src/enumerated/OverrideConstantSpecific.java @@ -1,18 +1,26 @@ package enumerated;//: enumerated/OverrideConstantSpecific.java + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public enum OverrideConstantSpecific { - NUT, BOLT, - WASHER { - void f() { print("Overridden method"); } - }; - void f() { print("default behavior"); } - public static void main(String[] args) { - for(OverrideConstantSpecific ocs : values()) { - printnb(ocs + ": "); - ocs.f(); + NUT, BOLT, + WASHER { + @Override + void f() { + print("Overridden method"); + } + }; + + void f() { + print("default behavior"); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + for (OverrideConstantSpecific ocs : values()) { + printnb(ocs + ": "); + ocs.f(); + } } - } } /* Output: NUT: default behavior BOLT: default behavior diff --git a/src/enumerated/OzWitch.java b/src/enumerated/OzWitch.java index 044d5a9..cee6a7e 100644 --- a/src/enumerated/OzWitch.java +++ b/src/enumerated/OzWitch.java @@ -1,25 +1,31 @@ package enumerated;//: enumerated/OzWitch.java // The witches in the land of Oz. + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public enum OzWitch { - // Instances must be defined first, before methods: - WEST("Miss Gulch, aka the Wicked Witch of the West"), - NORTH("Glinda, the Good Witch of the North"), - EAST("Wicked Witch of the East, wearer of the Ruby " + - "Slippers, crushed by Dorothy's house"), - SOUTH("Good by inference, but missing"); - private String description; - // Constructor must be package or private access: - private OzWitch(String description) { - this.description = description; - } - public String getDescription() { return description; } - public static void main(String[] args) { - for(OzWitch witch : OzWitch.values()) { - print(witch + ": " + witch.getDescription()); + // Instances must be defined first, before methods: + WEST("Miss Gulch, aka the Wicked Witch of the West"), + NORTH("Glinda, the Good Witch of the North"), + EAST("Wicked Witch of the East, wearer of the Ruby " + + "Slippers, crushed by Dorothy's house"), + SOUTH("Good by inference, but missing"); + private String description; + + // Constructor must be package or private access: + private OzWitch(String description) { + this.description = description; + } + + public String getDescription() { + return description; + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + for (OzWitch witch : OzWitch.values()) { + print(witch + ": " + witch.getDescription()); + } } - } } /* Output: WEST: Miss Gulch, aka the Wicked Witch of the West NORTH: Glinda, the Good Witch of the North diff --git a/src/enumerated/PostOffice.java b/src/enumerated/PostOffice.java index 50c403d..4b59bce 100644 --- a/src/enumerated/PostOffice.java +++ b/src/enumerated/PostOffice.java @@ -1,125 +1,166 @@ package enumerated;//: enumerated/PostOffice.java // Modeling a post office. + import java.util.*; + import net.mindview.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; class Mail { - // The NO's lower the probability of random selection: - enum GeneralDelivery {YES,NO1,NO2,NO3,NO4,NO5} - enum Scannability {UNSCANNABLE,YES1,YES2,YES3,YES4} - enum Readability {ILLEGIBLE,YES1,YES2,YES3,YES4} - enum Address {INCORRECT,OK1,OK2,OK3,OK4,OK5,OK6} - enum ReturnAddress {MISSING,OK1,OK2,OK3,OK4,OK5} - GeneralDelivery generalDelivery; - Scannability scannability; - Readability readability; - Address address; - ReturnAddress returnAddress; - static long counter = 0; - long id = counter++; - public String toString() { return "Mail " + id; } - public String details() { - return toString() + - ", General Delivery: " + generalDelivery + - ", Address Scanability: " + scannability + - ", Address Readability: " + readability + - ", Address Address: " + address + - ", Return address: " + returnAddress; - } - // Generate test Mail: - public static Mail randomMail() { - Mail m = new Mail(); - m.generalDelivery= Enums.random(GeneralDelivery.class); - m.scannability = Enums.random(Scannability.class); - m.readability = Enums.random(Readability.class); - m.address = Enums.random(Address.class); - m.returnAddress = Enums.random(ReturnAddress.class); - return m; - } - public static Iterable generator(final int count) { - return new Iterable() { - int n = count; - public Iterator iterator() { - return new Iterator() { - public boolean hasNext() { return n-- > 0; } - public Mail next() { return randomMail(); } - public void remove() { // Not implemented - throw new UnsupportedOperationException(); - } + // The NO's lower the probability of random selection: + enum GeneralDelivery { + YES, NO1, NO2, NO3, NO4, NO5 + } + + enum Scannability {UNSCANNABLE, YES1, YES2, YES3, YES4} + + enum Readability {ILLEGIBLE, YES1, YES2, YES3, YES4} + + enum Address {INCORRECT, OK1, OK2, OK3, OK4, OK5, OK6} + + enum ReturnAddress {MISSING, OK1, OK2, OK3, OK4, OK5} + + GeneralDelivery generalDelivery; + Scannability scannability; + Readability readability; + Address address; + ReturnAddress returnAddress; + static long counter = 0; + long id = counter++; + + @Override + public String toString() { + return "Mail " + id; + } + + public String details() { + return toString() + + ", General Delivery: " + generalDelivery + + ", Address Scanability: " + scannability + + ", Address Readability: " + readability + + ", Address Address: " + address + + ", Return address: " + returnAddress; + } + + // Generate test Mail: + public static Mail randomMail() { + Mail m = new Mail(); + m.generalDelivery = Enums.random(GeneralDelivery.class); + m.scannability = Enums.random(Scannability.class); + m.readability = Enums.random(Readability.class); + m.address = Enums.random(Address.class); + m.returnAddress = Enums.random(ReturnAddress.class); + return m; + } + + public static Iterable generator(final int count) { + return new Iterable() { + int n = count; + + @Override + public Iterator iterator() { + return new Iterator() { + @Override + public boolean hasNext() { + return n-- > 0; + } + + @Override + public Mail next() { + return randomMail(); + } + + @Override + public void remove() { // Not implemented + throw new UnsupportedOperationException(); + } + }; + } }; - } - }; - } + } } public class PostOffice { - enum MailHandler { - GENERAL_DELIVERY { - boolean handle(Mail m) { - switch(m.generalDelivery) { - case YES: - print("Using general delivery for " + m); - return true; - default: return false; - } - } - }, - MACHINE_SCAN { - boolean handle(Mail m) { - switch(m.scannability) { - case UNSCANNABLE: return false; - default: - switch(m.address) { - case INCORRECT: return false; - default: - print("Delivering "+ m + " automatically"); - return true; + enum MailHandler { + GENERAL_DELIVERY { + @Override + boolean handle(Mail m) { + switch (m.generalDelivery) { + case YES: + print("Using general delivery for " + m); + return true; + default: + return false; + } + } + }, + MACHINE_SCAN { + @Override + boolean handle(Mail m) { + switch (m.scannability) { + case UNSCANNABLE: + return false; + default: + switch (m.address) { + case INCORRECT: + return false; + default: + print("Delivering " + m + " automatically"); + return true; + } + } + } + }, + VISUAL_INSPECTION { + @Override + boolean handle(Mail m) { + switch (m.readability) { + case ILLEGIBLE: + return false; + default: + switch (m.address) { + case INCORRECT: + return false; + default: + print("Delivering " + m + " normally"); + return true; + } + } + } + }, + RETURN_TO_SENDER { + @Override + boolean handle(Mail m) { + switch (m.returnAddress) { + case MISSING: + return false; + default: + print("Returning " + m + " to sender"); + return true; + } + } + }; + + abstract boolean handle(Mail m); + } + + static void handle(Mail m) { + for (MailHandler handler : MailHandler.values()) { + if (handler.handle(m)) { + return; } } - } - }, - VISUAL_INSPECTION { - boolean handle(Mail m) { - switch(m.readability) { - case ILLEGIBLE: return false; - default: - switch(m.address) { - case INCORRECT: return false; - default: - print("Delivering " + m + " normally"); - return true; - } - } - } - }, - RETURN_TO_SENDER { - boolean handle(Mail m) { - switch(m.returnAddress) { - case MISSING: return false; - default: - print("Returning " + m + " to sender"); - return true; - } - } - }; - abstract boolean handle(Mail m); - } - static void handle(Mail m) { - for(MailHandler handler : MailHandler.values()) { - if(handler.handle(m)) { - return; + print(m + " is a dead letter"); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + for (Mail mail : Mail.generator(10)) { + print(mail.details()); + handle(mail); + print("*****"); } } - print(m + " is a dead letter"); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - for(Mail mail : Mail.generator(10)) { - print(mail.details()); - handle(mail); - print("*****"); - } - } } /* Output: Mail 0, General Delivery: NO2, Address Scanability: UNSCANNABLE, Address Readability: YES3, Address Address: OK1, Return address: OK1 Delivering Mail 0 normally diff --git a/src/enumerated/RandomTest.java b/src/enumerated/RandomTest.java index 094ac8e..32c55bb 100644 --- a/src/enumerated/RandomTest.java +++ b/src/enumerated/RandomTest.java @@ -1,15 +1,18 @@ package enumerated;//: enumerated/RandomTest.java + import net.mindview.util.*; -enum Activity { SITTING, LYING, STANDING, HOPPING, - RUNNING, DODGING, JUMPING, FALLING, FLYING } +enum Activity { + SITTING, LYING, STANDING, HOPPING, + RUNNING, DODGING, JUMPING, FALLING, FLYING +} public class RandomTest { - public static void main(String[] args) { - for(int i = 0; i < 20; i++) { - System.out.print(Enums.random(Activity.class) + " "); + public static void main(String[] args) { + for (int i = 0; i < 20; i++) { + System.out.print(Enums.random(Activity.class) + " "); + } } - } } /* Output: STANDING FLYING RUNNING STANDING RUNNING STANDING LYING DODGING SITTING RUNNING HOPPING HOPPING HOPPING RUNNING STANDING LYING FALLING RUNNING FLYING LYING *///:~ diff --git a/src/enumerated/Reflection.java b/src/enumerated/Reflection.java index 2b1bc41..ad768d1 100644 --- a/src/enumerated/Reflection.java +++ b/src/enumerated/Reflection.java @@ -1,39 +1,43 @@ package enumerated;//: enumerated/Reflection.java // Analyzing enums using reflection. + import java.lang.reflect.*; import java.util.*; + import net.mindview.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; -enum Explore { HERE, THERE } +enum Explore {HERE, THERE} public class Reflection { - public static Set analyze(Class enumClass) { - print("----- Analyzing " + enumClass + " -----"); - print("Interfaces:"); - for(Type t : enumClass.getGenericInterfaces()) { - print(t); + public static Set analyze(Class enumClass) { + print("----- Analyzing " + enumClass + " -----"); + print("Interfaces:"); + for (Type t : enumClass.getGenericInterfaces()) { + print(t); + } + print("Base: " + enumClass.getSuperclass()); + print("Methods: "); + Set methods = new TreeSet(); + for (Method m : enumClass.getMethods()) { + methods.add(m.getName()); + } + print(methods); + return methods; } - print("Base: " + enumClass.getSuperclass()); - print("Methods: "); - Set methods = new TreeSet(); - for(Method m : enumClass.getMethods()) { - methods.add(m.getName()); + + public static void main(String[] args) { + Set exploreMethods = analyze(Explore.class); + Set enumMethods = analyze(Enum.class); + print("Explore.containsAll(Enum)? " + + exploreMethods.containsAll(enumMethods)); + printnb("Explore.removeAll(Enum): "); + exploreMethods.removeAll(enumMethods); + print(exploreMethods); + // Decompile the code for the enum: + OSExecute.command("javap Explore"); } - print(methods); - return methods; - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - Set exploreMethods = analyze(Explore.class); - Set enumMethods = analyze(Enum.class); - print("Explore.containsAll(Enum)? " + - exploreMethods.containsAll(enumMethods)); - printnb("Explore.removeAll(Enum): "); - exploreMethods.removeAll(enumMethods); - print(exploreMethods); - // Decompile the code for the enum: - OSExecute.command("javap Explore"); - } } /* Output: ----- Analyzing class Explore ----- Interfaces: diff --git a/src/enumerated/RoShamBo.java b/src/enumerated/RoShamBo.java index 31ba463..51240cb 100644 --- a/src/enumerated/RoShamBo.java +++ b/src/enumerated/RoShamBo.java @@ -1,19 +1,21 @@ //: enumerated/RoShamBo.java // Common tools for RoShamBo examples. package enumerated; + import net.mindview.util.*; public class RoShamBo { - public static > - void match(T a, T b) { - System.out.println( - a + " vs. " + b + ": " + a.compete(b)); - } - public static & Competitor> - void play(Class rsbClass, int size) { - for(int i = 0; i < size; i++) { - match( - Enums.random(rsbClass),Enums.random(rsbClass)); + public static > + void match(T a, T b) { + System.out.println( + a + " vs. " + b + ": " + a.compete(b)); + } + + public static & Competitor> + void play(Class rsbClass, int size) { + for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) { + match( + Enums.random(rsbClass), Enums.random(rsbClass)); + } } - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/enumerated/RoShamBo1.java b/src/enumerated/RoShamBo1.java index 1034980..15228b2 100644 --- a/src/enumerated/RoShamBo1.java +++ b/src/enumerated/RoShamBo1.java @@ -1,60 +1,128 @@ //: enumerated/RoShamBo1.java // Demonstration of multiple dispatching. package enumerated; + import java.util.*; + import static enumerated.Outcome.*; interface Item { - Outcome compete(Item it); - Outcome eval(Paper p); - Outcome eval(Scissors s); - Outcome eval(Rock r); + Outcome compete(Item it); + + Outcome eval(Paper p); + + Outcome eval(Scissors s); + + Outcome eval(Rock r); } class Paper implements Item { - public Outcome compete(Item it) { return it.eval(this); } - public Outcome eval(Paper p) { return DRAW; } - public Outcome eval(Scissors s) { return WIN; } - public Outcome eval(Rock r) { return LOSE; } - public String toString() { return "Paper"; } -} + @Override + public Outcome compete(Item it) { + return it.eval(this); + } + + @Override + public Outcome eval(Paper p) { + return DRAW; + } + + @Override + public Outcome eval(Scissors s) { + return WIN; + } + + @Override + public Outcome eval(Rock r) { + return LOSE; + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return "Paper"; + } +} class Scissors implements Item { - public Outcome compete(Item it) { return it.eval(this); } - public Outcome eval(Paper p) { return LOSE; } - public Outcome eval(Scissors s) { return DRAW; } - public Outcome eval(Rock r) { return WIN; } - public String toString() { return "Scissors"; } + @Override + public Outcome compete(Item it) { + return it.eval(this); + } + + @Override + public Outcome eval(Paper p) { + return LOSE; + } + + @Override + public Outcome eval(Scissors s) { + return DRAW; + } + + @Override + public Outcome eval(Rock r) { + return WIN; + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return "Scissors"; + } } class Rock implements Item { - public Outcome compete(Item it) { return it.eval(this); } - public Outcome eval(Paper p) { return WIN; } - public Outcome eval(Scissors s) { return LOSE; } - public Outcome eval(Rock r) { return DRAW; } - public String toString() { return "Rock"; } -} + @Override + public Outcome compete(Item it) { + return it.eval(this); + } + + @Override + public Outcome eval(Paper p) { + return WIN; + } + + @Override + public Outcome eval(Scissors s) { + return LOSE; + } + + @Override + public Outcome eval(Rock r) { + return DRAW; + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return "Rock"; + } +} public class RoShamBo1 { - static final int SIZE = 20; - private static Random rand = new Random(47); - public static Item newItem() { - switch(rand.nextInt(3)) { - default: - case 0: return new Scissors(); - case 1: return new Paper(); - case 2: return new Rock(); + static final int SIZE = 20; + private static Random rand = new Random(47); + + public static Item newItem() { + switch (rand.nextInt(3)) { + default: + case 0: + return new Scissors(); + case 1: + return new Paper(); + case 2: + return new Rock(); + } } - } - public static void match(Item a, Item b) { - System.out.println( - a + " vs. " + b + ": " + a.compete(b)); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - for(int i = 0; i < SIZE; i++) { - match(newItem(), newItem()); + + public static void match(Item a, Item b) { + System.out.println( + a + " vs. " + b + ": " + a.compete(b)); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + for (int i = 0; i < SIZE; i++) { + match(newItem(), newItem()); + } } - } } /* Output: Rock vs. Rock: DRAW Paper vs. Rock: WIN diff --git a/src/enumerated/RoShamBo2.java b/src/enumerated/RoShamBo2.java index 1deee4c..a52756d 100644 --- a/src/enumerated/RoShamBo2.java +++ b/src/enumerated/RoShamBo2.java @@ -1,29 +1,37 @@ //: enumerated/RoShamBo2.java // Switching one enum on another. package enumerated; + import static enumerated.Outcome.*; public enum RoShamBo2 implements Competitor { - PAPER(DRAW, LOSE, WIN), - SCISSORS(WIN, DRAW, LOSE), - ROCK(LOSE, WIN, DRAW); - private Outcome vPAPER, vSCISSORS, vROCK; - RoShamBo2(Outcome paper,Outcome scissors,Outcome rock) { - this.vPAPER = paper; - this.vSCISSORS = scissors; - this.vROCK = rock; - } - public Outcome compete(RoShamBo2 it) { - switch(it) { - default: - case PAPER: return vPAPER; - case SCISSORS: return vSCISSORS; - case ROCK: return vROCK; + PAPER(DRAW, LOSE, WIN), + SCISSORS(WIN, DRAW, LOSE), + ROCK(LOSE, WIN, DRAW); + private Outcome vPAPER, vSCISSORS, vROCK; + + RoShamBo2(Outcome paper, Outcome scissors, Outcome rock) { + this.vPAPER = paper; + this.vSCISSORS = scissors; + this.vROCK = rock; + } + + @Override + public Outcome compete(RoShamBo2 it) { + switch (it) { + default: + case PAPER: + return vPAPER; + case SCISSORS: + return vSCISSORS; + case ROCK: + return vROCK; + } + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + RoShamBo.play(RoShamBo2.class, 20); } - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - RoShamBo.play(RoShamBo2.class, 20); - } } /* Output: ROCK vs. ROCK: DRAW SCISSORS vs. ROCK: LOSE diff --git a/src/enumerated/RoShamBo3.java b/src/enumerated/RoShamBo3.java index d0bcc15..65e6a12 100644 --- a/src/enumerated/RoShamBo3.java +++ b/src/enumerated/RoShamBo3.java @@ -1,41 +1,57 @@ //: enumerated/RoShamBo3.java // Using constant-specific methods. package enumerated; + import static enumerated.Outcome.*; public enum RoShamBo3 implements Competitor { - PAPER { - public Outcome compete(RoShamBo3 it) { - switch(it) { - default: // To placate the compiler - case PAPER: return DRAW; - case SCISSORS: return LOSE; - case ROCK: return WIN; - } + PAPER { + @Override + public Outcome compete(RoShamBo3 it) { + switch (it) { + default: // To placate the compiler + case PAPER: + return DRAW; + case SCISSORS: + return LOSE; + case ROCK: + return WIN; + } + } + }, + SCISSORS { + @Override + public Outcome compete(RoShamBo3 it) { + switch (it) { + default: + case PAPER: + return WIN; + case SCISSORS: + return DRAW; + case ROCK: + return LOSE; + } + } + }, + ROCK { + @Override + public Outcome compete(RoShamBo3 it) { + switch (it) { + default: + case PAPER: + return LOSE; + case SCISSORS: + return WIN; + case ROCK: + return DRAW; + } + } + }; + + @Override + public abstract Outcome compete(RoShamBo3 it); + + public static void main(String[] args) { + RoShamBo.play(RoShamBo3.class, 20); } - }, - SCISSORS { - public Outcome compete(RoShamBo3 it) { - switch(it) { - default: - case PAPER: return WIN; - case SCISSORS: return DRAW; - case ROCK: return LOSE; - } - } - }, - ROCK { - public Outcome compete(RoShamBo3 it) { - switch(it) { - default: - case PAPER: return LOSE; - case SCISSORS: return WIN; - case ROCK: return DRAW; - } - } - }; - public abstract Outcome compete(RoShamBo3 it); - public static void main(String[] args) { - RoShamBo.play(RoShamBo3.class, 20); - } } /* Same output as RoShamBo2.java *///:~ diff --git a/src/enumerated/RoShamBo4.java b/src/enumerated/RoShamBo4.java index 3db2098..fbe6c39 100644 --- a/src/enumerated/RoShamBo4.java +++ b/src/enumerated/RoShamBo4.java @@ -2,27 +2,32 @@ package enumerated; public enum RoShamBo4 implements Competitor { - ROCK { - public Outcome compete(RoShamBo4 opponent) { - return compete(SCISSORS, opponent); + ROCK { + @Override + public Outcome compete(RoShamBo4 opponent) { + return compete(SCISSORS, opponent); + } + }, + SCISSORS { + @Override + public Outcome compete(RoShamBo4 opponent) { + return compete(PAPER, opponent); + } + }, + PAPER { + @Override + public Outcome compete(RoShamBo4 opponent) { + return compete(ROCK, opponent); + } + }; + + Outcome compete(RoShamBo4 loser, RoShamBo4 opponent) { + return ((opponent == this) ? Outcome.DRAW + : ((opponent == loser) ? Outcome.WIN + : Outcome.LOSE)); } - }, - SCISSORS { - public Outcome compete(RoShamBo4 opponent) { - return compete(PAPER, opponent); + + public static void main(String[] args) { + RoShamBo.play(RoShamBo4.class, 20); } - }, - PAPER { - public Outcome compete(RoShamBo4 opponent) { - return compete(ROCK, opponent); - } - }; - Outcome compete(RoShamBo4 loser, RoShamBo4 opponent) { - return ((opponent == this) ? Outcome.DRAW - : ((opponent == loser) ? Outcome.WIN - : Outcome.LOSE)); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - RoShamBo.play(RoShamBo4.class, 20); - } } /* Same output as RoShamBo2.java *///:~ diff --git a/src/enumerated/RoShamBo5.java b/src/enumerated/RoShamBo5.java index 9f7fd39..ff7f49c 100644 --- a/src/enumerated/RoShamBo5.java +++ b/src/enumerated/RoShamBo5.java @@ -1,35 +1,42 @@ //: enumerated/RoShamBo5.java // Multiple dispatching using an EnumMap of EnumMaps. package enumerated; + import java.util.*; + import static enumerated.Outcome.*; enum RoShamBo5 implements Competitor { - PAPER, SCISSORS, ROCK; - static EnumMap> - table = new EnumMap>(RoShamBo5.class); - static { - for(RoShamBo5 it : RoShamBo5.values()) { - table.put(it, - new EnumMap(RoShamBo5.class)); + PAPER, SCISSORS, ROCK; + static EnumMap> + table = new EnumMap>(RoShamBo5.class); + + static { + for (RoShamBo5 it : RoShamBo5.values()) { + table.put(it, + new EnumMap(RoShamBo5.class)); + } + initRow(PAPER, DRAW, LOSE, WIN); + initRow(SCISSORS, WIN, DRAW, LOSE); + initRow(ROCK, LOSE, WIN, DRAW); + } + + static void initRow(RoShamBo5 it, + Outcome vPAPER, Outcome vSCISSORS, Outcome vROCK) { + EnumMap row = + RoShamBo5.table.get(it); + row.put(RoShamBo5.PAPER, vPAPER); + row.put(RoShamBo5.SCISSORS, vSCISSORS); + row.put(RoShamBo5.ROCK, vROCK); + } + + @Override + public Outcome compete(RoShamBo5 it) { + return table.get(this).get(it); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + RoShamBo.play(RoShamBo5.class, 20); } - initRow(PAPER, DRAW, LOSE, WIN); - initRow(SCISSORS, WIN, DRAW, LOSE); - initRow(ROCK, LOSE, WIN, DRAW); - } - static void initRow(RoShamBo5 it, - Outcome vPAPER, Outcome vSCISSORS, Outcome vROCK) { - EnumMap row = - RoShamBo5.table.get(it); - row.put(RoShamBo5.PAPER, vPAPER); - row.put(RoShamBo5.SCISSORS, vSCISSORS); - row.put(RoShamBo5.ROCK, vROCK); - } - public Outcome compete(RoShamBo5 it) { - return table.get(this).get(it); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - RoShamBo.play(RoShamBo5.class, 20); - } } /* Same output as RoShamBo2.java *///:~ diff --git a/src/enumerated/RoShamBo6.java b/src/enumerated/RoShamBo6.java index 6b9dc0a..8a40621 100644 --- a/src/enumerated/RoShamBo6.java +++ b/src/enumerated/RoShamBo6.java @@ -1,19 +1,23 @@ //: enumerated/RoShamBo6.java // Enums using "tables" instead of multiple dispatch. package enumerated; + import static enumerated.Outcome.*; enum RoShamBo6 implements Competitor { - PAPER, SCISSORS, ROCK; - private static Outcome[][] table = { - { DRAW, LOSE, WIN }, // PAPER - { WIN, DRAW, LOSE }, // SCISSORS - { LOSE, WIN, DRAW }, // ROCK - }; - public Outcome compete(RoShamBo6 other) { - return table[this.ordinal()][other.ordinal()]; - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - RoShamBo.play(RoShamBo6.class, 20); - } + PAPER, SCISSORS, ROCK; + private static Outcome[][] table = { + {DRAW, LOSE, WIN}, // PAPER + {WIN, DRAW, LOSE}, // SCISSORS + {LOSE, WIN, DRAW}, // ROCK + }; + + @Override + public Outcome compete(RoShamBo6 other) { + return table[this.ordinal()][other.ordinal()]; + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + RoShamBo.play(RoShamBo6.class, 20); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/enumerated/SecurityCategory.java b/src/enumerated/SecurityCategory.java index eb7027c..e93f2a5 100644 --- a/src/enumerated/SecurityCategory.java +++ b/src/enumerated/SecurityCategory.java @@ -1,28 +1,34 @@ package enumerated;//: enumerated/SecurityCategory.java // More succinct subcategorization of enums. + import net.mindview.util.*; enum SecurityCategory { - STOCK(Security.Stock.class), BOND(Security.Bond.class); - Security[] values; - SecurityCategory(Class kind) { - values = kind.getEnumConstants(); - } - interface Security { - enum Stock implements Security { SHORT, LONG, MARGIN } - enum Bond implements Security { MUNICIPAL, JUNK } - } - public Security randomSelection() { - return Enums.random(values); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { - SecurityCategory category = - Enums.random(SecurityCategory.class); - System.out.println(category + ": " + - category.randomSelection()); + STOCK(Security.Stock.class), BOND(Security.Bond.class); + Security[] values; + + SecurityCategory(Class kind) { + values = kind.getEnumConstants(); + } + + interface Security { + enum Stock implements Security {SHORT, LONG, MARGIN} + + enum Bond implements Security {MUNICIPAL, JUNK} + } + + public Security randomSelection() { + return Enums.random(values); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { + SecurityCategory category = + Enums.random(SecurityCategory.class); + System.out.println(category + ": " + + category.randomSelection()); + } } - } } /* Output: BOND: MUNICIPAL BOND: MUNICIPAL diff --git a/src/enumerated/SpaceShip.java b/src/enumerated/SpaceShip.java index 0944e40..c64a7ee 100644 --- a/src/enumerated/SpaceShip.java +++ b/src/enumerated/SpaceShip.java @@ -2,17 +2,20 @@ package enumerated; //: enumerated/SpaceShip.java public enum SpaceShip { - SCOUT, CARGO, TRANSPORT, CRUISER, BATTLESHIP, MOTHERSHIP; - public String toString() { - String id = name(); - String lower = id.substring(1).toLowerCase(); - return id.charAt(0) + lower; - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - for(SpaceShip s : values()) { - System.out.println(s); + SCOUT, CARGO, TRANSPORT, CRUISER, BATTLESHIP, MOTHERSHIP; + + @Override + public String toString() { + String id = name(); + String lower = id.substring(1).toLowerCase(); + return id.charAt(0) + lower; + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + for (SpaceShip s : values()) { + System.out.println(s); + } } - } } /* Output: Scout Cargo diff --git a/src/enumerated/Spiciness.java b/src/enumerated/Spiciness.java index 3e481e6..0280065 100644 --- a/src/enumerated/Spiciness.java +++ b/src/enumerated/Spiciness.java @@ -2,5 +2,5 @@ package enumerated; public enum Spiciness { - NOT, MILD, MEDIUM, HOT, FLAMING + NOT, MILD, MEDIUM, HOT, FLAMING } ///:~ diff --git a/src/enumerated/TrafficLight.java b/src/enumerated/TrafficLight.java index 4f34fc2..6998efb 100644 --- a/src/enumerated/TrafficLight.java +++ b/src/enumerated/TrafficLight.java @@ -1,34 +1,44 @@ package enumerated;//: enumerated/TrafficLight.java // Enums in switch statements. + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; // Define an enum type: -enum Signal { GREEN, YELLOW, RED, } +enum Signal { + GREEN, YELLOW, RED, +} public class TrafficLight { - Signal color = Signal.RED; - public void change() { - switch(color) { - // Note that you don't have to say Signal.RED - // in the case statement: - case RED: color = Signal.GREEN; - break; - case GREEN: color = Signal.YELLOW; - break; - case YELLOW: color = Signal.RED; - break; + Signal color = Signal.RED; + + public void change() { + switch (color) { + // Note that you don't have to say Signal.RED + // in the case statement: + case RED: + color = Signal.GREEN; + break; + case GREEN: + color = Signal.YELLOW; + break; + case YELLOW: + color = Signal.RED; + break; + } } - } - public String toString() { - return "The traffic light is " + color; - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - TrafficLight t = new TrafficLight(); - for(int i = 0; i < 7; i++) { - print(t); - t.change(); + + @Override + public String toString() { + return "The traffic light is " + color; + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + TrafficLight t = new TrafficLight(); + for (int i = 0; i < 7; i++) { + print(t); + t.change(); + } } - } } /* Output: The traffic light is RED The traffic light is GREEN diff --git a/src/enumerated/UpcastEnum.java b/src/enumerated/UpcastEnum.java index 3a59341..405084f 100644 --- a/src/enumerated/UpcastEnum.java +++ b/src/enumerated/UpcastEnum.java @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ package enumerated;//: enumerated/UpcastEnum.java // No values() method if you upcast an enum -enum Search { HITHER, YON } +enum Search {HITHER, YON} public class UpcastEnum { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Search[] vals = Search.values(); - Enum e = Search.HITHER; // Upcast - // e.values(); // No values() in Enum - for(Enum en : e.getClass().getEnumConstants()) { - System.out.println(en); + public static void main(String[] args) { + Search[] vals = Search.values(); + Enum e = Search.HITHER; // Upcast + // e.values(); // No values() in Enum + for (Enum en : e.getClass().getEnumConstants()) { + System.out.println(en); + } } - } } /* Output: HITHER YON diff --git a/src/enumerated/VendingMachine.java b/src/enumerated/VendingMachine.java index 55e9c31..5d07a39 100644 --- a/src/enumerated/VendingMachine.java +++ b/src/enumerated/VendingMachine.java @@ -1,139 +1,177 @@ //: enumerated/VendingMachine.java // {Args: VendingMachineInput.txt} package enumerated; + import java.util.*; + import net.mindview.util.*; + import static enumerated.Input.*; import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; enum Category { - MONEY(NICKEL, DIME, QUARTER, DOLLAR), - ITEM_SELECTION(TOOTHPASTE, CHIPS, SODA, SOAP), - QUIT_TRANSACTION(ABORT_TRANSACTION), - SHUT_DOWN(STOP); - private Input[] values; - Category(Input... types) { values = types; } - private static EnumMap categories = - new EnumMap(Input.class); - static { - for(Category c : Category.class.getEnumConstants()) { - for(Input type : c.values) { - categories.put(type, c); + MONEY(NICKEL, DIME, QUARTER, DOLLAR), + ITEM_SELECTION(TOOTHPASTE, CHIPS, SODA, SOAP), + QUIT_TRANSACTION(ABORT_TRANSACTION), + SHUT_DOWN(STOP); + private Input[] values; + + Category(Input... types) { + values = types; + } + + private static EnumMap categories = + new EnumMap(Input.class); + + static { + for (Category c : Category.class.getEnumConstants()) { + for (Input type : c.values) { + categories.put(type, c); + } } } - } - public static Category categorize(Input input) { - return categories.get(input); - } -} + + public static Category categorize(Input input) { + return categories.get(input); + } +} public class VendingMachine { - private static State state = State.RESTING; - private static int amount = 0; - private static Input selection = null; - enum StateDuration { TRANSIENT } // Tagging enum - enum State { - RESTING { - void next(Input input) { - switch(Category.categorize(input)) { - case MONEY: - amount += input.amount(); - state = ADDING_MONEY; - break; - case SHUT_DOWN: - state = TERMINAL; - default: - } - } - }, - ADDING_MONEY { - void next(Input input) { - switch(Category.categorize(input)) { - case MONEY: - amount += input.amount(); - break; - case ITEM_SELECTION: - selection = input; - if(amount < selection.amount()) { - print("Insufficient money for " + selection); - } else { - state = DISPENSING; + private static State state = State.RESTING; + private static int amount = 0; + private static Input selection = null; + + enum StateDuration {TRANSIENT} // Tagging enum + + enum State { + RESTING { + @Override + void next(Input input) { + switch (Category.categorize(input)) { + case MONEY: + amount += input.amount(); + state = ADDING_MONEY; + break; + case SHUT_DOWN: + state = TERMINAL; + default: + } } - break; - case QUIT_TRANSACTION: - state = GIVING_CHANGE; - break; - case SHUT_DOWN: - state = TERMINAL; - default: + }, + ADDING_MONEY { + @Override + void next(Input input) { + switch (Category.categorize(input)) { + case MONEY: + amount += input.amount(); + break; + case ITEM_SELECTION: + selection = input; + if (amount < selection.amount()) { + print("Insufficient money for " + selection); + } else { + state = DISPENSING; + } + break; + case QUIT_TRANSACTION: + state = GIVING_CHANGE; + break; + case SHUT_DOWN: + state = TERMINAL; + default: + } + } + }, + DISPENSING(StateDuration.TRANSIENT) { + @Override + void next() { + print("here is your " + selection); + amount -= selection.amount(); + state = GIVING_CHANGE; + } + }, + GIVING_CHANGE(StateDuration.TRANSIENT) { + @Override + void next() { + if (amount > 0) { + print("Your change: " + amount); + amount = 0; + } + state = RESTING; + } + }, + TERMINAL { + @Override + void output() { + print("Halted"); + } + }; + private boolean isTransient = false; + + State() { } - } - }, - DISPENSING(StateDuration.TRANSIENT) { - void next() { - print("here is your " + selection); - amount -= selection.amount(); - state = GIVING_CHANGE; - } - }, - GIVING_CHANGE(StateDuration.TRANSIENT) { - void next() { - if(amount > 0) { - print("Your change: " + amount); - amount = 0; + + State(StateDuration trans) { + isTransient = true; + } + + void next(Input input) { + throw new RuntimeException("Only call " + + "next(Input input) for non-transient states"); + } + + void next() { + throw new RuntimeException("Only call next() for " + + "StateDuration.TRANSIENT states"); + } + + void output() { + print(amount); } - state = RESTING; - } - }, - TERMINAL { void output() { print("Halted"); } }; - private boolean isTransient = false; - State() {} - State(StateDuration trans) { isTransient = true; } - void next(Input input) { - throw new RuntimeException("Only call " + - "next(Input input) for non-transient states"); } - void next() { - throw new RuntimeException("Only call next() for " + - "StateDuration.TRANSIENT states"); + + static void run(Generator gen) { + while (state != State.TERMINAL) { + state.next(gen.next()); + while (state.isTransient) { + state.next(); + } + state.output(); + } } - void output() { print(amount); } - } - static void run(Generator gen) { - while(state != State.TERMINAL) { - state.next(gen.next()); - while(state.isTransient) { - state.next(); - } - state.output(); + + public static void main(String[] args) { + Generator gen = new RandomInputGenerator(); + if (args.length == 1) { + gen = new FileInputGenerator(args[0]); + } + run(gen); } - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - Generator gen = new RandomInputGenerator(); - if(args.length == 1) { - gen = new FileInputGenerator(args[0]); - } - run(gen); - } -} +} // For a basic sanity check: class RandomInputGenerator implements Generator { - public Input next() { return Input.randomSelection(); } + @Override + public Input next() { + return Input.randomSelection(); + } } // Create Inputs from a file of ';'-separated strings: class FileInputGenerator implements Generator { - private Iterator input; - public FileInputGenerator(String fileName) { - input = new TextFile(fileName, ";").iterator(); - } - public Input next() { - if(!input.hasNext()) { - return null; + private Iterator input; + + public FileInputGenerator(String fileName) { + input = new TextFile(fileName, ";").iterator(); + } + + @Override + public Input next() { + if (!input.hasNext()) { + return null; + } + return Enum.valueOf(Input.class, input.next().trim()); } - return Enum.valueOf(Input.class, input.next().trim()); - } } /* Output: 25 50 diff --git a/src/enumerated/build.xml b/src/enumerated/build.xml index 63f5b86..cdb16fe 100644 --- a/src/enumerated/build.xml +++ b/src/enumerated/build.xml @@ -1,359 +1,359 @@ + basedir="." + default="run" + name="Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel (chapter: enumerated)"> - - build.xml for the source code for the enumerated chapter of - Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel - Source code available at http://www.MindView.net - See copyright notice in CopyRight.txt + + build.xml for the source code for the enumerated chapter of + Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel + Source code available at http://www.MindView.net + See copyright notice in CopyRight.txt - Ant available from: http://jakarta.apache.org/ant + Ant available from: http://jakarta.apache.org/ant - To see options, type: ant -p + To see options, type: ant -p - This file was automatically generated by AntBuilder - + This file was automatically generated by AntBuilder + - - - + + + - - - - - - + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - - - + + + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - - - - + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/src/enumerated/cartoons/EnumImplementation.java b/src/enumerated/cartoons/EnumImplementation.java index 3c56cb4..d35873a 100644 --- a/src/enumerated/cartoons/EnumImplementation.java +++ b/src/enumerated/cartoons/EnumImplementation.java @@ -1,29 +1,34 @@ //: enumerated/cartoons/EnumImplementation.java // An enum can implement an interface package enumerated.cartoons; + import java.util.*; + import net.mindview.util.*; enum CartoonCharacter -implements Generator { - SLAPPY, SPANKY, PUNCHY, SILLY, BOUNCY, NUTTY, BOB; - private Random rand = new Random(47); - public CartoonCharacter next() { - return values()[rand.nextInt(values().length)]; - } + implements Generator { + SLAPPY, SPANKY, PUNCHY, SILLY, BOUNCY, NUTTY, BOB; + private Random rand = new Random(47); + + @Override + public CartoonCharacter next() { + return values()[rand.nextInt(values().length)]; + } } public class EnumImplementation { - public static void printNext(Generator rg) { - System.out.print(rg.next() + ", "); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - // Choose any instance: - CartoonCharacter cc = CartoonCharacter.BOB; - for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { - printNext(cc); + public static void printNext(Generator rg) { + System.out.print(rg.next() + ", "); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + // Choose any instance: + CartoonCharacter cc = CartoonCharacter.BOB; + for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { + printNext(cc); + } } - } } /* Output: BOB, PUNCHY, BOB, SPANKY, NUTTY, PUNCHY, SLAPPY, NUTTY, NUTTY, SLAPPY, *///:~ diff --git a/src/enumerated/menu/Course.java b/src/enumerated/menu/Course.java index 4a667fd..17ab27f 100644 --- a/src/enumerated/menu/Course.java +++ b/src/enumerated/menu/Course.java @@ -1,17 +1,20 @@ //: enumerated/menu/Course.java package enumerated.menu; + import net.mindview.util.*; public enum Course { - APPETIZER(Food.Appetizer.class), - MAINCOURSE(Food.MainCourse.class), - DESSERT(Food.Dessert.class), - COFFEE(Food.Coffee.class); - private Food[] values; - private Course(Class kind) { - values = kind.getEnumConstants(); - } - public Food randomSelection() { - return Enums.random(values); - } + APPETIZER(Food.Appetizer.class), + MAINCOURSE(Food.MainCourse.class), + DESSERT(Food.Dessert.class), + COFFEE(Food.Coffee.class); + private Food[] values; + + private Course(Class kind) { + values = kind.getEnumConstants(); + } + + public Food randomSelection() { + return Enums.random(values); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/enumerated/menu/Food.java b/src/enumerated/menu/Food.java index 8edb498..29b6aca 100644 --- a/src/enumerated/menu/Food.java +++ b/src/enumerated/menu/Food.java @@ -3,19 +3,22 @@ package enumerated.menu; public interface Food { - enum Appetizer implements Food { - SALAD, SOUP, SPRING_ROLLS; - } - enum MainCourse implements Food { - LASAGNE, BURRITO, PAD_THAI, - LENTILS, HUMMOUS, VINDALOO; - } - enum Dessert implements Food { - TIRAMISU, GELATO, BLACK_FOREST_CAKE, - FRUIT, CREME_CARAMEL; - } - enum Coffee implements Food { - BLACK_COFFEE, DECAF_COFFEE, ESPRESSO, - LATTE, CAPPUCCINO, TEA, HERB_TEA; - } + enum Appetizer implements Food { + SALAD, SOUP, SPRING_ROLLS; + } + + enum MainCourse implements Food { + LASAGNE, BURRITO, PAD_THAI, + LENTILS, HUMMOUS, VINDALOO; + } + + enum Dessert implements Food { + TIRAMISU, GELATO, BLACK_FOREST_CAKE, + FRUIT, CREME_CARAMEL; + } + + enum Coffee implements Food { + BLACK_COFFEE, DECAF_COFFEE, ESPRESSO, + LATTE, CAPPUCCINO, TEA, HERB_TEA; + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/enumerated/menu/Meal.java b/src/enumerated/menu/Meal.java index 3b001d8..dc82bbc 100644 --- a/src/enumerated/menu/Meal.java +++ b/src/enumerated/menu/Meal.java @@ -2,15 +2,15 @@ package enumerated.menu; public class Meal { - public static void main(String[] args) { - for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { - for(Course course : Course.values()) { - Food food = course.randomSelection(); - System.out.println(food); - } - System.out.println("---"); + public static void main(String[] args) { + for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { + for (Course course : Course.values()) { + Food food = course.randomSelection(); + System.out.println(food); + } + System.out.println("---"); + } } - } } /* Output: SPRING_ROLLS VINDALOO diff --git a/src/enumerated/menu/Meal2.java b/src/enumerated/menu/Meal2.java index 38d8df8..935098e 100644 --- a/src/enumerated/menu/Meal2.java +++ b/src/enumerated/menu/Meal2.java @@ -1,43 +1,51 @@ //: enumerated/menu/Meal2.java package enumerated.menu; + import net.mindview.util.*; public enum Meal2 { - APPETIZER(Food.Appetizer.class), - MAINCOURSE(Food.MainCourse.class), - DESSERT(Food.Dessert.class), - COFFEE(Food.Coffee.class); - private Food[] values; - private Meal2(Class kind) { - values = kind.getEnumConstants(); - } - public interface Food { - enum Appetizer implements Food { - SALAD, SOUP, SPRING_ROLLS; + APPETIZER(Food.Appetizer.class), + MAINCOURSE(Food.MainCourse.class), + DESSERT(Food.Dessert.class), + COFFEE(Food.Coffee.class); + private Food[] values; + + private Meal2(Class kind) { + values = kind.getEnumConstants(); } - enum MainCourse implements Food { - LASAGNE, BURRITO, PAD_THAI, - LENTILS, HUMMOUS, VINDALOO; + + public interface Food { + enum Appetizer implements Food { + SALAD, SOUP, SPRING_ROLLS; + } + + enum MainCourse implements Food { + LASAGNE, BURRITO, PAD_THAI, + LENTILS, HUMMOUS, VINDALOO; + } + + enum Dessert implements Food { + TIRAMISU, GELATO, BLACK_FOREST_CAKE, + FRUIT, CREME_CARAMEL; + } + + enum Coffee implements Food { + BLACK_COFFEE, DECAF_COFFEE, ESPRESSO, + LATTE, CAPPUCCINO, TEA, HERB_TEA; + } } - enum Dessert implements Food { - TIRAMISU, GELATO, BLACK_FOREST_CAKE, - FRUIT, CREME_CARAMEL; + + public Food randomSelection() { + return Enums.random(values); } - enum Coffee implements Food { - BLACK_COFFEE, DECAF_COFFEE, ESPRESSO, - LATTE, CAPPUCCINO, TEA, HERB_TEA; + + public static void main(String[] args) { + for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { + for (Meal2 meal : Meal2.values()) { + Food food = meal.randomSelection(); + System.out.println(food); + } + System.out.println("---"); + } } - } - public Food randomSelection() { - return Enums.random(values); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { - for(Meal2 meal : Meal2.values()) { - Food food = meal.randomSelection(); - System.out.println(food); - } - System.out.println("---"); - } - } } /* Same output as Meal.java *///:~ diff --git a/src/enumerated/menu/TypeOfFood.java b/src/enumerated/menu/TypeOfFood.java index fb1138b..a960df9 100644 --- a/src/enumerated/menu/TypeOfFood.java +++ b/src/enumerated/menu/TypeOfFood.java @@ -1,12 +1,13 @@ //: enumerated/menu/TypeOfFood.java package enumerated.menu; + import static enumerated.menu.Food.*; public class TypeOfFood { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Food food = Appetizer.SALAD; - food = MainCourse.LASAGNE; - food = Dessert.GELATO; - food = Coffee.CAPPUCCINO; - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + Food food = Appetizer.SALAD; + food = MainCourse.LASAGNE; + food = Dessert.GELATO; + food = Coffee.CAPPUCCINO; + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/exceptions/AlwaysFinally.java b/src/exceptions/AlwaysFinally.java index 97bfdee..f1ab696 100644 --- a/src/exceptions/AlwaysFinally.java +++ b/src/exceptions/AlwaysFinally.java @@ -1,26 +1,28 @@ package exceptions;//: exceptions/AlwaysFinally.java // Finally is always executed. + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; -class FourException extends Exception {} +class FourException extends Exception { +} public class AlwaysFinally { - public static void main(String[] args) { - print("Entering first try block"); - try { - print("Entering second try block"); - try { - throw new FourException(); - } finally { - print("finally in 2nd try block"); - } - } catch(FourException e) { - System.out.println( - "Caught FourException in 1st try block"); - } finally { - System.out.println("finally in 1st try block"); + public static void main(String[] args) { + print("Entering first try block"); + try { + print("Entering second try block"); + try { + throw new FourException(); + } finally { + print("finally in 2nd try block"); + } + } catch (FourException e) { + System.out.println( + "Caught FourException in 1st try block"); + } finally { + System.out.println("finally in 1st try block"); + } } - } } /* Output: Entering first try block Entering second try block diff --git a/src/exceptions/Cleanup.java b/src/exceptions/Cleanup.java index 1b7c65d..a0ca13c 100644 --- a/src/exceptions/Cleanup.java +++ b/src/exceptions/Cleanup.java @@ -2,24 +2,24 @@ package exceptions;//: exceptions/Cleanup.java // Guaranteeing proper cleanup of a resource. public class Cleanup { - public static void main(String[] args) { - try { - InputFile in = new InputFile("Cleanup.java"); - try { - String s; - int i = 1; - while((s = in.getLine()) != null) { + public static void main(String[] args) { + try { + InputFile in = new InputFile("Cleanup.java"); + try { + String s; + int i = 1; + while ((s = in.getLine()) != null) { + } + } catch (Exception e) { + System.out.println("Caught Exception in main"); + e.printStackTrace(System.out); + } finally { + in.dispose(); + } + } catch (Exception e) { + System.out.println("InputFile construction failed"); } - } catch(Exception e) { - System.out.println("Caught Exception in main"); - e.printStackTrace(System.out); - } finally { - in.dispose(); - } - } catch(Exception e) { - System.out.println("InputFile construction failed"); } - } } /* Output: dispose() successful *///:~ diff --git a/src/exceptions/CleanupIdiom.java b/src/exceptions/CleanupIdiom.java index cdcc7d1..c8c1ff6 100644 --- a/src/exceptions/CleanupIdiom.java +++ b/src/exceptions/CleanupIdiom.java @@ -2,61 +2,64 @@ package exceptions;//: exceptions/CleanupIdiom.java // Each disposable object must be followed by a try-finally class NeedsCleanup { // Construction can't fail - private static long counter = 1; - private final long id = counter++; - public void dispose() { - System.out.println("NeedsCleanup " + id + " disposed"); - } + private static long counter = 1; + private final long id = counter++; + + public void dispose() { + System.out.println("NeedsCleanup " + id + " disposed"); + } } -class ConstructionException extends Exception {} +class ConstructionException extends Exception { +} class NeedsCleanup2 extends NeedsCleanup { - // Construction can fail: - public NeedsCleanup2() throws ConstructionException {} + // Construction can fail: + public NeedsCleanup2() throws ConstructionException { + } } public class CleanupIdiom { - public static void main(String[] args) { - // Section 1: - NeedsCleanup nc1 = new NeedsCleanup(); - try { - // ... - } finally { - nc1.dispose(); - } - - // Section 2: - // If construction cannot fail you can group objects: - NeedsCleanup nc2 = new NeedsCleanup(); - NeedsCleanup nc3 = new NeedsCleanup(); - try { - // ... - } finally { - nc3.dispose(); // Reverse order of construction - nc2.dispose(); - } - - // Section 3: - // If construction can fail you must guard each one: - try { - NeedsCleanup2 nc4 = new NeedsCleanup2(); - try { - NeedsCleanup2 nc5 = new NeedsCleanup2(); + public static void main(String[] args) { + // Section 1: + NeedsCleanup nc1 = new NeedsCleanup(); try { - // ... + // ... } finally { - nc5.dispose(); + nc1.dispose(); + } + + // Section 2: + // If construction cannot fail you can group objects: + NeedsCleanup nc2 = new NeedsCleanup(); + NeedsCleanup nc3 = new NeedsCleanup(); + try { + // ... + } finally { + nc3.dispose(); // Reverse order of construction + nc2.dispose(); + } + + // Section 3: + // If construction can fail you must guard each one: + try { + NeedsCleanup2 nc4 = new NeedsCleanup2(); + try { + NeedsCleanup2 nc5 = new NeedsCleanup2(); + try { + // ... + } finally { + nc5.dispose(); + } + } catch (ConstructionException e) { // nc5 constructor + System.out.println(e); + } finally { + nc4.dispose(); + } + } catch (ConstructionException e) { // nc4 constructor + System.out.println(e); } - } catch(ConstructionException e) { // nc5 constructor - System.out.println(e); - } finally { - nc4.dispose(); - } - } catch(ConstructionException e) { // nc4 constructor - System.out.println(e); } - } } /* Output: NeedsCleanup 1 disposed NeedsCleanup 3 disposed diff --git a/src/exceptions/DynamicFields.java b/src/exceptions/DynamicFields.java index 340f072..ad74fa8 100644 --- a/src/exceptions/DynamicFields.java +++ b/src/exceptions/DynamicFields.java @@ -1,111 +1,122 @@ package exceptions;//: exceptions/DynamicFields.java // A Class that dynamically adds fields to itself. // Demonstrates exception chaining. + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; -class DynamicFieldsException extends Exception {} +class DynamicFieldsException extends Exception { +} public class DynamicFields { - private Object[][] fields; - public DynamicFields(int initialSize) { - fields = new Object[initialSize][2]; - for(int i = 0; i < initialSize; i++) { - fields[i] = new Object[] { null, null }; - } - } - public String toString() { - StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder(); - for(Object[] obj : fields) { - result.append(obj[0]); - result.append(": "); - result.append(obj[1]); - result.append("\n"); - } - return result.toString(); - } - private int hasField(String id) { - for(int i = 0; i < fields.length; i++) { - if(id.equals(fields[i][0])) { - return i; + private Object[][] fields; + + public DynamicFields(int initialSize) { + fields = new Object[initialSize][2]; + for (int i = 0; i < initialSize; i++) { + fields[i] = new Object[]{null, null}; } } - return -1; - } - private int - getFieldNumber(String id) throws NoSuchFieldException { - int fieldNum = hasField(id); - if(fieldNum == -1) { - throw new NoSuchFieldException(); + + @Override + public String toString() { + StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder(); + for (Object[] obj : fields) { + result.append(obj[0]); + result.append(": "); + result.append(obj[1]); + result.append("\n"); + } + return result.toString(); } - return fieldNum; - } - private int makeField(String id) { - for(int i = 0; i < fields.length; i++) { - if(fields[i][0] == null) { - fields[i][0] = id; - return i; + + private int hasField(String id) { + for (int i = 0; i < fields.length; i++) { + if (id.equals(fields[i][0])) { + return i; + } + } + return -1; + } + + private int + getFieldNumber(String id) throws NoSuchFieldException { + int fieldNum = hasField(id); + if (fieldNum == -1) { + throw new NoSuchFieldException(); + } + return fieldNum; + } + + private int makeField(String id) { + for (int i = 0; i < fields.length; i++) { + if (fields[i][0] == null) { + fields[i][0] = id; + return i; + } + } + // No empty fields. Add one: + Object[][] tmp = new Object[fields.length + 1][2]; + for (int i = 0; i < fields.length; i++) { + tmp[i] = fields[i]; + } + for (int i = fields.length; i < tmp.length; i++) { + tmp[i] = new Object[]{null, null}; + } + fields = tmp; + // Recursive call with expanded fields: + return makeField(id); + } + + public Object + getField(String id) throws NoSuchFieldException { + return fields[getFieldNumber(id)][1]; + } + + public Object setField(String id, Object value) + throws DynamicFieldsException { + if (value == null) { + // Most exceptions don't have a "cause" constructor. + // In these cases you must use initCause(), + // available in all Throwable subclasses. + DynamicFieldsException dfe = + new DynamicFieldsException(); + dfe.initCause(new NullPointerException()); + throw dfe; + } + int fieldNumber = hasField(id); + if (fieldNumber == -1) { + fieldNumber = makeField(id); + } + Object result = null; + try { + result = getField(id); // Get old value + } catch (NoSuchFieldException e) { + // Use constructor that takes "cause": + throw new RuntimeException(e); + } + fields[fieldNumber][1] = value; + return result; + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + DynamicFields df = new DynamicFields(3); + print(df); + try { + df.setField("d", "A value for d"); + df.setField("number", 47); + df.setField("number2", 48); + print(df); + df.setField("d", "A new value for d"); + df.setField("number3", 11); + print("df: " + df); + print("df.getField(\"d\") : " + df.getField("d")); + Object field = df.setField("d", null); // Exception + } catch (NoSuchFieldException e) { + e.printStackTrace(System.out); + } catch (DynamicFieldsException e) { + e.printStackTrace(System.out); } } - // No empty fields. Add one: - Object[][] tmp = new Object[fields.length + 1][2]; - for(int i = 0; i < fields.length; i++) { - tmp[i] = fields[i]; - } - for(int i = fields.length; i < tmp.length; i++) { - tmp[i] = new Object[] { null, null }; - } - fields = tmp; - // Recursive call with expanded fields: - return makeField(id); - } - public Object - getField(String id) throws NoSuchFieldException { - return fields[getFieldNumber(id)][1]; - } - public Object setField(String id, Object value) - throws DynamicFieldsException { - if(value == null) { - // Most exceptions don't have a "cause" constructor. - // In these cases you must use initCause(), - // available in all Throwable subclasses. - DynamicFieldsException dfe = - new DynamicFieldsException(); - dfe.initCause(new NullPointerException()); - throw dfe; - } - int fieldNumber = hasField(id); - if(fieldNumber == -1) { - fieldNumber = makeField(id); - } - Object result = null; - try { - result = getField(id); // Get old value - } catch(NoSuchFieldException e) { - // Use constructor that takes "cause": - throw new RuntimeException(e); - } - fields[fieldNumber][1] = value; - return result; - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - DynamicFields df = new DynamicFields(3); - print(df); - try { - df.setField("d", "A value for d"); - df.setField("number", 47); - df.setField("number2", 48); - print(df); - df.setField("d", "A new value for d"); - df.setField("number3", 11); - print("df: " + df); - print("df.getField(\"d\") : " + df.getField("d")); - Object field = df.setField("d", null); // Exception - } catch(NoSuchFieldException e) { - e.printStackTrace(System.out); - } catch(DynamicFieldsException e) { - e.printStackTrace(System.out); - } - } } /* Output: null: null null: null diff --git a/src/exceptions/ExceptionMethods.java b/src/exceptions/ExceptionMethods.java index 8e728ad..9994251 100644 --- a/src/exceptions/ExceptionMethods.java +++ b/src/exceptions/ExceptionMethods.java @@ -1,21 +1,22 @@ package exceptions;//: exceptions/ExceptionMethods.java // Demonstrating the Exception Methods. + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class ExceptionMethods { - public static void main(String[] args) { - try { - throw new Exception("My Exception"); - } catch(Exception e) { - print("Caught Exception"); - print("getMessage():" + e.getMessage()); - print("getLocalizedMessage():" + - e.getLocalizedMessage()); - print("toString():" + e); - print("printStackTrace():"); - e.printStackTrace(System.out); + public static void main(String[] args) { + try { + throw new Exception("My Exception"); + } catch (Exception e) { + print("Caught Exception"); + print("getMessage():" + e.getMessage()); + print("getLocalizedMessage():" + + e.getLocalizedMessage()); + print("toString():" + e); + print("printStackTrace():"); + e.printStackTrace(System.out); + } } - } } /* Output: Caught Exception getMessage():My Exception diff --git a/src/exceptions/ExceptionSilencer.java b/src/exceptions/ExceptionSilencer.java index cbcd3b6..801fa4a 100644 --- a/src/exceptions/ExceptionSilencer.java +++ b/src/exceptions/ExceptionSilencer.java @@ -1,13 +1,13 @@ package exceptions;//: exceptions/ExceptionSilencer.java public class ExceptionSilencer { - public static void main(String[] args) { - try { - throw new RuntimeException(); - } finally { - // Using 'return' inside the finally block - // will silence any thrown exception. - return; + public static void main(String[] args) { + try { + throw new RuntimeException(); + } finally { + // Using 'return' inside the finally block + // will silence any thrown exception. + return; + } } - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/exceptions/ExtraFeatures.java b/src/exceptions/ExtraFeatures.java index ed2ac57..c2b402a 100644 --- a/src/exceptions/ExtraFeatures.java +++ b/src/exceptions/ExtraFeatures.java @@ -1,52 +1,67 @@ package exceptions;//: exceptions/ExtraFeatures.java // Further embellishment of exception classes. + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; class MyException2 extends Exception { - private int x; - public MyException2() {} - public MyException2(String msg) { super(msg); } - public MyException2(String msg, int x) { - super(msg); - this.x = x; - } - public int val() { return x; } - public String getMessage() { - return "Detail Message: "+ x + " "+ super.getMessage(); - } + private int x; + + public MyException2() { + } + + public MyException2(String msg) { + super(msg); + } + + public MyException2(String msg, int x) { + super(msg); + this.x = x; + } + + public int val() { + return x; + } + + @Override + public String getMessage() { + return "Detail Message: " + x + " " + super.getMessage(); + } } public class ExtraFeatures { - public static void f() throws MyException2 { - print("Throwing MyException2 from f()"); - throw new MyException2(); - } - public static void g() throws MyException2 { - print("Throwing MyException2 from g()"); - throw new MyException2("Originated in g()"); - } - public static void h() throws MyException2 { - print("Throwing MyException2 from h()"); - throw new MyException2("Originated in h()", 47); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - try { - f(); - } catch(MyException2 e) { - e.printStackTrace(System.out); + public static void f() throws MyException2 { + print("Throwing MyException2 from f()"); + throw new MyException2(); } - try { - g(); - } catch(MyException2 e) { - e.printStackTrace(System.out); + + public static void g() throws MyException2 { + print("Throwing MyException2 from g()"); + throw new MyException2("Originated in g()"); } - try { - h(); - } catch(MyException2 e) { - e.printStackTrace(System.out); - System.out.println("e.val() = " + e.val()); + + public static void h() throws MyException2 { + print("Throwing MyException2 from h()"); + throw new MyException2("Originated in h()", 47); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + try { + f(); + } catch (MyException2 e) { + e.printStackTrace(System.out); + } + try { + g(); + } catch (MyException2 e) { + e.printStackTrace(System.out); + } + try { + h(); + } catch (MyException2 e) { + e.printStackTrace(System.out); + System.out.println("e.val() = " + e.val()); + } } - } } /* Output: Throwing MyException2 from f() MyException2: Detail Message: 0 null diff --git a/src/exceptions/FinallyWorks.java b/src/exceptions/FinallyWorks.java index 3d36b5f..9325b73 100644 --- a/src/exceptions/FinallyWorks.java +++ b/src/exceptions/FinallyWorks.java @@ -1,28 +1,30 @@ package exceptions;//: exceptions/FinallyWorks.java // The finally clause is always executed. -class ThreeException extends Exception {} +class ThreeException extends Exception { +} public class FinallyWorks { - static int count = 0; - public static void main(String[] args) { - while(true) { - try { - // Post-increment is zero first time: - if(count++ == 0) { - throw new ThreeException(); + static int count = 0; + + public static void main(String[] args) { + while (true) { + try { + // Post-increment is zero first time: + if (count++ == 0) { + throw new ThreeException(); + } + System.out.println("No exception"); + } catch (ThreeException e) { + System.out.println("ThreeException"); + } finally { + System.out.println("In finally clause"); + if (count == 2) { + break; // out of "while" + } + } } - System.out.println("No exception"); - } catch(ThreeException e) { - System.out.println("ThreeException"); - } finally { - System.out.println("In finally clause"); - if(count == 2) { - break; // out of "while" - } - } } - } } /* Output: ThreeException In finally clause diff --git a/src/exceptions/FullConstructors.java b/src/exceptions/FullConstructors.java index 4b20664..f2facf0 100644 --- a/src/exceptions/FullConstructors.java +++ b/src/exceptions/FullConstructors.java @@ -1,31 +1,37 @@ package exceptions;//: exceptions/FullConstructors.java class MyException extends Exception { - public MyException() {} - public MyException(String msg) { super(msg); } + public MyException() { + } + + public MyException(String msg) { + super(msg); + } } public class FullConstructors { - public static void f() throws MyException { - System.out.println("Throwing MyException from f()"); - throw new MyException(); - } - public static void g() throws MyException { - System.out.println("Throwing MyException from g()"); - throw new MyException("Originated in g()"); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - try { - f(); - } catch(MyException e) { - e.printStackTrace(System.out); + public static void f() throws MyException { + System.out.println("Throwing MyException from f()"); + throw new MyException(); } - try { - g(); - } catch(MyException e) { - e.printStackTrace(System.out); + + public static void g() throws MyException { + System.out.println("Throwing MyException from g()"); + throw new MyException("Originated in g()"); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + try { + f(); + } catch (MyException e) { + e.printStackTrace(System.out); + } + try { + g(); + } catch (MyException e) { + e.printStackTrace(System.out); + } } - } } /* Output: Throwing MyException from f() MyException diff --git a/src/exceptions/Human.java b/src/exceptions/Human.java index e0736f8..98aac99 100644 --- a/src/exceptions/Human.java +++ b/src/exceptions/Human.java @@ -1,26 +1,29 @@ package exceptions;//: exceptions/Human.java // Catching exception hierarchies. -class Annoyance extends Exception {} -class Sneeze extends Annoyance {} +class Annoyance extends Exception { +} + +class Sneeze extends Annoyance { +} public class Human { - public static void main(String[] args) { - // Catch the exact type: - try { - throw new Sneeze(); - } catch(Sneeze s) { - System.out.println("Caught Sneeze"); - } catch(Annoyance a) { - System.out.println("Caught Annoyance"); + public static void main(String[] args) { + // Catch the exact type: + try { + throw new Sneeze(); + } catch (Sneeze s) { + System.out.println("Caught Sneeze"); + } catch (Annoyance a) { + System.out.println("Caught Annoyance"); + } + // Catch the base type: + try { + throw new Sneeze(); + } catch (Annoyance a) { + System.out.println("Caught Annoyance"); + } } - // Catch the base type: - try { - throw new Sneeze(); - } catch(Annoyance a) { - System.out.println("Caught Annoyance"); - } - } } /* Output: Caught Sneeze Caught Annoyance diff --git a/src/exceptions/InheritingExceptions.java b/src/exceptions/InheritingExceptions.java index e4247c4..d2acf6d 100644 --- a/src/exceptions/InheritingExceptions.java +++ b/src/exceptions/InheritingExceptions.java @@ -1,21 +1,23 @@ package exceptions;//: exceptions/InheritingExceptions.java // Creating your own exceptions. -class SimpleException extends Exception {} +class SimpleException extends Exception { +} public class InheritingExceptions { - public void f() throws SimpleException { - System.out.println("Throw SimpleException from f()"); - throw new SimpleException(); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - InheritingExceptions sed = new InheritingExceptions(); - try { - sed.f(); - } catch(SimpleException e) { - System.out.println("Caught it!"); + public void f() throws SimpleException { + System.out.println("Throw SimpleException from f()"); + throw new SimpleException(); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + InheritingExceptions sed = new InheritingExceptions(); + try { + sed.f(); + } catch (SimpleException e) { + System.out.println("Caught it!"); + } } - } } /* Output: Throw SimpleException from f() Caught it! diff --git a/src/exceptions/InputFile.java b/src/exceptions/InputFile.java index 12118bb..daced28 100644 --- a/src/exceptions/InputFile.java +++ b/src/exceptions/InputFile.java @@ -1,44 +1,48 @@ package exceptions;//: exceptions/InputFile.java // Paying attention to exceptions in constructors. + import java.io.*; public class InputFile { - private BufferedReader in; - public InputFile(String fname) throws Exception { - try { - in = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(fname)); - // Other code that might throw exceptions - } catch(FileNotFoundException e) { - System.out.println("Could not open " + fname); - // Wasn't open, so don't close it - throw e; - } catch(Exception e) { - // All other exceptions must close it - try { - in.close(); - } catch(IOException e2) { - System.out.println("in.close() unsuccessful"); - } - throw e; // Rethrow - } finally { - // Don't close it here!!! + private BufferedReader in; + + public InputFile(String fname) throws Exception { + try { + in = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(fname)); + // Other code that might throw exceptions + } catch (FileNotFoundException e) { + System.out.println("Could not open " + fname); + // Wasn't open, so don't close it + throw e; + } catch (Exception e) { + // All other exceptions must close it + try { + in.close(); + } catch (IOException e2) { + System.out.println("in.close() unsuccessful"); + } + throw e; // Rethrow + } finally { + // Don't close it here!!! + } } - } - public String getLine() { - String s; - try { - s = in.readLine(); - } catch(IOException e) { - throw new RuntimeException("readLine() failed"); + + public String getLine() { + String s; + try { + s = in.readLine(); + } catch (IOException e) { + throw new RuntimeException("readLine() failed"); + } + return s; } - return s; - } - public void dispose() { - try { - in.close(); - System.out.println("dispose() successful"); - } catch(IOException e2) { - throw new RuntimeException("in.close() failed"); + + public void dispose() { + try { + in.close(); + System.out.println("dispose() successful"); + } catch (IOException e2) { + throw new RuntimeException("in.close() failed"); + } } - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/exceptions/LoggingExceptions.java b/src/exceptions/LoggingExceptions.java index 4ca6675..57121f7 100644 --- a/src/exceptions/LoggingExceptions.java +++ b/src/exceptions/LoggingExceptions.java @@ -1,31 +1,33 @@ package exceptions;//: exceptions/LoggingExceptions.java // An exception that reports through a Logger. + import java.util.logging.*; import java.io.*; class LoggingException extends Exception { - private static Logger logger = - Logger.getLogger("LoggingException"); - public LoggingException() { - StringWriter trace = new StringWriter(); - printStackTrace(new PrintWriter(trace)); - logger.severe(trace.toString()); - } + private static Logger logger = + Logger.getLogger("LoggingException"); + + public LoggingException() { + StringWriter trace = new StringWriter(); + printStackTrace(new PrintWriter(trace)); + logger.severe(trace.toString()); + } } public class LoggingExceptions { - public static void main(String[] args) { - try { - throw new LoggingException(); - } catch(LoggingException e) { - System.err.println("Caught " + e); + public static void main(String[] args) { + try { + throw new LoggingException(); + } catch (LoggingException e) { + System.err.println("Caught " + e); + } + try { + throw new LoggingException(); + } catch (LoggingException e) { + System.err.println("Caught " + e); + } } - try { - throw new LoggingException(); - } catch(LoggingException e) { - System.err.println("Caught " + e); - } - } } /* Output: (85% match) Aug 30, 2005 4:02:31 PM LoggingException SEVERE: LoggingException diff --git a/src/exceptions/LoggingExceptions2.java b/src/exceptions/LoggingExceptions2.java index 1ee70df..affe475 100644 --- a/src/exceptions/LoggingExceptions2.java +++ b/src/exceptions/LoggingExceptions2.java @@ -1,23 +1,26 @@ package exceptions;//: exceptions/LoggingExceptions2.java // Logging caught exceptions. + import java.util.logging.*; import java.io.*; public class LoggingExceptions2 { - private static Logger logger = - Logger.getLogger("LoggingExceptions2"); - static void logException(Exception e) { - StringWriter trace = new StringWriter(); - e.printStackTrace(new PrintWriter(trace)); - logger.severe(trace.toString()); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - try { - throw new NullPointerException(); - } catch(NullPointerException e) { - logException(e); + private static Logger logger = + Logger.getLogger("LoggingExceptions2"); + + static void logException(Exception e) { + StringWriter trace = new StringWriter(); + e.printStackTrace(new PrintWriter(trace)); + logger.severe(trace.toString()); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + try { + throw new NullPointerException(); + } catch (NullPointerException e) { + logException(e); + } } - } } /* Output: (90% match) Aug 30, 2005 4:07:54 PM LoggingExceptions2 logException SEVERE: java.lang.NullPointerException diff --git a/src/exceptions/LostMessage.java b/src/exceptions/LostMessage.java index 06b05bc..5b80183 100644 --- a/src/exceptions/LostMessage.java +++ b/src/exceptions/LostMessage.java @@ -2,36 +2,40 @@ package exceptions;//: exceptions/LostMessage.java // How an exception can be lost. class VeryImportantException extends Exception { - public String toString() { - return "A very important exception!"; - } + @Override + public String toString() { + return "A very important exception!"; + } } class HoHumException extends Exception { - public String toString() { - return "A trivial exception"; - } + @Override + public String toString() { + return "A trivial exception"; + } } public class LostMessage { - void f() throws VeryImportantException { - throw new VeryImportantException(); - } - void dispose() throws HoHumException { - throw new HoHumException(); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - try { - LostMessage lm = new LostMessage(); - try { - lm.f(); - } finally { - lm.dispose(); - } - } catch(Exception e) { - System.out.println(e); + void f() throws VeryImportantException { + throw new VeryImportantException(); + } + + void dispose() throws HoHumException { + throw new HoHumException(); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + try { + LostMessage lm = new LostMessage(); + try { + lm.f(); + } finally { + lm.dispose(); + } + } catch (Exception e) { + System.out.println(e); + } } - } } /* Output: A trivial exception *///:~ diff --git a/src/exceptions/MainException.java b/src/exceptions/MainException.java index 9cf241e..bacbf9d 100644 --- a/src/exceptions/MainException.java +++ b/src/exceptions/MainException.java @@ -1,14 +1,15 @@ package exceptions;//: exceptions/MainException.java + import java.io.*; public class MainException { - // Pass all exceptions to the console: - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - // Open the file: - FileInputStream file = - new FileInputStream("MainException.java"); - // Use the file ... - // Close the file: - file.close(); - } + // Pass all exceptions to the console: + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + // Open the file: + FileInputStream file = + new FileInputStream("MainException.java"); + // Use the file ... + // Close the file: + file.close(); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/exceptions/MultipleReturns.java b/src/exceptions/MultipleReturns.java index d98e9c7..94f72b7 100644 --- a/src/exceptions/MultipleReturns.java +++ b/src/exceptions/MultipleReturns.java @@ -1,33 +1,35 @@ package exceptions;//: exceptions/MultipleReturns.java + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class MultipleReturns { - public static void f(int i) { - print("Initialization that requires cleanup"); - try { - print("Point 1"); - if(i == 1) { - return; - } - print("Point 2"); - if(i == 2) { - return; - } - print("Point 3"); - if(i == 3) { - return; - } - print("End"); - return; - } finally { - print("Performing cleanup"); + public static void f(int i) { + print("Initialization that requires cleanup"); + try { + print("Point 1"); + if (i == 1) { + return; + } + print("Point 2"); + if (i == 2) { + return; + } + print("Point 3"); + if (i == 3) { + return; + } + print("End"); + return; + } finally { + print("Performing cleanup"); + } } - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - for(int i = 1; i <= 4; i++) { - f(i); + + public static void main(String[] args) { + for (int i = 1; i <= 4; i++) { + f(i); + } } - } } /* Output: Initialization that requires cleanup Point 1 diff --git a/src/exceptions/NeverCaught.java b/src/exceptions/NeverCaught.java index cd33bf4..dfe1efe 100644 --- a/src/exceptions/NeverCaught.java +++ b/src/exceptions/NeverCaught.java @@ -3,13 +3,15 @@ package exceptions;//: exceptions/NeverCaught.java // {ThrowsException} public class NeverCaught { - static void f() { - throw new RuntimeException("From f()"); - } - static void g() { - f(); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - g(); - } + static void f() { + throw new RuntimeException("From f()"); + } + + static void g() { + f(); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + g(); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/exceptions/OnOffException1.java b/src/exceptions/OnOffException1.java index 656ff1f..cb5173a 100644 --- a/src/exceptions/OnOffException1.java +++ b/src/exceptions/OnOffException1.java @@ -1,4 +1,5 @@ package exceptions; //: exceptions/OnOffException1.java -public class OnOffException1 extends Exception {} ///:~ +public class OnOffException1 extends Exception { +} ///:~ diff --git a/src/exceptions/OnOffException2.java b/src/exceptions/OnOffException2.java index 124dcd0..ad180f4 100644 --- a/src/exceptions/OnOffException2.java +++ b/src/exceptions/OnOffException2.java @@ -1,4 +1,5 @@ package exceptions; //: exceptions/OnOffException2.java -public class OnOffException2 extends Exception {} ///:~ +public class OnOffException2 extends Exception { +} ///:~ diff --git a/src/exceptions/OnOffSwitch.java b/src/exceptions/OnOffSwitch.java index 85bc67c..12ffaa8 100644 --- a/src/exceptions/OnOffSwitch.java +++ b/src/exceptions/OnOffSwitch.java @@ -2,23 +2,26 @@ package exceptions;//: exceptions/OnOffSwitch.java // Why use finally? public class OnOffSwitch { - private static Switch sw = new Switch(); - public static void f() - throws OnOffException1,OnOffException2 {} - public static void main(String[] args) { - try { - sw.on(); - // Code that can throw exceptions... - f(); - sw.off(); - } catch(OnOffException1 e) { - System.out.println("OnOffException1"); - sw.off(); - } catch(OnOffException2 e) { - System.out.println("OnOffException2"); - sw.off(); + private static Switch sw = new Switch(); + + public static void f() + throws OnOffException1, OnOffException2 { + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + try { + sw.on(); + // Code that can throw exceptions... + f(); + sw.off(); + } catch (OnOffException1 e) { + System.out.println("OnOffException1"); + sw.off(); + } catch (OnOffException2 e) { + System.out.println("OnOffException2"); + sw.off(); + } } - } } /* Output: on off diff --git a/src/exceptions/RethrowNew.java b/src/exceptions/RethrowNew.java index 3ab8143..5cdb532 100644 --- a/src/exceptions/RethrowNew.java +++ b/src/exceptions/RethrowNew.java @@ -2,34 +2,39 @@ package exceptions;//: exceptions/RethrowNew.java // Rethrow a different object from the one that was caught. class OneException extends Exception { - public OneException(String s) { super(s); } + public OneException(String s) { + super(s); + } } class TwoException extends Exception { - public TwoException(String s) { super(s); } + public TwoException(String s) { + super(s); + } } public class RethrowNew { - public static void f() throws OneException { - System.out.println("originating the exception in f()"); - throw new OneException("thrown from f()"); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - try { - try { - f(); - } catch(OneException e) { - System.out.println( - "Caught in inner try, e.printStackTrace()"); - e.printStackTrace(System.out); - throw new TwoException("from inner try"); - } - } catch(TwoException e) { - System.out.println( - "Caught in outer try, e.printStackTrace()"); - e.printStackTrace(System.out); + public static void f() throws OneException { + System.out.println("originating the exception in f()"); + throw new OneException("thrown from f()"); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + try { + try { + f(); + } catch (OneException e) { + System.out.println( + "Caught in inner try, e.printStackTrace()"); + e.printStackTrace(System.out); + throw new TwoException("from inner try"); + } + } catch (TwoException e) { + System.out.println( + "Caught in outer try, e.printStackTrace()"); + e.printStackTrace(System.out); + } } - } } /* Output: originating the exception in f() Caught in inner try, e.printStackTrace() diff --git a/src/exceptions/Rethrowing.java b/src/exceptions/Rethrowing.java index 01ffdb9..5d236c1 100644 --- a/src/exceptions/Rethrowing.java +++ b/src/exceptions/Rethrowing.java @@ -2,42 +2,45 @@ package exceptions;//: exceptions/Rethrowing.java // Demonstrating fillInStackTrace() public class Rethrowing { - public static void f() throws Exception { - System.out.println("originating the exception in f()"); - throw new Exception("thrown from f()"); - } - public static void g() throws Exception { - try { - f(); - } catch(Exception e) { - System.out.println("Inside g(),e.printStackTrace()"); - e.printStackTrace(System.out); - throw e; + public static void f() throws Exception { + System.out.println("originating the exception in f()"); + throw new Exception("thrown from f()"); } - } - public static void h() throws Exception { - try { - f(); - } catch(Exception e) { - System.out.println("Inside h(),e.printStackTrace()"); - e.printStackTrace(System.out); - throw (Exception)e.fillInStackTrace(); + + public static void g() throws Exception { + try { + f(); + } catch (Exception e) { + System.out.println("Inside g(),e.printStackTrace()"); + e.printStackTrace(System.out); + throw e; + } } - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - try { - g(); - } catch(Exception e) { - System.out.println("main: printStackTrace()"); - e.printStackTrace(System.out); + + public static void h() throws Exception { + try { + f(); + } catch (Exception e) { + System.out.println("Inside h(),e.printStackTrace()"); + e.printStackTrace(System.out); + throw (Exception) e.fillInStackTrace(); + } } - try { - h(); - } catch(Exception e) { - System.out.println("main: printStackTrace()"); - e.printStackTrace(System.out); + + public static void main(String[] args) { + try { + g(); + } catch (Exception e) { + System.out.println("main: printStackTrace()"); + e.printStackTrace(System.out); + } + try { + h(); + } catch (Exception e) { + System.out.println("main: printStackTrace()"); + e.printStackTrace(System.out); + } } - } } /* Output: originating the exception in f() Inside g(),e.printStackTrace() diff --git a/src/exceptions/StormyInning.java b/src/exceptions/StormyInning.java index 50e0f79..74c8ad3 100644 --- a/src/exceptions/StormyInning.java +++ b/src/exceptions/StormyInning.java @@ -3,74 +3,103 @@ package exceptions;//: exceptions/StormyInning.java // specified in their base-class versions, or exceptions // derived from the base-class exceptions. -class BaseballException extends Exception {} -class Foul extends BaseballException {} -class Strike extends BaseballException {} - -abstract class Inning { - public Inning() throws BaseballException {} - public void event() throws BaseballException { - // Doesn't actually have to throw anything - } - public abstract void atBat() throws Strike, Foul; - public void walk() {} // Throws no checked exceptions +class BaseballException extends Exception { } -class StormException extends Exception {} -class RainedOut extends StormException {} -class PopFoul extends Foul {} +class Foul extends BaseballException { +} + +class Strike extends BaseballException { +} + +abstract class Inning { + public Inning() throws BaseballException { + } + + public void event() throws BaseballException { + // Doesn't actually have to throw anything + } + + public abstract void atBat() throws Strike, Foul; + + public void walk() { + } // Throws no checked exceptions +} + +class StormException extends Exception { +} + +class RainedOut extends StormException { +} + +class PopFoul extends Foul { +} interface Storm { - public void event() throws RainedOut; - public void rainHard() throws RainedOut; + public void event() throws RainedOut; + + public void rainHard() throws RainedOut; } public class StormyInning extends Inning implements Storm { - // OK to add new exceptions for constructors, but you - // must deal with the base constructor exceptions: - public StormyInning() - throws RainedOut, BaseballException {} - public StormyInning(String s) - throws Foul, BaseballException {} - // Regular methods must conform to base class: + // OK to add new exceptions for constructors, but you + // must deal with the base constructor exceptions: + public StormyInning() + throws RainedOut, BaseballException { + } + + public StormyInning(String s) + throws Foul, BaseballException { + } + + // Regular methods must conform to base class: //! void walk() throws PopFoul {} //Compile error - // Interface CANNOT add exceptions to existing - // methods from the base class: + // Interface CANNOT add exceptions to existing + // methods from the base class: //! public void event() throws RainedOut {} - // If the method doesn't already exist in the - // base class, the exception is OK: - public void rainHard() throws RainedOut {} - // You can choose to not throw any exceptions, - // even if the base version does: - public void event() {} - // Overridden methods can throw inherited exceptions: - public void atBat() throws PopFoul {} - public static void main(String[] args) { - try { - StormyInning si = new StormyInning(); - si.atBat(); - } catch(PopFoul e) { - System.out.println("Pop foul"); - } catch(RainedOut e) { - System.out.println("Rained out"); - } catch(BaseballException e) { - System.out.println("Generic baseball exception"); + // If the method doesn't already exist in the + // base class, the exception is OK: + @Override + public void rainHard() throws RainedOut { } - // Strike not thrown in derived version. - try { - // What happens if you upcast? - Inning i = new StormyInning(); - i.atBat(); - // You must catch the exceptions from the - // base-class version of the method: - } catch(Strike e) { - System.out.println("Strike"); - } catch(Foul e) { - System.out.println("Foul"); - } catch(RainedOut e) { - System.out.println("Rained out"); - } catch(BaseballException e) { - System.out.println("Generic baseball exception"); + + // You can choose to not throw any exceptions, + // even if the base version does: + @Override + public void event() { + } + + // Overridden methods can throw inherited exceptions: + @Override + public void atBat() throws PopFoul { + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + try { + StormyInning si = new StormyInning(); + si.atBat(); + } catch (PopFoul e) { + System.out.println("Pop foul"); + } catch (RainedOut e) { + System.out.println("Rained out"); + } catch (BaseballException e) { + System.out.println("Generic baseball exception"); + } + // Strike not thrown in derived version. + try { + // What happens if you upcast? + Inning i = new StormyInning(); + i.atBat(); + // You must catch the exceptions from the + // base-class version of the method: + } catch (Strike e) { + System.out.println("Strike"); + } catch (Foul e) { + System.out.println("Foul"); + } catch (RainedOut e) { + System.out.println("Rained out"); + } catch (BaseballException e) { + System.out.println("Generic baseball exception"); + } } - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/exceptions/Switch.java b/src/exceptions/Switch.java index 512ced4..14e8b1e 100644 --- a/src/exceptions/Switch.java +++ b/src/exceptions/Switch.java @@ -1,10 +1,26 @@ package exceptions;//: exceptions/Switch.java + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class Switch { - private boolean state = false; - public boolean read() { return state; } - public void on() { state = true; print(this); } - public void off() { state = false; print(this); } - public String toString() { return state ? "on" : "off"; } + private boolean state = false; + + public boolean read() { + return state; + } + + public void on() { + state = true; + print(this); + } + + public void off() { + state = false; + print(this); + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return state ? "on" : "off"; + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/exceptions/TurnOffChecking.java b/src/exceptions/TurnOffChecking.java index c9866bd..2e1feff 100644 --- a/src/exceptions/TurnOffChecking.java +++ b/src/exceptions/TurnOffChecking.java @@ -1,54 +1,61 @@ package exceptions;//: exceptions/TurnOffChecking.java // "Turning off" Checked exceptions. + import java.io.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; class WrapCheckedException { - void throwRuntimeException(int type) { - try { - switch(type) { - case 0: throw new FileNotFoundException(); - case 1: throw new IOException(); - case 2: throw new RuntimeException("Where am I?"); - default: return; - } - } catch(Exception e) { // Adapt to unchecked: - throw new RuntimeException(e); - } - } -} - -class SomeOtherException extends Exception {} - -public class TurnOffChecking { - public static void main(String[] args) { - WrapCheckedException wce = new WrapCheckedException(); - // You can call throwRuntimeException() without a try - // block, and let RuntimeExceptions leave the method: - wce.throwRuntimeException(3); - // Or you can choose to catch exceptions: - for(int i = 0; i < 4; i++) { + void throwRuntimeException(int type) { try { - if(i < 3) { - wce.throwRuntimeException(i); - } else { - throw new SomeOtherException(); - } - } catch(SomeOtherException e) { - print("SomeOtherException: " + e); - } catch(RuntimeException re) { - try { - throw re.getCause(); - } catch(FileNotFoundException e) { - print("FileNotFoundException: " + e); - } catch(IOException e) { - print("IOException: " + e); - } catch(Throwable e) { - print("Throwable: " + e); - } + switch (type) { + case 0: + throw new FileNotFoundException(); + case 1: + throw new IOException(); + case 2: + throw new RuntimeException("Where am I?"); + default: + return; + } + } catch (Exception e) { // Adapt to unchecked: + throw new RuntimeException(e); + } + } +} + +class SomeOtherException extends Exception { +} + +public class TurnOffChecking { + public static void main(String[] args) { + WrapCheckedException wce = new WrapCheckedException(); + // You can call throwRuntimeException() without a try + // block, and let RuntimeExceptions leave the method: + wce.throwRuntimeException(3); + // Or you can choose to catch exceptions: + for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) { + try { + if (i < 3) { + wce.throwRuntimeException(i); + } else { + throw new SomeOtherException(); + } + } catch (SomeOtherException e) { + print("SomeOtherException: " + e); + } catch (RuntimeException re) { + try { + throw re.getCause(); + } catch (FileNotFoundException e) { + print("FileNotFoundException: " + e); + } catch (IOException e) { + print("IOException: " + e); + } catch (Throwable e) { + print("Throwable: " + e); + } + } } } - } } /* Output: FileNotFoundException: java.io.FileNotFoundException IOException: java.io.IOException diff --git a/src/exceptions/WhoCalled.java b/src/exceptions/WhoCalled.java index 725514a..88c8675 100644 --- a/src/exceptions/WhoCalled.java +++ b/src/exceptions/WhoCalled.java @@ -2,25 +2,32 @@ package exceptions;//: exceptions/WhoCalled.java // Programmatic access to stack trace information. public class WhoCalled { - static void f() { - // Generate an exception to fill in the stack trace - try { - throw new Exception(); - } catch (Exception e) { - for(StackTraceElement ste : e.getStackTrace()) { - System.out.println(ste.getMethodName()); - } + static void f() { + // Generate an exception to fill in the stack trace + try { + throw new Exception(); + } catch (Exception e) { + for (StackTraceElement ste : e.getStackTrace()) { + System.out.println(ste.getMethodName()); + } + } + } + + static void g() { + f(); + } + + static void h() { + g(); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + f(); + System.out.println("--------------------------------"); + g(); + System.out.println("--------------------------------"); + h(); } - } - static void g() { f(); } - static void h() { g(); } - public static void main(String[] args) { - f(); - System.out.println("--------------------------------"); - g(); - System.out.println("--------------------------------"); - h(); - } } /* Output: f main diff --git a/src/exceptions/WithFinally.java b/src/exceptions/WithFinally.java index 074f0d1..d951c73 100644 --- a/src/exceptions/WithFinally.java +++ b/src/exceptions/WithFinally.java @@ -2,20 +2,21 @@ package exceptions;//: exceptions/WithFinally.java // Finally Guarantees cleanup. public class WithFinally { - static Switch sw = new Switch(); - public static void main(String[] args) { - try { - sw.on(); - // Code that can throw exceptions... - OnOffSwitch.f(); - } catch(OnOffException1 e) { - System.out.println("OnOffException1"); - } catch(OnOffException2 e) { - System.out.println("OnOffException2"); - } finally { - sw.off(); + static Switch sw = new Switch(); + + public static void main(String[] args) { + try { + sw.on(); + // Code that can throw exceptions... + OnOffSwitch.f(); + } catch (OnOffException1 e) { + System.out.println("OnOffException1"); + } catch (OnOffException2 e) { + System.out.println("OnOffException2"); + } finally { + sw.off(); + } } - } } /* Output: on off diff --git a/src/exceptions/build.xml b/src/exceptions/build.xml index 19b093a..f288347 100644 --- a/src/exceptions/build.xml +++ b/src/exceptions/build.xml @@ -1,310 +1,310 @@ + basedir="." + default="run" + name="Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel (chapter: exceptions)"> - - build.xml for the source code for the exceptions chapter of - Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel - Source code available at http://www.MindView.net - See copyright notice in CopyRight.txt + + build.xml for the source code for the exceptions chapter of + Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel + Source code available at http://www.MindView.net + See copyright notice in CopyRight.txt - Ant available from: http://jakarta.apache.org/ant + Ant available from: http://jakarta.apache.org/ant - To see options, type: ant -p + To see options, type: ant -p - This file was automatically generated by AntBuilder - + This file was automatically generated by AntBuilder + - - - + + + - - - - - - + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - - + + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/src/frogbean/Frog.java b/src/frogbean/Frog.java index 76083f0..1f56b55 100644 --- a/src/frogbean/Frog.java +++ b/src/frogbean/Frog.java @@ -1,44 +1,69 @@ //: frogbean/Frog.java // A trivial JavaBean. package frogbean; + import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; -class Spots {} +class Spots { +} public class Frog { - private int jumps; - private Color color; - private Spots spots; - private boolean jmpr; - public int getJumps() { return jumps; } - public void setJumps(int newJumps) { - jumps = newJumps; - } - public Color getColor() { return color; } - public void setColor(Color newColor) { - color = newColor; - } - public Spots getSpots() { return spots; } - public void setSpots(Spots newSpots) { - spots = newSpots; - } - public boolean isJumper() { return jmpr; } - public void setJumper(boolean j) { jmpr = j; } - public void addActionListener(ActionListener l) { - //... - } - public void removeActionListener(ActionListener l) { - // ... - } - public void addKeyListener(KeyListener l) { - // ... - } - public void removeKeyListener(KeyListener l) { - // ... - } - // An "ordinary" public method: - public void croak() { - System.out.println("Ribbet!"); - } + private int jumps; + private Color color; + private Spots spots; + private boolean jmpr; + + public int getJumps() { + return jumps; + } + + public void setJumps(int newJumps) { + jumps = newJumps; + } + + public Color getColor() { + return color; + } + + public void setColor(Color newColor) { + color = newColor; + } + + public Spots getSpots() { + return spots; + } + + public void setSpots(Spots newSpots) { + spots = newSpots; + } + + public boolean isJumper() { + return jmpr; + } + + public void setJumper(boolean j) { + jmpr = j; + } + + public void addActionListener(ActionListener l) { + //... + } + + public void removeActionListener(ActionListener l) { + // ... + } + + public void addKeyListener(KeyListener l) { + // ... + } + + public void removeKeyListener(KeyListener l) { + // ... + } + + // An "ordinary" public method: + public void croak() { + System.out.println("Ribbet!"); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/frogbean/build.xml b/src/frogbean/build.xml index 92cb783..ca363d2 100644 --- a/src/frogbean/build.xml +++ b/src/frogbean/build.xml @@ -1,60 +1,60 @@ + basedir="." + default="run" + name="Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel (chapter: frogbean)"> - - build.xml for the source code for the frogbean chapter of - Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel - Source code available at http://www.MindView.net - See copyright notice in CopyRight.txt + + build.xml for the source code for the frogbean chapter of + Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel + Source code available at http://www.MindView.net + See copyright notice in CopyRight.txt - Ant available from: http://jakarta.apache.org/ant + Ant available from: http://jakarta.apache.org/ant - To see options, type: ant -p + To see options, type: ant -p - This file was automatically generated by AntBuilder - + This file was automatically generated by AntBuilder + - - - + + + - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + - - - - + + + + - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/src/generics/Apply.java b/src/generics/Apply.java index 28831c1..f6c1e83 100644 --- a/src/generics/Apply.java +++ b/src/generics/Apply.java @@ -1,73 +1,79 @@ package generics;//: generics/Apply.java // {main: ApplyTest} + import java.lang.reflect.*; import java.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class Apply { - public static > - void apply(S seq, Method f, Object... args) { - try { - for(T t: seq) { - f.invoke(t, args); - } - } catch(Exception e) { - // Failures are programmer errors - throw new RuntimeException(e); + public static > + void apply(S seq, Method f, Object... args) { + try { + for (T t : seq) { + f.invoke(t, args); + } + } catch (Exception e) { + // Failures are programmer errors + throw new RuntimeException(e); + } } - } -} - -class Shape { - public void rotate() { print(this + " rotate"); } - public void resize(int newSize) { - print(this + " resize " + newSize); - } } -class Square extends Shape {} +class Shape { + public void rotate() { + print(this + " rotate"); + } + + public void resize(int newSize) { + print(this + " resize " + newSize); + } +} + +class Square extends Shape { +} class FilledList extends ArrayList { - public FilledList(Class type, int size) { - try { - for(int i = 0; i < size; i++) - // Assumes default constructor: - { - add(type.newInstance()); - } - } catch(Exception e) { - throw new RuntimeException(e); + public FilledList(Class type, int size) { + try { + for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) + // Assumes default constructor: + { + add(type.newInstance()); + } + } catch (Exception e) { + throw new RuntimeException(e); + } } - } -} +} class ApplyTest { - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - List shapes = new ArrayList(); - for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { - shapes.add(new Shape()); - } - Apply.apply(shapes, Shape.class.getMethod("rotate")); - Apply.apply(shapes, - Shape.class.getMethod("resize", int.class), 5); - List squares = new ArrayList(); - for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { - squares.add(new Square()); - } - Apply.apply(squares, Shape.class.getMethod("rotate")); - Apply.apply(squares, - Shape.class.getMethod("resize", int.class), 5); - - Apply.apply(new FilledList(Shape.class, 10), - Shape.class.getMethod("rotate")); - Apply.apply(new FilledList(Square.class, 10), - Shape.class.getMethod("rotate")); + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + List shapes = new ArrayList(); + for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { + shapes.add(new Shape()); + } + Apply.apply(shapes, Shape.class.getMethod("rotate")); + Apply.apply(shapes, + Shape.class.getMethod("resize", int.class), 5); + List squares = new ArrayList(); + for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { + squares.add(new Square()); + } + Apply.apply(squares, Shape.class.getMethod("rotate")); + Apply.apply(squares, + Shape.class.getMethod("resize", int.class), 5); - SimpleQueue shapeQ = new SimpleQueue(); - for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { - shapeQ.add(new Shape()); - shapeQ.add(new Square()); + Apply.apply(new FilledList(Shape.class, 10), + Shape.class.getMethod("rotate")); + Apply.apply(new FilledList(Square.class, 10), + Shape.class.getMethod("rotate")); + + SimpleQueue shapeQ = new SimpleQueue(); + for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { + shapeQ.add(new Shape()); + shapeQ.add(new Square()); + } + Apply.apply(shapeQ, Shape.class.getMethod("rotate")); } - Apply.apply(shapeQ, Shape.class.getMethod("rotate")); - } } /* (Execute to see output) *///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/ArrayMaker.java b/src/generics/ArrayMaker.java index d43d781..b0d5a7a 100644 --- a/src/generics/ArrayMaker.java +++ b/src/generics/ArrayMaker.java @@ -1,20 +1,26 @@ package generics;//: generics/ArrayMaker.java + import java.lang.reflect.*; import java.util.*; public class ArrayMaker { - private Class kind; - public ArrayMaker(Class kind) { this.kind = kind; } - @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") - T[] create(int size) { - return (T[])Array.newInstance(kind, size); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - ArrayMaker stringMaker = - new ArrayMaker(String.class); - String[] stringArray = stringMaker.create(9); - System.out.println(Arrays.toString(stringArray)); - } + private Class kind; + + public ArrayMaker(Class kind) { + this.kind = kind; + } + + @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") + T[] create(int size) { + return (T[]) Array.newInstance(kind, size); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + ArrayMaker stringMaker = + new ArrayMaker(String.class); + String[] stringArray = stringMaker.create(9); + System.out.println(Arrays.toString(stringArray)); + } } /* Output: [null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null] *///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/ArrayOfGeneric.java b/src/generics/ArrayOfGeneric.java index 099b544..2c00ea6 100644 --- a/src/generics/ArrayOfGeneric.java +++ b/src/generics/ArrayOfGeneric.java @@ -1,20 +1,21 @@ package generics;//: generics/ArrayOfGeneric.java public class ArrayOfGeneric { - static final int SIZE = 100; - static Generic[] gia; - @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") - public static void main(String[] args) { - // Compiles; produces ClassCastException: - //! gia = (Generic[])new Object[SIZE]; - // Runtime type is the raw (erased) type: - gia = (Generic[])new Generic[SIZE]; - System.out.println(gia.getClass().getSimpleName()); - gia[0] = new Generic(); - //! gia[1] = new Object(); // Compile-time error - // Discovers type mismatch at compile time: - //! gia[2] = new Generic(); - } + static final int SIZE = 100; + static Generic[] gia; + + @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") + public static void main(String[] args) { + // Compiles; produces ClassCastException: + //! gia = (Generic[])new Object[SIZE]; + // Runtime type is the raw (erased) type: + gia = (Generic[]) new Generic[SIZE]; + System.out.println(gia.getClass().getSimpleName()); + gia[0] = new Generic(); + //! gia[1] = new Object(); // Compile-time error + // Discovers type mismatch at compile time: + //! gia[2] = new Generic(); + } } /* Output: Generic[] *///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/ArrayOfGenericReference.java b/src/generics/ArrayOfGenericReference.java index 382b83a..cacf78b 100644 --- a/src/generics/ArrayOfGenericReference.java +++ b/src/generics/ArrayOfGenericReference.java @@ -1,7 +1,8 @@ package generics;//: generics/ArrayOfGenericReference.java -class Generic {} +class Generic { +} public class ArrayOfGenericReference { - static Generic[] gia; + static Generic[] gia; } ///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/BankTeller.java b/src/generics/BankTeller.java index 27a70a8..4ab7d44 100644 --- a/src/generics/BankTeller.java +++ b/src/generics/BankTeller.java @@ -1,47 +1,70 @@ package generics;//: generics/BankTeller.java // A very simple bank teller simulation. + import java.util.*; + import net.mindview.util.*; class Customer { - private static long counter = 1; - private final long id = counter++; - private Customer() {} - public String toString() { return "Customer " + id; } - // A method to produce Generator objects: - public static Generator generator() { - return new Generator() { - public Customer next() { return new Customer(); } - }; - } -} + private static long counter = 1; + private final long id = counter++; + + private Customer() { + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return "Customer " + id; + } + + // A method to produce Generator objects: + public static Generator generator() { + return new Generator() { + @Override + public Customer next() { + return new Customer(); + } + }; + } +} class Teller { - private static long counter = 1; - private final long id = counter++; - private Teller() {} - public String toString() { return "Teller " + id; } - // A single Generator object: - public static Generator generator = - new Generator() { - public Teller next() { return new Teller(); } - }; -} + private static long counter = 1; + private final long id = counter++; + + private Teller() { + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return "Teller " + id; + } + + // A single Generator object: + public static Generator generator = + new Generator() { + @Override + public Teller next() { + return new Teller(); + } + }; +} public class BankTeller { - public static void serve(Teller t, Customer c) { - System.out.println(t + " serves " + c); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - Random rand = new Random(47); - Queue line = new LinkedList(); - Generators.fill(line, Customer.generator(), 15); - List tellers = new ArrayList(); - Generators.fill(tellers, Teller.generator, 4); - for(Customer c : line) { - serve(tellers.get(rand.nextInt(tellers.size())), c); + public static void serve(Teller t, Customer c) { + System.out.println(t + " serves " + c); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + Random rand = new Random(47); + Queue line = new LinkedList(); + Generators.fill(line, Customer.generator(), 15); + List tellers = new ArrayList(); + Generators.fill(tellers, Teller.generator, 4); + for (Customer c : line) { + serve(tellers.get(rand.nextInt(tellers.size())), c); + } } - } } /* Output: Teller 3 serves Customer 1 Teller 2 serves Customer 2 diff --git a/src/generics/BasicBounds.java b/src/generics/BasicBounds.java index c20705c..7106ce0 100644 --- a/src/generics/BasicBounds.java +++ b/src/generics/BasicBounds.java @@ -1,58 +1,119 @@ package generics;//: generics/BasicBounds.java -interface HasColor { java.awt.Color getColor(); } - -class Colored { - T item; - Colored(T item) { this.item = item; } - T getItem() { return item; } - // The bound allows you to call a method: - java.awt.Color color() { return item.getColor(); } +interface HasColor { + java.awt.Color getColor(); } -class Dimension { public int x, y, z; } +class Colored { + T item; + + Colored(T item) { + this.item = item; + } + + T getItem() { + return item; + } + + // The bound allows you to call a method: + java.awt.Color color() { + return item.getColor(); + } +} + +class Dimension { + public int x, y, z; +} // This won't work -- class must be first, then interfaces: // class ColoredDimension { - + // Multiple bounds: class ColoredDimension { - T item; - ColoredDimension(T item) { this.item = item; } - T getItem() { return item; } - java.awt.Color color() { return item.getColor(); } - int getX() { return item.x; } - int getY() { return item.y; } - int getZ() { return item.z; } + T item; + + ColoredDimension(T item) { + this.item = item; + } + + T getItem() { + return item; + } + + java.awt.Color color() { + return item.getColor(); + } + + int getX() { + return item.x; + } + + int getY() { + return item.y; + } + + int getZ() { + return item.z; + } } -interface Weight { int weight(); } +interface Weight { + int weight(); +} // As with inheritance, you can have only one // concrete class but multiple interfaces: class Solid { - T item; - Solid(T item) { this.item = item; } - T getItem() { return item; } - java.awt.Color color() { return item.getColor(); } - int getX() { return item.x; } - int getY() { return item.y; } - int getZ() { return item.z; } - int weight() { return item.weight(); } + T item; + + Solid(T item) { + this.item = item; + } + + T getItem() { + return item; + } + + java.awt.Color color() { + return item.getColor(); + } + + int getX() { + return item.x; + } + + int getY() { + return item.y; + } + + int getZ() { + return item.z; + } + + int weight() { + return item.weight(); + } } class Bounded -extends Dimension implements HasColor, Weight { - public java.awt.Color getColor() { return null; } - public int weight() { return 0; } -} + extends Dimension implements HasColor, Weight { + @Override + public java.awt.Color getColor() { + return null; + } + + @Override + public int weight() { + return 0; + } +} public class BasicBounds { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Solid solid = - new Solid(new Bounded()); - solid.color(); - solid.getY(); - solid.weight(); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + Solid solid = + new Solid(new Bounded()); + solid.color(); + solid.getY(); + solid.weight(); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/BasicGeneratorDemo.java b/src/generics/BasicGeneratorDemo.java index 923960f..4efb452 100644 --- a/src/generics/BasicGeneratorDemo.java +++ b/src/generics/BasicGeneratorDemo.java @@ -1,14 +1,15 @@ package generics;//: generics/BasicGeneratorDemo.java + import net.mindview.util.*; public class BasicGeneratorDemo { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Generator gen = - BasicGenerator.create(CountedObject.class); - for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { - System.out.println(gen.next()); + public static void main(String[] args) { + Generator gen = + BasicGenerator.create(CountedObject.class); + for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { + System.out.println(gen.next()); + } } - } } /* Output: CountedObject 0 CountedObject 1 diff --git a/src/generics/BasicHolder.java b/src/generics/BasicHolder.java index be848b7..4033009 100644 --- a/src/generics/BasicHolder.java +++ b/src/generics/BasicHolder.java @@ -1,10 +1,17 @@ package generics;//: generics/BasicHolder.java public class BasicHolder { - T element; - void set(T arg) { element = arg; } - T get() { return element; } - void f() { - System.out.println(element.getClass().getSimpleName()); - } + T element; + + void set(T arg) { + element = arg; + } + + T get() { + return element; + } + + void f() { + System.out.println(element.getClass().getSimpleName()); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/ByteSet.java b/src/generics/ByteSet.java index 7a83c6f..331b53e 100644 --- a/src/generics/ByteSet.java +++ b/src/generics/ByteSet.java @@ -1,11 +1,12 @@ package generics;//: generics/ByteSet.java + import java.util.*; public class ByteSet { - Byte[] possibles = { 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 }; - Set mySet = - new HashSet(Arrays.asList(possibles)); - // But you can't do this: - // Set mySet2 = new HashSet( - // Arrays.asList(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9)); + Byte[] possibles = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}; + Set mySet = + new HashSet(Arrays.asList(possibles)); + // But you can't do this: + // Set mySet2 = new HashSet( + // Arrays.asList(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9)); } ///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/CRGWithBasicHolder.java b/src/generics/CRGWithBasicHolder.java index c99751b..a51e56e 100644 --- a/src/generics/CRGWithBasicHolder.java +++ b/src/generics/CRGWithBasicHolder.java @@ -1,14 +1,15 @@ package generics;//: generics/CRGWithBasicHolder.java -class Subtype extends BasicHolder {} +class Subtype extends BasicHolder { +} public class CRGWithBasicHolder { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Subtype st1 = new Subtype(), st2 = new Subtype(); - st1.set(st2); - Subtype st3 = st1.get(); - st1.f(); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + Subtype st1 = new Subtype(), st2 = new Subtype(); + st1.set(st2); + Subtype st3 = st1.get(); + st1.f(); + } } /* Output: Subtype *///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/CaptureConversion.java b/src/generics/CaptureConversion.java index a47e497..8489bdb 100644 --- a/src/generics/CaptureConversion.java +++ b/src/generics/CaptureConversion.java @@ -1,25 +1,27 @@ package generics;//: generics/CaptureConversion.java public class CaptureConversion { - static void f1(Holder holder) { - T t = holder.get(); - System.out.println(t.getClass().getSimpleName()); - } - static void f2(Holder holder) { - f1(holder); // Call with captured type - } - @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") - public static void main(String[] args) { - Holder raw = new Holder(1); - // f1(raw); // Produces warnings - f2(raw); // No warnings - Holder rawBasic = new Holder(); - rawBasic.set(new Object()); // Warning - f2(rawBasic); // No warnings - // Upcast to Holder, still figures it out: - Holder wildcarded = new Holder(1.0); - f2(wildcarded); - } + static void f1(Holder holder) { + T t = holder.get(); + System.out.println(t.getClass().getSimpleName()); + } + + static void f2(Holder holder) { + f1(holder); // Call with captured type + } + + @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") + public static void main(String[] args) { + Holder raw = new Holder(1); + // f1(raw); // Produces warnings + f2(raw); // No warnings + Holder rawBasic = new Holder(); + rawBasic.set(new Object()); // Warning + f2(rawBasic); // No warnings + // Upcast to Holder, still figures it out: + Holder wildcarded = new Holder(1.0); + f2(wildcarded); + } } /* Output: Integer Object diff --git a/src/generics/CheckedList.java b/src/generics/CheckedList.java index 0743ee6..074431e 100644 --- a/src/generics/CheckedList.java +++ b/src/generics/CheckedList.java @@ -1,29 +1,32 @@ package generics;//: generics/CheckedList.java // Using Collection.checkedList(). + import typeinfo.pets.*; + import java.util.*; public class CheckedList { - @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") - static void oldStyleMethod(List probablyDogs) { - probablyDogs.add(new Cat()); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - List dogs1 = new ArrayList(); - oldStyleMethod(dogs1); // Quietly accepts a Cat - List dogs2 = Collections.checkedList( - new ArrayList(), Dog.class); - try { - oldStyleMethod(dogs2); // Throws an exception - } catch(Exception e) { - System.out.println(e); + @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") + static void oldStyleMethod(List probablyDogs) { + probablyDogs.add(new Cat()); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + List dogs1 = new ArrayList(); + oldStyleMethod(dogs1); // Quietly accepts a Cat + List dogs2 = Collections.checkedList( + new ArrayList(), Dog.class); + try { + oldStyleMethod(dogs2); // Throws an exception + } catch (Exception e) { + System.out.println(e); + } + // Derived types work fine: + List pets = Collections.checkedList( + new ArrayList(), Pet.class); + pets.add(new Dog()); + pets.add(new Cat()); } - // Derived types work fine: - List pets = Collections.checkedList( - new ArrayList(), Pet.class); - pets.add(new Dog()); - pets.add(new Cat()); - } } /* Output: java.lang.ClassCastException: Attempt to insert class typeinfo.pets.Cat element into collection with element type class typeinfo.pets.Dog *///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/ClassCasting.java b/src/generics/ClassCasting.java index af80d27..ef8f9cf 100644 --- a/src/generics/ClassCasting.java +++ b/src/generics/ClassCasting.java @@ -1,15 +1,16 @@ package generics;//: generics/ClassCasting.java + import java.io.*; import java.util.*; public class ClassCasting { - @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") - public void f(String[] args) throws Exception { - ObjectInputStream in = new ObjectInputStream( - new FileInputStream(args[0])); - // Won't Compile: + @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") + public void f(String[] args) throws Exception { + ObjectInputStream in = new ObjectInputStream( + new FileInputStream(args[0])); + // Won't Compile: // List lw1 = // List.class.cast(in.readObject()); - List lw2 = List.class.cast(in.readObject()); - } + List lw2 = List.class.cast(in.readObject()); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/ClassTypeCapture.java b/src/generics/ClassTypeCapture.java index 36f6d67..c76bb69 100644 --- a/src/generics/ClassTypeCapture.java +++ b/src/generics/ClassTypeCapture.java @@ -1,26 +1,32 @@ package generics;//: generics/ClassTypeCapture.java -class Building {} -class House extends Building {} +class Building { +} + +class House extends Building { +} public class ClassTypeCapture { - Class kind; - public ClassTypeCapture(Class kind) { - this.kind = kind; - } - public boolean f(Object arg) { - return kind.isInstance(arg); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - ClassTypeCapture ctt1 = - new ClassTypeCapture(Building.class); - System.out.println(ctt1.f(new Building())); - System.out.println(ctt1.f(new House())); - ClassTypeCapture ctt2 = - new ClassTypeCapture(House.class); - System.out.println(ctt2.f(new Building())); - System.out.println(ctt2.f(new House())); - } + Class kind; + + public ClassTypeCapture(Class kind) { + this.kind = kind; + } + + public boolean f(Object arg) { + return kind.isInstance(arg); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + ClassTypeCapture ctt1 = + new ClassTypeCapture(Building.class); + System.out.println(ctt1.f(new Building())); + System.out.println(ctt1.f(new House())); + ClassTypeCapture ctt2 = + new ClassTypeCapture(House.class); + System.out.println(ctt2.f(new Building())); + System.out.println(ctt2.f(new House())); + } } /* Output: true true diff --git a/src/generics/ComparablePet.java b/src/generics/ComparablePet.java index 1d5edac..9ab2b37 100644 --- a/src/generics/ComparablePet.java +++ b/src/generics/ComparablePet.java @@ -1,6 +1,9 @@ package generics;//: generics/ComparablePet.java public class ComparablePet -implements Comparable { - public int compareTo(ComparablePet arg) { return 0; } + implements Comparable { + @Override + public int compareTo(ComparablePet arg) { + return 0; + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/CompilerIntelligence.java b/src/generics/CompilerIntelligence.java index 09ce30b..e3565e2 100644 --- a/src/generics/CompilerIntelligence.java +++ b/src/generics/CompilerIntelligence.java @@ -1,12 +1,13 @@ package generics;//: generics/CompilerIntelligence.java + import java.util.*; public class CompilerIntelligence { - public static void main(String[] args) { - List flist = - Arrays.asList(new Apple()); - Apple a = (Apple)flist.get(0); // No warning - flist.contains(new Apple()); // Argument is 'Object' - flist.indexOf(new Apple()); // Argument is 'Object' - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + List flist = + Arrays.asList(new Apple()); + Apple a = (Apple) flist.get(0); // No warning + flist.contains(new Apple()); // Argument is 'Object' + flist.indexOf(new Apple()); // Argument is 'Object' + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/CountedObject.java b/src/generics/CountedObject.java index 15b6456..4148edb 100644 --- a/src/generics/CountedObject.java +++ b/src/generics/CountedObject.java @@ -1,8 +1,15 @@ package generics;//: generics/CountedObject.java public class CountedObject { - private static long counter = 0; - private final long id = counter++; - public long id() { return id; } - public String toString() { return "CountedObject " + id;} + private static long counter = 0; + private final long id = counter++; + + public long id() { + return id; + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return "CountedObject " + id; + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/CovariantArrays.java b/src/generics/CovariantArrays.java index 585fb2b..ae13ae6 100644 --- a/src/generics/CovariantArrays.java +++ b/src/generics/CovariantArrays.java @@ -1,25 +1,36 @@ package generics;//: generics/CovariantArrays.java -class Fruit {} -class Apple extends Fruit {} -class Jonathan extends Apple {} -class Orange extends Fruit {} +class Fruit { +} + +class Apple extends Fruit { +} + +class Jonathan extends Apple { +} + +class Orange extends Fruit { +} public class CovariantArrays { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Fruit[] fruit = new Apple[10]; - fruit[0] = new Apple(); // OK - fruit[1] = new Jonathan(); // OK - // Runtime type is Apple[], not Fruit[] or Orange[]: - try { - // Compiler allows you to add Fruit: - fruit[0] = new Fruit(); // ArrayStoreException - } catch(Exception e) { System.out.println(e); } - try { - // Compiler allows you to add Oranges: - fruit[0] = new Orange(); // ArrayStoreException - } catch(Exception e) { System.out.println(e); } - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + Fruit[] fruit = new Apple[10]; + fruit[0] = new Apple(); // OK + fruit[1] = new Jonathan(); // OK + // Runtime type is Apple[], not Fruit[] or Orange[]: + try { + // Compiler allows you to add Fruit: + fruit[0] = new Fruit(); // ArrayStoreException + } catch (Exception e) { + System.out.println(e); + } + try { + // Compiler allows you to add Oranges: + fruit[0] = new Orange(); // ArrayStoreException + } catch (Exception e) { + System.out.println(e); + } + } } /* Output: java.lang.ArrayStoreException: Fruit java.lang.ArrayStoreException: Orange diff --git a/src/generics/CovariantReturnTypes.java b/src/generics/CovariantReturnTypes.java index 68ef99e..e2b9a14 100644 --- a/src/generics/CovariantReturnTypes.java +++ b/src/generics/CovariantReturnTypes.java @@ -1,19 +1,23 @@ package generics;//: generics/CovariantReturnTypes.java -class Base {} -class Derived extends Base {} +class Base { +} + +class Derived extends Base { +} interface OrdinaryGetter { - Base get(); + Base get(); } interface DerivedGetter extends OrdinaryGetter { - // Return type of overridden method is allowed to vary: - Derived get(); + // Return type of overridden method is allowed to vary: + @Override + Derived get(); } public class CovariantReturnTypes { - void test(DerivedGetter d) { - Derived d2 = d.get(); - } + void test(DerivedGetter d) { + Derived d2 = d.get(); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/CreatorGeneric.java b/src/generics/CreatorGeneric.java index 07c870e..d1c51c8 100644 --- a/src/generics/CreatorGeneric.java +++ b/src/generics/CreatorGeneric.java @@ -1,25 +1,34 @@ package generics;//: generics/CreatorGeneric.java abstract class GenericWithCreate { - final T element; - GenericWithCreate() { element = create(); } - abstract T create(); + final T element; + + GenericWithCreate() { + element = create(); + } + + abstract T create(); } -class X {} +class X { +} class Creator extends GenericWithCreate { - X create() { return new X(); } - void f() { - System.out.println(element.getClass().getSimpleName()); - } -} + @Override + X create() { + return new X(); + } + + void f() { + System.out.println(element.getClass().getSimpleName()); + } +} public class CreatorGeneric { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Creator c = new Creator(); - c.f(); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + Creator c = new Creator(); + c.f(); + } } /* Output: X *///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/CuriouslyRecurringGeneric.java b/src/generics/CuriouslyRecurringGeneric.java index 99612d9..c82ffd0 100644 --- a/src/generics/CuriouslyRecurringGeneric.java +++ b/src/generics/CuriouslyRecurringGeneric.java @@ -1,6 +1,8 @@ package generics;//: generics/CuriouslyRecurringGeneric.java -class GenericType {} +class GenericType { +} public class CuriouslyRecurringGeneric - extends GenericType {} ///:~ + extends GenericType { +} ///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/DogsAndRobots.java b/src/generics/DogsAndRobots.java index 5ec056f..2081680 100644 --- a/src/generics/DogsAndRobots.java +++ b/src/generics/DogsAndRobots.java @@ -1,35 +1,55 @@ package generics;//: generics/DogsAndRobots.java // No latent typing in Java + import typeinfo.pets.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; class PerformingDog extends Dog implements Performs { - public void speak() { print("Woof!"); } - public void sit() { print("Sitting"); } - public void reproduce() {} + @Override + public void speak() { + print("Woof!"); + } + + @Override + public void sit() { + print("Sitting"); + } + + public void reproduce() { + } } class Robot implements Performs { - public void speak() { print("Click!"); } - public void sit() { print("Clank!"); } - public void oilChange() {} -} + @Override + public void speak() { + print("Click!"); + } + + @Override + public void sit() { + print("Clank!"); + } + + public void oilChange() { + } +} class Communicate { - public static - void perform(T performer) { - performer.speak(); - performer.sit(); - } + public static + void perform(T performer) { + performer.speak(); + performer.sit(); + } } public class DogsAndRobots { - public static void main(String[] args) { - PerformingDog d = new PerformingDog(); - Robot r = new Robot(); - Communicate.perform(d); - Communicate.perform(r); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + PerformingDog d = new PerformingDog(); + Robot r = new Robot(); + Communicate.perform(d); + Communicate.perform(r); + } } /* Output: Woof! Sitting diff --git a/src/generics/DynamicProxyMixin.java b/src/generics/DynamicProxyMixin.java index 931a756..badc280 100644 --- a/src/generics/DynamicProxyMixin.java +++ b/src/generics/DynamicProxyMixin.java @@ -1,57 +1,64 @@ package generics;//: generics/DynamicProxyMixin.java + import java.lang.reflect.*; import java.util.*; + import net.mindview.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Tuple.*; class MixinProxy implements InvocationHandler { - Map delegatesByMethod; - public MixinProxy(TwoTuple>... pairs) { - delegatesByMethod = new HashMap(); - for(TwoTuple> pair : pairs) { - for(Method method : pair.second.getMethods()) { - String methodName = method.getName(); - // The first interface in the map - // implements the method. - if (!delegatesByMethod.containsKey(methodName)) { - delegatesByMethod.put(methodName, pair.first); + Map delegatesByMethod; + + public MixinProxy(TwoTuple>... pairs) { + delegatesByMethod = new HashMap(); + for (TwoTuple> pair : pairs) { + for (Method method : pair.second.getMethods()) { + String methodName = method.getName(); + // The first interface in the map + // implements the method. + if (!delegatesByMethod.containsKey(methodName)) { + delegatesByMethod.put(methodName, pair.first); + } + } } - } } - } - public Object invoke(Object proxy, Method method, - Object[] args) throws Throwable { - String methodName = method.getName(); - Object delegate = delegatesByMethod.get(methodName); - return method.invoke(delegate, args); - } - @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") - public static Object newInstance(TwoTuple... pairs) { - Class[] interfaces = new Class[pairs.length]; - for(int i = 0; i < pairs.length; i++) { - interfaces[i] = (Class)pairs[i].second; + + @Override + public Object invoke(Object proxy, Method method, + Object[] args) throws Throwable { + String methodName = method.getName(); + Object delegate = delegatesByMethod.get(methodName); + return method.invoke(delegate, args); } - ClassLoader cl = - pairs[0].first.getClass().getClassLoader(); - return Proxy.newProxyInstance( - cl, interfaces, new MixinProxy(pairs)); - } -} + + @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") + public static Object newInstance(TwoTuple... pairs) { + Class[] interfaces = new Class[pairs.length]; + for (int i = 0; i < pairs.length; i++) { + interfaces[i] = (Class) pairs[i].second; + } + ClassLoader cl = + pairs[0].first.getClass().getClassLoader(); + return Proxy.newProxyInstance( + cl, interfaces, new MixinProxy(pairs)); + } +} public class DynamicProxyMixin { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Object mixin = MixinProxy.newInstance( - tuple(new BasicImp(), Basic.class), - tuple(new TimeStampedImp(), TimeStamped.class), - tuple(new SerialNumberedImp(),SerialNumbered.class)); - Basic b = (Basic)mixin; - TimeStamped t = (TimeStamped)mixin; - SerialNumbered s = (SerialNumbered)mixin; - b.set("Hello"); - System.out.println(b.get()); - System.out.println(t.getStamp()); - System.out.println(s.getSerialNumber()); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + Object mixin = MixinProxy.newInstance( + tuple(new BasicImp(), Basic.class), + tuple(new TimeStampedImp(), TimeStamped.class), + tuple(new SerialNumberedImp(), SerialNumbered.class)); + Basic b = (Basic) mixin; + TimeStamped t = (TimeStamped) mixin; + SerialNumbered s = (SerialNumbered) mixin; + b.set("Hello"); + System.out.println(b.get()); + System.out.println(t.getStamp()); + System.out.println(s.getSerialNumber()); + } } /* Output: (Sample) Hello 1132519137015 diff --git a/src/generics/EpicBattle.java b/src/generics/EpicBattle.java index 61f8381..e499bab 100644 --- a/src/generics/EpicBattle.java +++ b/src/generics/EpicBattle.java @@ -1,64 +1,97 @@ package generics;//: generics/EpicBattle.java // Demonstrating bounds in Java generics. + import java.util.*; -interface SuperPower {} +interface SuperPower { +} + interface XRayVision extends SuperPower { - void seeThroughWalls(); + void seeThroughWalls(); } + interface SuperHearing extends SuperPower { - void hearSubtleNoises(); + void hearSubtleNoises(); } + interface SuperSmell extends SuperPower { - void trackBySmell(); + void trackBySmell(); } class SuperHero { - POWER power; - SuperHero(POWER power) { this.power = power; } - POWER getPower() { return power; } + POWER power; + + SuperHero(POWER power) { + this.power = power; + } + + POWER getPower() { + return power; + } } class SuperSleuth -extends SuperHero { - SuperSleuth(POWER power) { super(power); } - void see() { power.seeThroughWalls(); } + extends SuperHero { + SuperSleuth(POWER power) { + super(power); + } + + void see() { + power.seeThroughWalls(); + } } class CanineHero -extends SuperHero { - CanineHero(POWER power) { super(power); } - void hear() { power.hearSubtleNoises(); } - void smell() { power.trackBySmell(); } + extends SuperHero { + CanineHero(POWER power) { + super(power); + } + + void hear() { + power.hearSubtleNoises(); + } + + void smell() { + power.trackBySmell(); + } } class SuperHearSmell implements SuperHearing, SuperSmell { - public void hearSubtleNoises() {} - public void trackBySmell() {} + @Override + public void hearSubtleNoises() { + } + + @Override + public void trackBySmell() { + } } class DogBoy extends CanineHero { - DogBoy() { super(new SuperHearSmell()); } + DogBoy() { + super(new SuperHearSmell()); + } } public class EpicBattle { - // Bounds in generic methods: - static - void useSuperHearing(SuperHero hero) { - hero.getPower().hearSubtleNoises(); - } - static - void superFind(SuperHero hero) { - hero.getPower().hearSubtleNoises(); - hero.getPower().trackBySmell(); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - DogBoy dogBoy = new DogBoy(); - useSuperHearing(dogBoy); - superFind(dogBoy); - // You can do this: - List audioBoys; - // But you can't do this: - // List dogBoys; - } + // Bounds in generic methods: + static + void useSuperHearing(SuperHero hero) { + hero.getPower().hearSubtleNoises(); + } + + static + void superFind(SuperHero hero) { + hero.getPower().hearSubtleNoises(); + hero.getPower().trackBySmell(); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + DogBoy dogBoy = new DogBoy(); + useSuperHearing(dogBoy); + superFind(dogBoy); + // You can do this: + List audioBoys; + // But you can't do this: + // List dogBoys; + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/Erased.java b/src/generics/Erased.java index 09d2b4a..33c903f 100644 --- a/src/generics/Erased.java +++ b/src/generics/Erased.java @@ -2,11 +2,13 @@ package generics;//: generics/Erased.java // {CompileTimeError} (Won't compile) public class Erased { - private final int SIZE = 100; - public static void f(Object arg) { - if(arg instanceof T) {} // Error - T var = new T(); // Error - T[] array = new T[SIZE]; // Error - T[] array = (T)new Object[SIZE]; // Unchecked warning - } + private final int SIZE = 100; + + public static void f(Object arg) { + if (arg instanceof T) { + } // Error + T var = new T(); // Error + T[] array = new T[SIZE]; // Error + T[] array = (T) new Object[SIZE]; // Unchecked warning + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/ErasedTypeEquivalence.java b/src/generics/ErasedTypeEquivalence.java index 8b31569..f3c4a88 100644 --- a/src/generics/ErasedTypeEquivalence.java +++ b/src/generics/ErasedTypeEquivalence.java @@ -1,12 +1,13 @@ package generics;//: generics/ErasedTypeEquivalence.java + import java.util.*; public class ErasedTypeEquivalence { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Class c1 = new ArrayList().getClass(); - Class c2 = new ArrayList().getClass(); - System.out.println(c1 == c2); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + Class c1 = new ArrayList().getClass(); + Class c2 = new ArrayList().getClass(); + System.out.println(c1 == c2); + } } /* Output: true *///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/ErasureAndInheritance.java b/src/generics/ErasureAndInheritance.java index f531f64..c883c22 100644 --- a/src/generics/ErasureAndInheritance.java +++ b/src/generics/ErasureAndInheritance.java @@ -1,14 +1,22 @@ package generics;//: generics/ErasureAndInheritance.java class GenericBase { - private T element; - public void set(T arg) { arg = element; } - public T get() { return element; } + private T element; + + public void set(T arg) { + arg = element; + } + + public T get() { + return element; + } } -class Derived1 extends GenericBase {} +class Derived1 extends GenericBase { +} -class Derived2 extends GenericBase {} // No warning +class Derived2 extends GenericBase { +} // No warning // class Derived3 extends GenericBase {} // Strange error: @@ -16,10 +24,10 @@ class Derived2 extends GenericBase {} // No warning // required: class or interface without bounds public class ErasureAndInheritance { - @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") - public static void main(String[] args) { - Derived2 d2 = new Derived2(); - Object obj = d2.get(); - d2.set(obj); // Warning here! - } + @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") + public static void main(String[] args) { + Derived2 d2 = new Derived2(); + Object obj = d2.get(); + d2.set(obj); // Warning here! + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/ExplicitTypeSpecification.java b/src/generics/ExplicitTypeSpecification.java index 05dd5cd..ebe1370 100644 --- a/src/generics/ExplicitTypeSpecification.java +++ b/src/generics/ExplicitTypeSpecification.java @@ -1,11 +1,16 @@ package generics;//: generics/ExplicitTypeSpecification.java + import typeinfo.pets.*; + import java.util.*; + import net.mindview.util.*; public class ExplicitTypeSpecification { - static void f(Map> petPeople) {} - public static void main(String[] args) { - f(New.>map()); - } + static void f(Map> petPeople) { + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + f(New.>map()); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/FactoryConstraint.java b/src/generics/FactoryConstraint.java index 3b0756a..296b9a1 100644 --- a/src/generics/FactoryConstraint.java +++ b/src/generics/FactoryConstraint.java @@ -1,34 +1,37 @@ package generics;//: generics/FactoryConstraint.java interface FactoryI { - T create(); + T create(); } class Foo2 { - private T x; - public > Foo2(F factory) { - x = factory.create(); - } - // ... + private T x; + + public > Foo2(F factory) { + x = factory.create(); + } + // ... } class IntegerFactory implements FactoryI { - public Integer create() { - return new Integer(0); - } -} + @Override + public Integer create() { + return new Integer(0); + } +} class Widget { - public static class Factory implements FactoryI { - public Widget create() { - return new Widget(); + public static class Factory implements FactoryI { + @Override + public Widget create() { + return new Widget(); + } } - } } public class FactoryConstraint { - public static void main(String[] args) { - new Foo2(new IntegerFactory()); - new Foo2(new Widget.Factory()); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + new Foo2(new IntegerFactory()); + new Foo2(new Widget.Factory()); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/Fibonacci.java b/src/generics/Fibonacci.java index 23b87ce..79f2f5e 100644 --- a/src/generics/Fibonacci.java +++ b/src/generics/Fibonacci.java @@ -1,22 +1,29 @@ package generics;//: generics/Fibonacci.java // Generate a Fibonacci sequence. + import net.mindview.util.*; public class Fibonacci implements Generator { - private int count = 0; - public Integer next() { return fib(count++); } - private int fib(int n) { - if(n < 2) { - return 1; + private int count = 0; + + @Override + public Integer next() { + return fib(count++); } - return fib(n-2) + fib(n-1); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - Fibonacci gen = new Fibonacci(); - for(int i = 0; i < 18; i++) { - System.out.print(gen.next() + " "); + + private int fib(int n) { + if (n < 2) { + return 1; + } + return fib(n - 2) + fib(n - 1); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + Fibonacci gen = new Fibonacci(); + for (int i = 0; i < 18; i++) { + System.out.print(gen.next() + " "); + } } - } } /* Output: 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 610 987 1597 2584 *///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/Fill.java b/src/generics/Fill.java index 94ff6df..5712772 100644 --- a/src/generics/Fill.java +++ b/src/generics/Fill.java @@ -1,6 +1,7 @@ package generics;//: generics/Fill.java // Generalizing the FilledList idea // {main: FillTest} + import java.util.*; // Doesn't work with "anything that has an add()." There is @@ -8,43 +9,46 @@ import java.util.*; // Collection. We cannot generalize using generics in // this case. public class Fill { - public static void fill(Collection collection, - Class classToken, int size) { - for(int i = 0; i < size; i++) - // Assumes default constructor: - { - try { - collection.add(classToken.newInstance()); - } catch(Exception e) { - throw new RuntimeException(e); + public static void fill(Collection collection, + Class classToken, int size) { + for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) + // Assumes default constructor: + { + try { + collection.add(classToken.newInstance()); + } catch (Exception e) { + throw new RuntimeException(e); + } } } - } } class Contract { - private static long counter = 0; - private final long id = counter++; - public String toString() { - return getClass().getName() + " " + id; - } + private static long counter = 0; + private final long id = counter++; + + @Override + public String toString() { + return getClass().getName() + " " + id; + } +} + +class TitleTransfer extends Contract { } -class TitleTransfer extends Contract {} - class FillTest { - public static void main(String[] args) { - List contracts = new ArrayList(); - Fill.fill(contracts, Contract.class, 3); - Fill.fill(contracts, TitleTransfer.class, 2); - for(Contract c: contracts) { - System.out.println(c); + public static void main(String[] args) { + List contracts = new ArrayList(); + Fill.fill(contracts, Contract.class, 3); + Fill.fill(contracts, TitleTransfer.class, 2); + for (Contract c : contracts) { + System.out.println(c); + } + SimpleQueue contractQueue = + new SimpleQueue(); + // Won't work. fill() is not generic enough: + // Fill.fill(contractQueue, Contract.class, 3); } - SimpleQueue contractQueue = - new SimpleQueue(); - // Won't work. fill() is not generic enough: - // Fill.fill(contractQueue, Contract.class, 3); - } } /* Output: Contract 0 Contract 1 diff --git a/src/generics/Fill2.java b/src/generics/Fill2.java index 0055f3b..c715548 100644 --- a/src/generics/Fill2.java +++ b/src/generics/Fill2.java @@ -1,82 +1,97 @@ package generics;//: generics/Fill2.java // Using adapters to simulate latent typing. // {main: Fill2Test} + import generics.coffee.*; + import java.util.*; + import net.mindview.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; -interface Addable { void add(T t); } +interface Addable { + void add(T t); +} public class Fill2 { - // Classtoken version: - public static void fill(Addable addable, - Class classToken, int size) { - for(int i = 0; i < size; i++) { - try { - addable.add(classToken.newInstance()); - } catch(Exception e) { - throw new RuntimeException(e); + // Classtoken version: + public static void fill(Addable addable, + Class classToken, int size) { + for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) { + try { + addable.add(classToken.newInstance()); + } catch (Exception e) { + throw new RuntimeException(e); + } } } - } - // Generator version: - public static void fill(Addable addable, - Generator generator, int size) { - for(int i = 0; i < size; i++) { - addable.add(generator.next()); + + // Generator version: + public static void fill(Addable addable, + Generator generator, int size) { + for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) { + addable.add(generator.next()); + } } - } } // To adapt a base type, you must use composition. // Make any Collection Addable using composition: class AddableCollectionAdapter implements Addable { - private Collection c; - public AddableCollectionAdapter(Collection c) { - this.c = c; - } - public void add(T item) { c.add(item); } + private Collection c; + + public AddableCollectionAdapter(Collection c) { + this.c = c; + } + + @Override + public void add(T item) { + c.add(item); + } } - + // A Helper to capture the type automatically: class Adapter { - public static - Addable collectionAdapter(Collection c) { - return new AddableCollectionAdapter(c); - } + public static + Addable collectionAdapter(Collection c) { + return new AddableCollectionAdapter(c); + } } // To adapt a specific type, you can use inheritance. // Make a SimpleQueue Addable using inheritance: class AddableSimpleQueue -extends SimpleQueue implements Addable { - public void add(T item) { super.add(item); } + extends SimpleQueue implements Addable { + @Override + public void add(T item) { + super.add(item); + } } - + class Fill2Test { - public static void main(String[] args) { - // Adapt a Collection: - List carrier = new ArrayList(); - Fill2.fill( - new AddableCollectionAdapter(carrier), - Coffee.class, 3); - // Helper method captures the type: - Fill2.fill(Adapter.collectionAdapter(carrier), - Latte.class, 2); - for(Coffee c: carrier) { - print(c); + public static void main(String[] args) { + // Adapt a Collection: + List carrier = new ArrayList(); + Fill2.fill( + new AddableCollectionAdapter(carrier), + Coffee.class, 3); + // Helper method captures the type: + Fill2.fill(Adapter.collectionAdapter(carrier), + Latte.class, 2); + for (Coffee c : carrier) { + print(c); + } + print("----------------------"); + // Use an adapted class: + AddableSimpleQueue coffeeQueue = + new AddableSimpleQueue(); + Fill2.fill(coffeeQueue, Mocha.class, 4); + Fill2.fill(coffeeQueue, Latte.class, 1); + for (Coffee c : coffeeQueue) { + print(c); + } } - print("----------------------"); - // Use an adapted class: - AddableSimpleQueue coffeeQueue = - new AddableSimpleQueue(); - Fill2.fill(coffeeQueue, Mocha.class, 4); - Fill2.fill(coffeeQueue, Latte.class, 1); - for(Coffee c: coffeeQueue) { - print(c); - } - } } /* Output: Coffee 0 Coffee 1 diff --git a/src/generics/FilledListMaker.java b/src/generics/FilledListMaker.java index 84a4cbb..9822cf8 100644 --- a/src/generics/FilledListMaker.java +++ b/src/generics/FilledListMaker.java @@ -1,20 +1,22 @@ package generics;//: generics/FilledListMaker.java + import java.util.*; public class FilledListMaker { - List create(T t, int n) { - List result = new ArrayList(); - for(int i = 0; i < n; i++) { - result.add(t); + List create(T t, int n) { + List result = new ArrayList(); + for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) { + result.add(t); + } + return result; + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + FilledListMaker stringMaker = + new FilledListMaker(); + List list = stringMaker.create("Hello", 4); + System.out.println(list); } - return result; - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - FilledListMaker stringMaker = - new FilledListMaker(); - List list = stringMaker.create("Hello", 4); - System.out.println(list); - } } /* Output: [Hello, Hello, Hello, Hello] *///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/Functional.java b/src/generics/Functional.java index 2f3b83c..70b0bf6 100644 --- a/src/generics/Functional.java +++ b/src/generics/Functional.java @@ -1,172 +1,212 @@ package generics;//: generics/Functional.java + import java.math.*; import java.util.concurrent.atomic.*; import java.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; // Different types of function objects: -interface Combiner { T combine(T x, T y); } -interface UnaryFunction { R function(T x); } -interface Collector extends UnaryFunction { - T result(); // Extract result of collecting parameter +interface Combiner { + T combine(T x, T y); } -interface UnaryPredicate { boolean test(T x); } - + +interface UnaryFunction { + R function(T x); +} + +interface Collector extends UnaryFunction { + T result(); // Extract result of collecting parameter +} + +interface UnaryPredicate { + boolean test(T x); +} + public class Functional { - // Calls the Combiner object on each element to combine - // it with a running result, which is finally returned: - public static T - reduce(Iterable seq, Combiner combiner) { - Iterator it = seq.iterator(); - if(it.hasNext()) { - T result = it.next(); - while(it.hasNext()) { - result = combiner.combine(result, it.next()); - } - return result; + // Calls the Combiner object on each element to combine + // it with a running result, which is finally returned: + public static T + reduce(Iterable seq, Combiner combiner) { + Iterator it = seq.iterator(); + if (it.hasNext()) { + T result = it.next(); + while (it.hasNext()) { + result = combiner.combine(result, it.next()); + } + return result; + } + // If seq is the empty list: + return null; // Or throw exception } - // If seq is the empty list: - return null; // Or throw exception - } - // Take a function object and call it on each object in - // the list, ignoring the return value. The function - // object may act as a collecting parameter, so it is - // returned at the end. - public static Collector - forEach(Iterable seq, Collector func) { - for(T t : seq) { - func.function(t); + + // Take a function object and call it on each object in + // the list, ignoring the return value. The function + // object may act as a collecting parameter, so it is + // returned at the end. + public static Collector + forEach(Iterable seq, Collector func) { + for (T t : seq) { + func.function(t); + } + return func; } - return func; - } - // Creates a list of results by calling a - // function object for each object in the list: - public static List - transform(Iterable seq, UnaryFunction func) { - List result = new ArrayList(); - for(T t : seq) { - result.add(func.function(t)); + + // Creates a list of results by calling a + // function object for each object in the list: + public static List + transform(Iterable seq, UnaryFunction func) { + List result = new ArrayList(); + for (T t : seq) { + result.add(func.function(t)); + } + return result; } - return result; - } - // Applies a unary predicate to each item in a sequence, - // and returns a list of items that produced "true": - public static List - filter(Iterable seq, UnaryPredicate pred) { - List result = new ArrayList(); - for(T t : seq) { - if(pred.test(t)) { - result.add(t); + + // Applies a unary predicate to each item in a sequence, + // and returns a list of items that produced "true": + public static List + filter(Iterable seq, UnaryPredicate pred) { + List result = new ArrayList(); + for (T t : seq) { + if (pred.test(t)) { + result.add(t); + } + } + return result; + } + + // To use the above generic methods, we need to create + // function objects to adapt to our particular needs: + static class IntegerAdder implements Combiner { + @Override + public Integer combine(Integer x, Integer y) { + return x + y; } } - return result; - } - // To use the above generic methods, we need to create - // function objects to adapt to our particular needs: - static class IntegerAdder implements Combiner { - public Integer combine(Integer x, Integer y) { - return x + y; + + static class + IntegerSubtracter implements Combiner { + @Override + public Integer combine(Integer x, Integer y) { + return x - y; + } } - } - static class - IntegerSubtracter implements Combiner { - public Integer combine(Integer x, Integer y) { - return x - y; + + static class + BigDecimalAdder implements Combiner { + @Override + public BigDecimal combine(BigDecimal x, BigDecimal y) { + return x.add(y); + } } - } - static class - BigDecimalAdder implements Combiner { - public BigDecimal combine(BigDecimal x, BigDecimal y) { - return x.add(y); + + static class + BigIntegerAdder implements Combiner { + @Override + public BigInteger combine(BigInteger x, BigInteger y) { + return x.add(y); + } } - } - static class - BigIntegerAdder implements Combiner { - public BigInteger combine(BigInteger x, BigInteger y) { - return x.add(y); + + static class + AtomicLongAdder implements Combiner { + @Override + public AtomicLong combine(AtomicLong x, AtomicLong y) { + // Not clear whether this is meaningful: + return new AtomicLong(x.addAndGet(y.get())); + } } - } - static class - AtomicLongAdder implements Combiner { - public AtomicLong combine(AtomicLong x, AtomicLong y) { - // Not clear whether this is meaningful: - return new AtomicLong(x.addAndGet(y.get())); + + // We can even make a UnaryFunction with an "ulp" + // (Units in the last place): + static class BigDecimalUlp + implements UnaryFunction { + @Override + public BigDecimal function(BigDecimal x) { + return x.ulp(); + } } - } - // We can even make a UnaryFunction with an "ulp" - // (Units in the last place): - static class BigDecimalUlp - implements UnaryFunction { - public BigDecimal function(BigDecimal x) { - return x.ulp(); + + static class GreaterThan> + implements UnaryPredicate { + private T bound; + + public GreaterThan(T bound) { + this.bound = bound; + } + + @Override + public boolean test(T x) { + return x.compareTo(bound) > 0; + } } - } - static class GreaterThan> - implements UnaryPredicate { - private T bound; - public GreaterThan(T bound) { this.bound = bound; } - public boolean test(T x) { - return x.compareTo(bound) > 0; + + static class MultiplyingIntegerCollector + implements Collector { + private Integer val = 1; + + @Override + public Integer function(Integer x) { + val *= x; + return val; + } + + @Override + public Integer result() { + return val; + } } - } - static class MultiplyingIntegerCollector - implements Collector { - private Integer val = 1; - public Integer function(Integer x) { - val *= x; - return val; + + public static void main(String[] args) { + // Generics, varargs & boxing working together: + List li = Arrays.asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7); + Integer result = reduce(li, new IntegerAdder()); + print(result); + + result = reduce(li, new IntegerSubtracter()); + print(result); + + print(filter(li, new GreaterThan(4))); + + print(forEach(li, + new MultiplyingIntegerCollector()).result()); + + print(forEach(filter(li, new GreaterThan(4)), + new MultiplyingIntegerCollector()).result()); + + MathContext mc = new MathContext(7); + List lbd = Arrays.asList( + new BigDecimal(1.1, mc), new BigDecimal(2.2, mc), + new BigDecimal(3.3, mc), new BigDecimal(4.4, mc)); + BigDecimal rbd = reduce(lbd, new BigDecimalAdder()); + print(rbd); + + print(filter(lbd, + new GreaterThan(new BigDecimal(3)))); + + // Use the prime-generation facility of BigInteger: + List lbi = new ArrayList(); + BigInteger bi = BigInteger.valueOf(11); + for (int i = 0; i < 11; i++) { + lbi.add(bi); + bi = bi.nextProbablePrime(); + } + print(lbi); + + BigInteger rbi = reduce(lbi, new BigIntegerAdder()); + print(rbi); + // The sum of this list of primes is also prime: + print(rbi.isProbablePrime(5)); + + List lal = Arrays.asList( + new AtomicLong(11), new AtomicLong(47), + new AtomicLong(74), new AtomicLong(133)); + AtomicLong ral = reduce(lal, new AtomicLongAdder()); + print(ral); + + print(transform(lbd, new BigDecimalUlp())); } - public Integer result() { return val; } - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - // Generics, varargs & boxing working together: - List li = Arrays.asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7); - Integer result = reduce(li, new IntegerAdder()); - print(result); - - result = reduce(li, new IntegerSubtracter()); - print(result); - - print(filter(li, new GreaterThan(4))); - - print(forEach(li, - new MultiplyingIntegerCollector()).result()); - - print(forEach(filter(li, new GreaterThan(4)), - new MultiplyingIntegerCollector()).result()); - - MathContext mc = new MathContext(7); - List lbd = Arrays.asList( - new BigDecimal(1.1, mc), new BigDecimal(2.2, mc), - new BigDecimal(3.3, mc), new BigDecimal(4.4, mc)); - BigDecimal rbd = reduce(lbd, new BigDecimalAdder()); - print(rbd); - - print(filter(lbd, - new GreaterThan(new BigDecimal(3)))); - - // Use the prime-generation facility of BigInteger: - List lbi = new ArrayList(); - BigInteger bi = BigInteger.valueOf(11); - for(int i = 0; i < 11; i++) { - lbi.add(bi); - bi = bi.nextProbablePrime(); - } - print(lbi); - - BigInteger rbi = reduce(lbi, new BigIntegerAdder()); - print(rbi); - // The sum of this list of primes is also prime: - print(rbi.isProbablePrime(5)); - - List lal = Arrays.asList( - new AtomicLong(11), new AtomicLong(47), - new AtomicLong(74), new AtomicLong(133)); - AtomicLong ral = reduce(lal, new AtomicLongAdder()); - print(ral); - - print(transform(lbd,new BigDecimalUlp())); - } } /* Output: 28 -26 diff --git a/src/generics/Generators.java b/src/generics/Generators.java index 6b441f9..0a47102 100644 --- a/src/generics/Generators.java +++ b/src/generics/Generators.java @@ -1,29 +1,33 @@ package generics;//: generics/Generators.java // A utility to use with Generators. + import generics.coffee.*; + import java.util.*; + import net.mindview.util.*; public class Generators { - public static Collection - fill(Collection coll, Generator gen, int n) { - for(int i = 0; i < n; i++) { - coll.add(gen.next()); + public static Collection + fill(Collection coll, Generator gen, int n) { + for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) { + coll.add(gen.next()); + } + return coll; } - return coll; - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - Collection coffee = fill( - new ArrayList(), new CoffeeGenerator(), 4); - for(Coffee c : coffee) { - System.out.println(c); + + public static void main(String[] args) { + Collection coffee = fill( + new ArrayList(), new CoffeeGenerator(), 4); + for (Coffee c : coffee) { + System.out.println(c); + } + Collection fnumbers = fill( + new ArrayList(), new Fibonacci(), 12); + for (int i : fnumbers) { + System.out.print(i + ", "); + } } - Collection fnumbers = fill( - new ArrayList(), new Fibonacci(), 12); - for(int i : fnumbers) { - System.out.print(i + ", "); - } - } } /* Output: Americano 0 Latte 1 diff --git a/src/generics/GenericArray.java b/src/generics/GenericArray.java index 1cb88dc..78b8cee 100644 --- a/src/generics/GenericArray.java +++ b/src/generics/GenericArray.java @@ -1,23 +1,32 @@ package generics;//: generics/GenericArray.java public class GenericArray { - private T[] array; - @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") - public GenericArray(int sz) { - array = (T[])new Object[sz]; - } - public void put(int index, T item) { - array[index] = item; - } - public T get(int index) { return array[index]; } - // Method that exposes the underlying representation: - public T[] rep() { return array; } - public static void main(String[] args) { - GenericArray gai = - new GenericArray(10); - // This causes a ClassCastException: - //! Integer[] ia = gai.rep(); - // This is OK: - Object[] oa = gai.rep(); - } + private T[] array; + + @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") + public GenericArray(int sz) { + array = (T[]) new Object[sz]; + } + + public void put(int index, T item) { + array[index] = item; + } + + public T get(int index) { + return array[index]; + } + + // Method that exposes the underlying representation: + public T[] rep() { + return array; + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + GenericArray gai = + new GenericArray(10); + // This causes a ClassCastException: + //! Integer[] ia = gai.rep(); + // This is OK: + Object[] oa = gai.rep(); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/GenericArray2.java b/src/generics/GenericArray2.java index 2132d71..32b3118 100644 --- a/src/generics/GenericArray2.java +++ b/src/generics/GenericArray2.java @@ -1,33 +1,42 @@ package generics;//: generics/GenericArray2.java public class GenericArray2 { - private Object[] array; - public GenericArray2(int sz) { - array = new Object[sz]; - } - public void put(int index, T item) { - array[index] = item; - } - @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") - public T get(int index) { return (T)array[index]; } - @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") - public T[] rep() { - return (T[])array; // Warning: unchecked cast - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - GenericArray2 gai = - new GenericArray2(10); - for(int i = 0; i < 10; i ++) { - gai.put(i, i); + private Object[] array; + + public GenericArray2(int sz) { + array = new Object[sz]; } - for(int i = 0; i < 10; i ++) { - System.out.print(gai.get(i) + " "); + + public void put(int index, T item) { + array[index] = item; + } + + @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") + public T get(int index) { + return (T) array[index]; + } + + @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") + public T[] rep() { + return (T[]) array; // Warning: unchecked cast + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + GenericArray2 gai = + new GenericArray2(10); + for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { + gai.put(i, i); + } + for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { + System.out.print(gai.get(i) + " "); + } + System.out.println(); + try { + Integer[] ia = gai.rep(); + } catch (Exception e) { + System.out.println(e); + } } - System.out.println(); - try { - Integer[] ia = gai.rep(); - } catch(Exception e) { System.out.println(e); } - } } /* Output: (Sample) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 java.lang.ClassCastException: [Ljava.lang.Object; cannot be cast to [Ljava.lang.Integer; diff --git a/src/generics/GenericArrayWithTypeToken.java b/src/generics/GenericArrayWithTypeToken.java index 5c15c74..40f3c83 100644 --- a/src/generics/GenericArrayWithTypeToken.java +++ b/src/generics/GenericArrayWithTypeToken.java @@ -1,23 +1,33 @@ package generics;//: generics/GenericArrayWithTypeToken.java + import java.lang.reflect.*; public class GenericArrayWithTypeToken { - private T[] array; - @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") - public GenericArrayWithTypeToken(Class type, int sz) { - array = (T[])Array.newInstance(type, sz); - } - public void put(int index, T item) { - array[index] = item; - } - public T get(int index) { return array[index]; } - // Expose the underlying representation: - public T[] rep() { return array; } - public static void main(String[] args) { - GenericArrayWithTypeToken gai = - new GenericArrayWithTypeToken( - Integer.class, 10); - // This now works: - Integer[] ia = gai.rep(); - } + private T[] array; + + @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") + public GenericArrayWithTypeToken(Class type, int sz) { + array = (T[]) Array.newInstance(type, sz); + } + + public void put(int index, T item) { + array[index] = item; + } + + public T get(int index) { + return array[index]; + } + + // Expose the underlying representation: + public T[] rep() { + return array; + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + GenericArrayWithTypeToken gai = + new GenericArrayWithTypeToken( + Integer.class, 10); + // This now works: + Integer[] ia = gai.rep(); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/GenericCast.java b/src/generics/GenericCast.java index 61a3740..2808a70 100644 --- a/src/generics/GenericCast.java +++ b/src/generics/GenericCast.java @@ -1,29 +1,37 @@ package generics;//: generics/GenericCast.java class FixedSizeStack { - private int index = 0; - private Object[] storage; - public FixedSizeStack(int size) { - storage = new Object[size]; - } - public void push(T item) { storage[index++] = item; } - @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") - public T pop() { return (T)storage[--index]; } -} + private int index = 0; + private Object[] storage; + + public FixedSizeStack(int size) { + storage = new Object[size]; + } + + public void push(T item) { + storage[index++] = item; + } + + @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") + public T pop() { + return (T) storage[--index]; + } +} public class GenericCast { - public static final int SIZE = 10; - public static void main(String[] args) { - FixedSizeStack strings = - new FixedSizeStack(SIZE); - for(String s : "A B C D E F G H I J".split(" ")) { - strings.push(s); + public static final int SIZE = 10; + + public static void main(String[] args) { + FixedSizeStack strings = + new FixedSizeStack(SIZE); + for (String s : "A B C D E F G H I J".split(" ")) { + strings.push(s); + } + for (int i = 0; i < SIZE; i++) { + String s = strings.pop(); + System.out.print(s + " "); + } } - for(int i = 0; i < SIZE; i++) { - String s = strings.pop(); - System.out.print(s + " "); - } - } } /* Output: J I H G F E D C B A *///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/GenericHolder.java b/src/generics/GenericHolder.java index 1815709..650b101 100644 --- a/src/generics/GenericHolder.java +++ b/src/generics/GenericHolder.java @@ -1,13 +1,20 @@ package generics;//: generics/GenericHolder.java public class GenericHolder { - private T obj; - public void set(T obj) { this.obj = obj; } - public T get() { return obj; } - public static void main(String[] args) { - GenericHolder holder = - new GenericHolder(); - holder.set("Item"); - String s = holder.get(); - } + private T obj; + + public void set(T obj) { + this.obj = obj; + } + + public T get() { + return obj; + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + GenericHolder holder = + new GenericHolder(); + holder.set("Item"); + String s = holder.get(); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/GenericMethods.java b/src/generics/GenericMethods.java index e31a5d2..5443b6b 100644 --- a/src/generics/GenericMethods.java +++ b/src/generics/GenericMethods.java @@ -1,18 +1,19 @@ package generics;//: generics/GenericMethods.java public class GenericMethods { - public void f(T x) { - System.out.println(x.getClass().getName()); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - GenericMethods gm = new GenericMethods(); - gm.f(""); - gm.f(1); - gm.f(1.0); - gm.f(1.0F); - gm.f('c'); - gm.f(gm); - } + public void f(T x) { + System.out.println(x.getClass().getName()); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + GenericMethods gm = new GenericMethods(); + gm.f(""); + gm.f(1); + gm.f(1.0); + gm.f(1.0F); + gm.f('c'); + gm.f(gm); + } } /* Output: java.lang.String java.lang.Integer diff --git a/src/generics/GenericReading.java b/src/generics/GenericReading.java index 0d4fc8c..43ad452 100644 --- a/src/generics/GenericReading.java +++ b/src/generics/GenericReading.java @@ -1,42 +1,54 @@ package generics;//: generics/GenericReading.java + import java.util.*; public class GenericReading { - static T readExact(List list) { - return list.get(0); - } - static List apples = Arrays.asList(new Apple()); - static List fruit = Arrays.asList(new Fruit()); - // A static method adapts to each call: - static void f1() { - Apple a = readExact(apples); - Fruit f = readExact(fruit); - f = readExact(apples); - } - // If, however, you have a class, then its type is - // established when the class is instantiated: - static class Reader { - T readExact(List list) { return list.get(0); } - } - static void f2() { - Reader fruitReader = new Reader(); - Fruit f = fruitReader.readExact(fruit); - // Fruit a = fruitReader.readExact(apples); // Error: - // readExact(List) cannot be - // applied to (List). - } - static class CovariantReader { - T readCovariant(List list) { - return list.get(0); + static T readExact(List list) { + return list.get(0); + } + + static List apples = Arrays.asList(new Apple()); + static List fruit = Arrays.asList(new Fruit()); + + // A static method adapts to each call: + static void f1() { + Apple a = readExact(apples); + Fruit f = readExact(fruit); + f = readExact(apples); + } + + // If, however, you have a class, then its type is + // established when the class is instantiated: + static class Reader { + T readExact(List list) { + return list.get(0); + } + } + + static void f2() { + Reader fruitReader = new Reader(); + Fruit f = fruitReader.readExact(fruit); + // Fruit a = fruitReader.readExact(apples); // Error: + // readExact(List) cannot be + // applied to (List). + } + + static class CovariantReader { + T readCovariant(List list) { + return list.get(0); + } + } + + static void f3() { + CovariantReader fruitReader = + new CovariantReader(); + Fruit f = fruitReader.readCovariant(fruit); + Fruit a = fruitReader.readCovariant(apples); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + f1(); + f2(); + f3(); } - } - static void f3() { - CovariantReader fruitReader = - new CovariantReader(); - Fruit f = fruitReader.readCovariant(fruit); - Fruit a = fruitReader.readCovariant(apples); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - f1(); f2(); f3(); - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/GenericVarargs.java b/src/generics/GenericVarargs.java index 89a841b..c9b1196 100644 --- a/src/generics/GenericVarargs.java +++ b/src/generics/GenericVarargs.java @@ -1,22 +1,24 @@ package generics;//: generics/GenericVarargs.java + import java.util.*; public class GenericVarargs { - public static List makeList(T... args) { - List result = new ArrayList(); - for(T item : args) { - result.add(item); + public static List makeList(T... args) { + List result = new ArrayList(); + for (T item : args) { + result.add(item); + } + return result; + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + List ls = makeList("A"); + System.out.println(ls); + ls = makeList("A", "B", "C"); + System.out.println(ls); + ls = makeList("ABCDEFFHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ".split("")); + System.out.println(ls); } - return result; - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - List ls = makeList("A"); - System.out.println(ls); - ls = makeList("A", "B", "C"); - System.out.println(ls); - ls = makeList("ABCDEFFHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ".split("")); - System.out.println(ls); - } } /* Output: [A] [A, B, C] diff --git a/src/generics/GenericWriting.java b/src/generics/GenericWriting.java index 2cb90e5..8443b44 100644 --- a/src/generics/GenericWriting.java +++ b/src/generics/GenericWriting.java @@ -1,24 +1,33 @@ package generics;//: generics/GenericWriting.java + import java.util.*; public class GenericWriting { - static void writeExact(List list, T item) { - list.add(item); - } - static List apples = new ArrayList(); - static List fruit = new ArrayList(); - static void f1() { - writeExact(apples, new Apple()); - // writeExact(fruit, new Apple()); // Error: - // Incompatible types: found Fruit, required Apple - } - static void - writeWithWildcard(List list, T item) { - list.add(item); - } - static void f2() { - writeWithWildcard(apples, new Apple()); - writeWithWildcard(fruit, new Apple()); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { f1(); f2(); } + static void writeExact(List list, T item) { + list.add(item); + } + + static List apples = new ArrayList(); + static List fruit = new ArrayList(); + + static void f1() { + writeExact(apples, new Apple()); + // writeExact(fruit, new Apple()); // Error: + // Incompatible types: found Fruit, required Apple + } + + static void + writeWithWildcard(List list, T item) { + list.add(item); + } + + static void f2() { + writeWithWildcard(apples, new Apple()); + writeWithWildcard(fruit, new Apple()); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + f1(); + f2(); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/GenericsAndCovariance.java b/src/generics/GenericsAndCovariance.java index 56468eb..cfe37eb 100644 --- a/src/generics/GenericsAndCovariance.java +++ b/src/generics/GenericsAndCovariance.java @@ -1,16 +1,17 @@ package generics;//: generics/GenericsAndCovariance.java + import java.util.*; public class GenericsAndCovariance { - public static void main(String[] args) { - // Wildcards allow covariance: - List flist = new ArrayList(); - // Compile Error: can't add any type of object: - // flist.add(new Apple()); - // flist.add(new Fruit()); - // flist.add(new Object()); - flist.add(null); // Legal but uninteresting - // We know that it returns at least Fruit: - Fruit f = flist.get(0); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + // Wildcards allow covariance: + List flist = new ArrayList(); + // Compile Error: can't add any type of object: + // flist.add(new Apple()); + // flist.add(new Fruit()); + // flist.add(new Object()); + flist.add(null); // Legal but uninteresting + // We know that it returns at least Fruit: + Fruit f = flist.get(0); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/GenericsAndReturnTypes.java b/src/generics/GenericsAndReturnTypes.java index 8576f11..43de09f 100644 --- a/src/generics/GenericsAndReturnTypes.java +++ b/src/generics/GenericsAndReturnTypes.java @@ -1,14 +1,15 @@ package generics;//: generics/GenericsAndReturnTypes.java interface GenericGetter> { - T get(); + T get(); } -interface Getter extends GenericGetter {} +interface Getter extends GenericGetter { +} public class GenericsAndReturnTypes { - void test(Getter g) { - Getter result = g.get(); - GenericGetter gg = g.get(); // Also the base type - } + void test(Getter g) { + Getter result = g.get(); + GenericGetter gg = g.get(); // Also the base type + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/HasF.java b/src/generics/HasF.java index 50a0d97..38d12f7 100644 --- a/src/generics/HasF.java +++ b/src/generics/HasF.java @@ -1,5 +1,7 @@ package generics;//: generics/HasF.java public class HasF { - public void f() { System.out.println("HasF.f()"); } + public void f() { + System.out.println("HasF.f()"); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/HijackedInterface.java b/src/generics/HijackedInterface.java index aff9b50..32926d2 100644 --- a/src/generics/HijackedInterface.java +++ b/src/generics/HijackedInterface.java @@ -1,8 +1,11 @@ package generics;//: generics/HijackedInterface.java // {CompileTimeError} (Won't compile) -class Cat extends ComparablePet implements Comparable{ - // Error: Comparable cannot be inherited with - // different arguments: and - public int compareTo(Cat arg) { return 0; } +class Cat extends ComparablePet implements Comparable { + // Error: Comparable cannot be inherited with + // different arguments: and + @Override + public int compareTo(Cat arg) { + return 0; + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/Holder.java b/src/generics/Holder.java index 1a01315..de4640f 100644 --- a/src/generics/Holder.java +++ b/src/generics/Holder.java @@ -1,29 +1,45 @@ package generics;//: generics/Holder.java public class Holder { - private T value; - public Holder() {} - public Holder(T val) { value = val; } - public void set(T val) { value = val; } - public T get() { return value; } - public boolean equals(Object obj) { - return value.equals(obj); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - Holder Apple = new Holder(new Apple()); - Apple d = Apple.get(); - Apple.set(d); - // Holder Fruit = Apple; // Cannot upcast - Holder fruit = Apple; // OK - Fruit p = fruit.get(); - d = (Apple)fruit.get(); // Returns 'Object' - try { - Orange c = (Orange)fruit.get(); // No warning - } catch(Exception e) { System.out.println(e); } - // fruit.set(new Apple()); // Cannot call set() - // fruit.set(new Fruit()); // Cannot call set() - System.out.println(fruit.equals(d)); // OK - } + private T value; + + public Holder() { + } + + public Holder(T val) { + value = val; + } + + public void set(T val) { + value = val; + } + + public T get() { + return value; + } + + @Override + public boolean equals(Object obj) { + return value.equals(obj); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + Holder Apple = new Holder(new Apple()); + Apple d = Apple.get(); + Apple.set(d); + // Holder Fruit = Apple; // Cannot upcast + Holder fruit = Apple; // OK + Fruit p = fruit.get(); + d = (Apple) fruit.get(); // Returns 'Object' + try { + Orange c = (Orange) fruit.get(); // No warning + } catch (Exception e) { + System.out.println(e); + } + // fruit.set(new Apple()); // Cannot call set() + // fruit.set(new Fruit()); // Cannot call set() + System.out.println(fruit.equals(d)); // OK + } } /* Output: (Sample) java.lang.ClassCastException: Apple cannot be cast to Orange true diff --git a/src/generics/Holder1.java b/src/generics/Holder1.java index 61d0bb1..d43d303 100644 --- a/src/generics/Holder1.java +++ b/src/generics/Holder1.java @@ -1,9 +1,16 @@ package generics;//: generics/Holder1.java -class Automobile {} +class Automobile { +} public class Holder1 { - private Automobile a; - public Holder1(Automobile a) { this.a = a; } - Automobile get() { return a; } + private Automobile a; + + public Holder1(Automobile a) { + this.a = a; + } + + Automobile get() { + return a; + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/Holder2.java b/src/generics/Holder2.java index 90294d9..00e0bb7 100644 --- a/src/generics/Holder2.java +++ b/src/generics/Holder2.java @@ -1,16 +1,26 @@ package generics;//: generics/Holder2.java public class Holder2 { - private Object a; - public Holder2(Object a) { this.a = a; } - public void set(Object a) { this.a = a; } - public Object get() { return a; } - public static void main(String[] args) { - Holder2 h2 = new Holder2(new Automobile()); - Automobile a = (Automobile)h2.get(); - h2.set("Not an Automobile"); - String s = (String)h2.get(); - h2.set(1); // Autoboxes to Integer - Integer x = (Integer)h2.get(); - } + private Object a; + + public Holder2(Object a) { + this.a = a; + } + + public void set(Object a) { + this.a = a; + } + + public Object get() { + return a; + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + Holder2 h2 = new Holder2(new Automobile()); + Automobile a = (Automobile) h2.get(); + h2.set("Not an Automobile"); + String s = (String) h2.get(); + h2.set(1); // Autoboxes to Integer + Integer x = (Integer) h2.get(); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/Holder3.java b/src/generics/Holder3.java index 60f3255..e5e251a 100644 --- a/src/generics/Holder3.java +++ b/src/generics/Holder3.java @@ -1,15 +1,25 @@ package generics;//: generics/Holder3.java public class Holder3 { - private T a; - public Holder3(T a) { this.a = a; } - public void set(T a) { this.a = a; } - public T get() { return a; } - public static void main(String[] args) { - Holder3 h3 = - new Holder3(new Automobile()); - Automobile a = h3.get(); // No cast needed - // h3.set("Not an Automobile"); // Error - // h3.set(1); // Error - } + private T a; + + public Holder3(T a) { + this.a = a; + } + + public void set(T a) { + this.a = a; + } + + public T get() { + return a; + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + Holder3 h3 = + new Holder3(new Automobile()); + Automobile a = h3.get(); // No cast needed + // h3.set("Not an Automobile"); // Error + // h3.set(1); // Error + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/InheritBounds.java b/src/generics/InheritBounds.java index a05c77c..c899600 100644 --- a/src/generics/InheritBounds.java +++ b/src/generics/InheritBounds.java @@ -1,36 +1,63 @@ package generics;//: generics/InheritBounds.java class HoldItem { - T item; - HoldItem(T item) { this.item = item; } - T getItem() { return item; } + T item; + + HoldItem(T item) { + this.item = item; + } + + T getItem() { + return item; + } } class Colored2 extends HoldItem { - Colored2(T item) { super(item); } - java.awt.Color color() { return item.getColor(); } + Colored2(T item) { + super(item); + } + + java.awt.Color color() { + return item.getColor(); + } } class ColoredDimension2 -extends Colored2 { - ColoredDimension2(T item) { super(item); } - int getX() { return item.x; } - int getY() { return item.y; } - int getZ() { return item.z; } + extends Colored2 { + ColoredDimension2(T item) { + super(item); + } + + int getX() { + return item.x; + } + + int getY() { + return item.y; + } + + int getZ() { + return item.z; + } } class Solid2 -extends ColoredDimension2 { - Solid2(T item) { super(item); } - int weight() { return item.weight(); } + extends ColoredDimension2 { + Solid2(T item) { + super(item); + } + + int weight() { + return item.weight(); + } } public class InheritBounds { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Solid2 solid2 = - new Solid2(new Bounded()); - solid2.color(); - solid2.getY(); - solid2.weight(); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + Solid2 solid2 = + new Solid2(new Bounded()); + solid2.color(); + solid2.getY(); + solid2.weight(); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/InstantiateGenericType.java b/src/generics/InstantiateGenericType.java index c419465..f30703c 100644 --- a/src/generics/InstantiateGenericType.java +++ b/src/generics/InstantiateGenericType.java @@ -1,31 +1,34 @@ package generics;//: generics/InstantiateGenericType.java + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; class ClassAsFactory { - T x; - public ClassAsFactory(Class kind) { - try { - x = kind.newInstance(); - } catch(Exception e) { - throw new RuntimeException(e); + T x; + + public ClassAsFactory(Class kind) { + try { + x = kind.newInstance(); + } catch (Exception e) { + throw new RuntimeException(e); + } } - } } -class Employee {} +class Employee { +} public class InstantiateGenericType { - public static void main(String[] args) { - ClassAsFactory fe = - new ClassAsFactory(Employee.class); - print("ClassAsFactory succeeded"); - try { - ClassAsFactory fi = - new ClassAsFactory(Integer.class); - } catch(Exception e) { - print("ClassAsFactory failed"); + public static void main(String[] args) { + ClassAsFactory fe = + new ClassAsFactory(Employee.class); + print("ClassAsFactory succeeded"); + try { + ClassAsFactory fi = + new ClassAsFactory(Integer.class); + } catch (Exception e) { + print("ClassAsFactory failed"); + } } - } } /* Output: ClassAsFactory succeeded ClassAsFactory failed diff --git a/src/generics/IterableFibonacci.java b/src/generics/IterableFibonacci.java index 43f4f6b..a8350d1 100644 --- a/src/generics/IterableFibonacci.java +++ b/src/generics/IterableFibonacci.java @@ -1,28 +1,42 @@ package generics;//: generics/IterableFibonacci.java // Adapt the Fibonacci class to make it Iterable. + import java.util.*; public class IterableFibonacci -extends Fibonacci implements Iterable { - private int n; - public IterableFibonacci(int count) { n = count; } - public Iterator iterator() { - return new Iterator() { - public boolean hasNext() { return n > 0; } - public Integer next() { - n--; - return IterableFibonacci.this.next(); - } - public void remove() { // Not implemented - throw new UnsupportedOperationException(); - } - }; - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - for(int i : new IterableFibonacci(18)) { - System.out.print(i + " "); + extends Fibonacci implements Iterable { + private int n; + + public IterableFibonacci(int count) { + n = count; + } + + @Override + public Iterator iterator() { + return new Iterator() { + @Override + public boolean hasNext() { + return n > 0; + } + + @Override + public Integer next() { + n--; + return IterableFibonacci.this.next(); + } + + @Override + public void remove() { // Not implemented + throw new UnsupportedOperationException(); + } + }; + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + for (int i : new IterableFibonacci(18)) { + System.out.print(i + " "); + } } - } } /* Output: 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 610 987 1597 2584 *///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/LatentReflection.java b/src/generics/LatentReflection.java index acee0e5..79e7f68 100644 --- a/src/generics/LatentReflection.java +++ b/src/generics/LatentReflection.java @@ -1,51 +1,70 @@ package generics;//: generics/LatentReflection.java // Using Reflection to produce latent typing. + import java.lang.reflect.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; // Does not implement Performs: class Mime { - public void walkAgainstTheWind() {} - public void sit() { print("Pretending to sit"); } - public void pushInvisibleWalls() {} - public String toString() { return "Mime"; } + public void walkAgainstTheWind() { + } + + public void sit() { + print("Pretending to sit"); + } + + public void pushInvisibleWalls() { + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return "Mime"; + } } // Does not implement Performs: class SmartDog { - public void speak() { print("Woof!"); } - public void sit() { print("Sitting"); } - public void reproduce() {} -} + public void speak() { + print("Woof!"); + } + + public void sit() { + print("Sitting"); + } + + public void reproduce() { + } +} class CommunicateReflectively { - public static void perform(Object speaker) { - Class spkr = speaker.getClass(); - try { - try { - Method speak = spkr.getMethod("speak"); - speak.invoke(speaker); - } catch(NoSuchMethodException e) { - print(speaker + " cannot speak"); - } - try { - Method sit = spkr.getMethod("sit"); - sit.invoke(speaker); - } catch(NoSuchMethodException e) { - print(speaker + " cannot sit"); - } - } catch(Exception e) { - throw new RuntimeException(speaker.toString(), e); + public static void perform(Object speaker) { + Class spkr = speaker.getClass(); + try { + try { + Method speak = spkr.getMethod("speak"); + speak.invoke(speaker); + } catch (NoSuchMethodException e) { + print(speaker + " cannot speak"); + } + try { + Method sit = spkr.getMethod("sit"); + sit.invoke(speaker); + } catch (NoSuchMethodException e) { + print(speaker + " cannot sit"); + } + } catch (Exception e) { + throw new RuntimeException(speaker.toString(), e); + } } - } } public class LatentReflection { - public static void main(String[] args) { - CommunicateReflectively.perform(new SmartDog()); - CommunicateReflectively.perform(new Robot()); - CommunicateReflectively.perform(new Mime()); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + CommunicateReflectively.perform(new SmartDog()); + CommunicateReflectively.perform(new Robot()); + CommunicateReflectively.perform(new Mime()); + } } /* Output: Woof! Sitting diff --git a/src/generics/LimitsOfInference.java b/src/generics/LimitsOfInference.java index 1672077..d6008b0 100644 --- a/src/generics/LimitsOfInference.java +++ b/src/generics/LimitsOfInference.java @@ -1,11 +1,15 @@ package generics;//: generics/LimitsOfInference.java + import typeinfo.pets.*; + import java.util.*; public class LimitsOfInference { - static void - f(Map> petPeople) {} - public static void main(String[] args) { - // f(New.map()); // Does not compile - } + static void + f(Map> petPeople) { + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + // f(New.map()); // Does not compile + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/LinkedStack.java b/src/generics/LinkedStack.java index 6ae917d..4c511e8 100644 --- a/src/generics/LinkedStack.java +++ b/src/generics/LinkedStack.java @@ -2,37 +2,49 @@ package generics;//: generics/LinkedStack.java // A stack implemented with an internal linked structure. public class LinkedStack { - private static class Node { - U item; - Node next; - Node() { item = null; next = null; } - Node(U item, Node next) { - this.item = item; - this.next = next; + private static class Node { + U item; + Node next; + + Node() { + item = null; + next = null; + } + + Node(U item, Node next) { + this.item = item; + this.next = next; + } + + boolean end() { + return item == null && next == null; + } } - boolean end() { return item == null && next == null; } - } - private Node top = new Node(); // End sentinel - public void push(T item) { - top = new Node(item, top); - } - public T pop() { - T result = top.item; - if(!top.end()) { - top = top.next; + + private Node top = new Node(); // End sentinel + + public void push(T item) { + top = new Node(item, top); } - return result; - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - LinkedStack lss = new LinkedStack(); - for(String s : "Phasers on stun!".split(" ")) { - lss.push(s); + + public T pop() { + T result = top.item; + if (!top.end()) { + top = top.next; + } + return result; } - String s; - while((s = lss.pop()) != null) { - System.out.println(s); + + public static void main(String[] args) { + LinkedStack lss = new LinkedStack(); + for (String s : "Phasers on stun!".split(" ")) { + lss.push(s); + } + String s; + while ((s = lss.pop()) != null) { + System.out.println(s); + } } - } } /* Output: stun! on diff --git a/src/generics/ListMaker.java b/src/generics/ListMaker.java index c833320..a0b2c12 100644 --- a/src/generics/ListMaker.java +++ b/src/generics/ListMaker.java @@ -1,10 +1,14 @@ package generics;//: generics/ListMaker.java + import java.util.*; public class ListMaker { - List create() { return new ArrayList(); } - public static void main(String[] args) { - ListMaker stringMaker= new ListMaker(); - List stringList = stringMaker.create(); - } + List create() { + return new ArrayList(); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + ListMaker stringMaker = new ListMaker(); + List stringList = stringMaker.create(); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/ListOfGenerics.java b/src/generics/ListOfGenerics.java index 360e9c4..ffeec96 100644 --- a/src/generics/ListOfGenerics.java +++ b/src/generics/ListOfGenerics.java @@ -1,8 +1,15 @@ package generics;//: generics/ListOfGenerics.java + import java.util.*; public class ListOfGenerics { - private List array = new ArrayList(); - public void add(T item) { array.add(item); } - public T get(int index) { return array.get(index); } + private List array = new ArrayList(); + + public void add(T item) { + array.add(item); + } + + public T get(int index) { + return array.get(index); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/ListOfInt.java b/src/generics/ListOfInt.java index b1a1909..e447bce 100644 --- a/src/generics/ListOfInt.java +++ b/src/generics/ListOfInt.java @@ -1,18 +1,19 @@ package generics;//: generics/ListOfInt.java // Autoboxing compensates for the inability to use // primitives in generics. + import java.util.*; public class ListOfInt { - public static void main(String[] args) { - List li = new ArrayList(); - for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { - li.add(i); + public static void main(String[] args) { + List li = new ArrayList(); + for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { + li.add(i); + } + for (int i : li) { + System.out.print(i + " "); + } } - for(int i : li) { - System.out.print(i + " "); - } - } } /* Output: 0 1 2 3 4 *///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/LostInformation.java b/src/generics/LostInformation.java index 87ca836..f411c79 100644 --- a/src/generics/LostInformation.java +++ b/src/generics/LostInformation.java @@ -1,26 +1,34 @@ package generics;//: generics/LostInformation.java + import java.util.*; -class Frob {} -class Fnorkle {} -class Quark {} -class Particle {} +class Frob { +} + +class Fnorkle { +} + +class Quark { +} + +class Particle { +} public class LostInformation { - public static void main(String[] args) { - List list = new ArrayList(); - Map map = new HashMap(); - Quark quark = new Quark(); - Particle p = new Particle(); - System.out.println(Arrays.toString( - list.getClass().getTypeParameters())); - System.out.println(Arrays.toString( - map.getClass().getTypeParameters())); - System.out.println(Arrays.toString( - quark.getClass().getTypeParameters())); - System.out.println(Arrays.toString( - p.getClass().getTypeParameters())); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + List list = new ArrayList(); + Map map = new HashMap(); + Quark quark = new Quark(); + Particle p = new Particle(); + System.out.println(Arrays.toString( + list.getClass().getTypeParameters())); + System.out.println(Arrays.toString( + map.getClass().getTypeParameters())); + System.out.println(Arrays.toString( + quark.getClass().getTypeParameters())); + System.out.println(Arrays.toString( + p.getClass().getTypeParameters())); + } } /* Output: [E] [K, V] diff --git a/src/generics/Manipulation.java b/src/generics/Manipulation.java index 2c2d234..d632a21 100644 --- a/src/generics/Manipulation.java +++ b/src/generics/Manipulation.java @@ -2,17 +2,23 @@ package generics;//: generics/Manipulation.java // {CompileTimeError} (Won't compile) class Manipulator { - private T obj; - public Manipulator(T x) { obj = x; } - // Error: cannot find symbol: method f(): - public void manipulate() { obj.f(); } + private T obj; + + public Manipulator(T x) { + obj = x; + } + + // Error: cannot find symbol: method f(): + public void manipulate() { + obj.f(); + } } public class Manipulation { - public static void main(String[] args) { - HasF hf = new HasF(); - Manipulator manipulator = - new Manipulator(hf); - manipulator.manipulate(); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + HasF hf = new HasF(); + Manipulator manipulator = + new Manipulator(hf); + manipulator.manipulate(); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/Manipulator2.java b/src/generics/Manipulator2.java index 7fea43e..0a2d186 100644 --- a/src/generics/Manipulator2.java +++ b/src/generics/Manipulator2.java @@ -1,7 +1,13 @@ package generics;//: generics/Manipulator2.java class Manipulator2 { - private T obj; - public Manipulator2(T x) { obj = x; } - public void manipulate() { obj.f(); } + private T obj; + + public Manipulator2(T x) { + obj = x; + } + + public void manipulate() { + obj.f(); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/Manipulator3.java b/src/generics/Manipulator3.java index e83bd1c..1125474 100644 --- a/src/generics/Manipulator3.java +++ b/src/generics/Manipulator3.java @@ -1,7 +1,13 @@ package generics;//: generics/Manipulator3.java class Manipulator3 { - private HasF obj; - public Manipulator3(HasF x) { obj = x; } - public void manipulate() { obj.f(); } + private HasF obj; + + public Manipulator3(HasF x) { + obj = x; + } + + public void manipulate() { + obj.f(); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/Mixins.java b/src/generics/Mixins.java index 2349f7c..c53a9b0 100644 --- a/src/generics/Mixins.java +++ b/src/generics/Mixins.java @@ -1,56 +1,85 @@ package generics;//: generics/Mixins.java + import java.util.*; -interface TimeStamped { long getStamp(); } - -class TimeStampedImp implements TimeStamped { - private final long timeStamp; - public TimeStampedImp() { - timeStamp = new Date().getTime(); - } - public long getStamp() { return timeStamp; } +interface TimeStamped { + long getStamp(); } -interface SerialNumbered { long getSerialNumber(); } +class TimeStampedImp implements TimeStamped { + private final long timeStamp; + + public TimeStampedImp() { + timeStamp = new Date().getTime(); + } + + @Override + public long getStamp() { + return timeStamp; + } +} + +interface SerialNumbered { + long getSerialNumber(); +} class SerialNumberedImp implements SerialNumbered { - private static long counter = 1; - private final long serialNumber = counter++; - public long getSerialNumber() { return serialNumber; } + private static long counter = 1; + private final long serialNumber = counter++; + + @Override + public long getSerialNumber() { + return serialNumber; + } } interface Basic { - public void set(String val); - public String get(); + public void set(String val); + + public String get(); } class BasicImp implements Basic { - private String value; - public void set(String val) { value = val; } - public String get() { return value; } + private String value; + + @Override + public void set(String val) { + value = val; + } + + @Override + public String get() { + return value; + } } class Mixin extends BasicImp -implements TimeStamped, SerialNumbered { - private TimeStamped timeStamp = new TimeStampedImp(); - private SerialNumbered serialNumber = - new SerialNumberedImp(); - public long getStamp() { return timeStamp.getStamp(); } - public long getSerialNumber() { - return serialNumber.getSerialNumber(); - } + implements TimeStamped, SerialNumbered { + private TimeStamped timeStamp = new TimeStampedImp(); + private SerialNumbered serialNumber = + new SerialNumberedImp(); + + @Override + public long getStamp() { + return timeStamp.getStamp(); + } + + @Override + public long getSerialNumber() { + return serialNumber.getSerialNumber(); + } } public class Mixins { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Mixin mixin1 = new Mixin(), mixin2 = new Mixin(); - mixin1.set("test string 1"); - mixin2.set("test string 2"); - System.out.println(mixin1.get() + " " + - mixin1.getStamp() + " " + mixin1.getSerialNumber()); - System.out.println(mixin2.get() + " " + - mixin2.getStamp() + " " + mixin2.getSerialNumber()); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + Mixin mixin1 = new Mixin(), mixin2 = new Mixin(); + mixin1.set("test string 1"); + mixin2.set("test string 2"); + System.out.println(mixin1.get() + " " + + mixin1.getStamp() + " " + mixin1.getSerialNumber()); + System.out.println(mixin2.get() + " " + + mixin2.getStamp() + " " + mixin2.getSerialNumber()); + } } /* Output: (Sample) test string 1 1132437151359 1 test string 2 1132437151359 2 diff --git a/src/generics/MultipleInterfaceVariants.java b/src/generics/MultipleInterfaceVariants.java index 34c028d..71d9f18 100644 --- a/src/generics/MultipleInterfaceVariants.java +++ b/src/generics/MultipleInterfaceVariants.java @@ -1,8 +1,12 @@ package generics;//: generics/MultipleInterfaceVariants.java // {CompileTimeError} (Won't compile) -interface Payable {} +interface Payable { +} + +class Employee implements Payable { +} -class Employee implements Payable {} class Hourly extends Employee - implements Payable {} ///:~ + implements Payable { +} ///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/NeedCasting.java b/src/generics/NeedCasting.java index ce10c79..19ba702 100644 --- a/src/generics/NeedCasting.java +++ b/src/generics/NeedCasting.java @@ -1,12 +1,13 @@ package generics;//: generics/NeedCasting.java + import java.io.*; import java.util.*; public class NeedCasting { - @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") - public void f(String[] args) throws Exception { - ObjectInputStream in = new ObjectInputStream( - new FileInputStream(args[0])); - List shapes = (List)in.readObject(); - } + @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") + public void f(String[] args) throws Exception { + ObjectInputStream in = new ObjectInputStream( + new FileInputStream(args[0])); + List shapes = (List) in.readObject(); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/NonCovariantGenerics.java b/src/generics/NonCovariantGenerics.java index 600c635..269c7b1 100644 --- a/src/generics/NonCovariantGenerics.java +++ b/src/generics/NonCovariantGenerics.java @@ -1,8 +1,9 @@ package generics;//: generics/NonCovariantGenerics.java // {CompileTimeError} (Won't compile) + import java.util.*; public class NonCovariantGenerics { - // Compile Error: incompatible types: - List flist = new ArrayList(); + // Compile Error: incompatible types: + List flist = new ArrayList(); } ///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/NotSelfBounded.java b/src/generics/NotSelfBounded.java index 71a7a4d..9aafc3c 100644 --- a/src/generics/NotSelfBounded.java +++ b/src/generics/NotSelfBounded.java @@ -1,21 +1,34 @@ package generics;//: generics/NotSelfBounded.java public class NotSelfBounded { - T element; - NotSelfBounded set(T arg) { - element = arg; - return this; - } - T get() { return element; } + T element; + + NotSelfBounded set(T arg) { + element = arg; + return this; + } + + T get() { + return element; + } } -class A2 extends NotSelfBounded {} -class B2 extends NotSelfBounded {} +class A2 extends NotSelfBounded { +} + +class B2 extends NotSelfBounded { +} class C2 extends NotSelfBounded { - C2 setAndGet(C2 arg) { set(arg); return get(); } -} + C2 setAndGet(C2 arg) { + set(arg); + return get(); + } +} + +class D2 { +} -class D2 {} // Now this is OK: -class E2 extends NotSelfBounded {} ///:~ +class E2 extends NotSelfBounded { +} ///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/OrdinaryArguments.java b/src/generics/OrdinaryArguments.java index 10af440..c9d8554 100644 --- a/src/generics/OrdinaryArguments.java +++ b/src/generics/OrdinaryArguments.java @@ -1,25 +1,25 @@ package generics;//: generics/OrdinaryArguments.java class OrdinarySetter { - void set(Base base) { - System.out.println("OrdinarySetter.set(Base)"); - } + void set(Base base) { + System.out.println("OrdinarySetter.set(Base)"); + } } class DerivedSetter extends OrdinarySetter { - void set(Derived derived) { - System.out.println("DerivedSetter.set(Derived)"); - } -} + void set(Derived derived) { + System.out.println("DerivedSetter.set(Derived)"); + } +} public class OrdinaryArguments { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Base base = new Base(); - Derived derived = new Derived(); - DerivedSetter ds = new DerivedSetter(); - ds.set(derived); - ds.set(base); // Compiles: overloaded, not overridden! - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + Base base = new Base(); + Derived derived = new Derived(); + DerivedSetter ds = new DerivedSetter(); + ds.set(derived); + ds.set(base); // Compiles: overloaded, not overridden! + } } /* Output: DerivedSetter.set(Derived) OrdinarySetter.set(Base) diff --git a/src/generics/Performs.java b/src/generics/Performs.java index 8d5796a..7fe1bf5 100644 --- a/src/generics/Performs.java +++ b/src/generics/Performs.java @@ -1,6 +1,7 @@ package generics;//: generics/Performs.java public interface Performs { - void speak(); - void sit(); + void speak(); + + void sit(); } ///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/PlainGenericInheritance.java b/src/generics/PlainGenericInheritance.java index 922dd03..41160b8 100644 --- a/src/generics/PlainGenericInheritance.java +++ b/src/generics/PlainGenericInheritance.java @@ -1,25 +1,25 @@ package generics;//: generics/PlainGenericInheritance.java class GenericSetter { // Not self-bounded - void set(T arg){ - System.out.println("GenericSetter.set(Base)"); - } + void set(T arg) { + System.out.println("GenericSetter.set(Base)"); + } } class DerivedGS extends GenericSetter { - void set(Derived derived){ - System.out.println("DerivedGS.set(Derived)"); - } -} + void set(Derived derived) { + System.out.println("DerivedGS.set(Derived)"); + } +} public class PlainGenericInheritance { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Base base = new Base(); - Derived derived = new Derived(); - DerivedGS dgs = new DerivedGS(); - dgs.set(derived); - dgs.set(base); // Compiles: overloaded, not overridden! - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + Base base = new Base(); + Derived derived = new Derived(); + DerivedGS dgs = new DerivedGS(); + dgs.set(derived); + dgs.set(base); // Compiles: overloaded, not overridden! + } } /* Output: DerivedGS.set(Derived) GenericSetter.set(Base) diff --git a/src/generics/PrimitiveGenericTest.java b/src/generics/PrimitiveGenericTest.java index 4a7a57e..fb4b8d4 100644 --- a/src/generics/PrimitiveGenericTest.java +++ b/src/generics/PrimitiveGenericTest.java @@ -1,32 +1,33 @@ package generics;//: generics/PrimitiveGenericTest.java + import net.mindview.util.*; // Fill an array using a generator: class FArray { - public static T[] fill(T[] a, Generator gen) { - for(int i = 0; i < a.length; i++) { - a[i] = gen.next(); + public static T[] fill(T[] a, Generator gen) { + for (int i = 0; i < a.length; i++) { + a[i] = gen.next(); + } + return a; } - return a; - } -} +} public class PrimitiveGenericTest { - public static void main(String[] args) { - String[] strings = FArray.fill( - new String[7], new RandomGenerator.String(10)); - for(String s : strings) { - System.out.println(s); + public static void main(String[] args) { + String[] strings = FArray.fill( + new String[7], new RandomGenerator.String(10)); + for (String s : strings) { + System.out.println(s); + } + Integer[] integers = FArray.fill( + new Integer[7], new RandomGenerator.Integer()); + for (int i : integers) { + System.out.println(i); + } + // Autoboxing won't save you here. This won't compile: + // int[] b = + // FArray.fill(new int[7], new RandIntGenerator()); } - Integer[] integers = FArray.fill( - new Integer[7], new RandomGenerator.Integer()); - for(int i: integers) { - System.out.println(i); - } - // Autoboxing won't save you here. This won't compile: - // int[] b = - // FArray.fill(new int[7], new RandIntGenerator()); - } } /* Output: YNzbrnyGcF OWZnTcQrGs diff --git a/src/generics/RandomList.java b/src/generics/RandomList.java index 518f253..bf641e7 100644 --- a/src/generics/RandomList.java +++ b/src/generics/RandomList.java @@ -1,23 +1,29 @@ package generics;//: generics/RandomList.java + import java.util.*; public class RandomList { - private ArrayList storage = new ArrayList(); - private Random rand = new Random(47); - public void add(T item) { storage.add(item); } - public T select() { - return storage.get(rand.nextInt(storage.size())); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - RandomList rs = new RandomList(); - for(String s: ("The quick brown fox jumped over " + - "the lazy brown dog").split(" ")) { - rs.add(s); + private ArrayList storage = new ArrayList(); + private Random rand = new Random(47); + + public void add(T item) { + storage.add(item); } - for(int i = 0; i < 11; i++) { - System.out.print(rs.select() + " "); + + public T select() { + return storage.get(rand.nextInt(storage.size())); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + RandomList rs = new RandomList(); + for (String s : ("The quick brown fox jumped over " + + "the lazy brown dog").split(" ")) { + rs.add(s); + } + for (int i = 0; i < 11; i++) { + System.out.print(rs.select() + " "); + } } - } } /* Output: brown over fox quick quick dog brown The brown lazy brown *///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/RestrictedComparablePets.java b/src/generics/RestrictedComparablePets.java index d1c78f1..d794d6c 100644 --- a/src/generics/RestrictedComparablePets.java +++ b/src/generics/RestrictedComparablePets.java @@ -1,12 +1,18 @@ package generics;//: generics/RestrictedComparablePets.java class Hamster extends ComparablePet -implements Comparable { - public int compareTo(ComparablePet arg) { return 0; } + implements Comparable { + @Override + public int compareTo(ComparablePet arg) { + return 0; + } } // Or just: class Gecko extends ComparablePet { - public int compareTo(ComparablePet arg) { return 0; } + @Override + public int compareTo(ComparablePet arg) { + return 0; + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/ReturnGenericType.java b/src/generics/ReturnGenericType.java index 3019522..d65718e 100644 --- a/src/generics/ReturnGenericType.java +++ b/src/generics/ReturnGenericType.java @@ -1,7 +1,13 @@ package generics;//: generics/ReturnGenericType.java class ReturnGenericType { - private T obj; - public ReturnGenericType(T x) { obj = x; } - public T get() { return obj; } + private T obj; + + public ReturnGenericType(T x) { + obj = x; + } + + public T get() { + return obj; + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/SelfBounding.java b/src/generics/SelfBounding.java index db6667b..ac856e8 100644 --- a/src/generics/SelfBounding.java +++ b/src/generics/SelfBounding.java @@ -1,36 +1,48 @@ package generics;//: generics/SelfBounding.java class SelfBounded> { - T element; - SelfBounded set(T arg) { - element = arg; - return this; - } - T get() { return element; } + T element; + + SelfBounded set(T arg) { + element = arg; + return this; + } + + T get() { + return element; + } } -class A extends SelfBounded {} -class B extends SelfBounded {} // Also OK +class A extends SelfBounded { +} + +class B extends SelfBounded { +} // Also OK class C extends SelfBounded { - C setAndGet(C arg) { set(arg); return get(); } -} + C setAndGet(C arg) { + set(arg); + return get(); + } +} -class D {} +class D { +} // Can't do this: // class E extends SelfBounded {} // Compile error: Type parameter D is not within its bound // Alas, you can do this, so you can't force the idiom: -class F extends SelfBounded {} +class F extends SelfBounded { +} public class SelfBounding { - public static void main(String[] args) { - A a = new A(); - a.set(new A()); - a = a.set(new A()).get(); - a = a.get(); - C c = new C(); - c = c.setAndGet(new C()); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + A a = new A(); + a.set(new A()); + a = a.set(new A()).get(); + a = a.get(); + C c = new C(); + c = c.setAndGet(new C()); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/SelfBoundingAndCovariantArguments.java b/src/generics/SelfBoundingAndCovariantArguments.java index 9b18a7e..c92c703 100644 --- a/src/generics/SelfBoundingAndCovariantArguments.java +++ b/src/generics/SelfBoundingAndCovariantArguments.java @@ -1,16 +1,17 @@ package generics;//: generics/SelfBoundingAndCovariantArguments.java interface SelfBoundSetter> { - void set(T arg); + void set(T arg); } -interface Setter extends SelfBoundSetter {} +interface Setter extends SelfBoundSetter { +} public class SelfBoundingAndCovariantArguments { - void testA(Setter s1, Setter s2, SelfBoundSetter sbs) { - s1.set(s2); - // s1.set(sbs); // Error: - // set(Setter) in SelfBoundSetter - // cannot be applied to (SelfBoundSetter) - } + void testA(Setter s1, Setter s2, SelfBoundSetter sbs) { + s1.set(s2); + // s1.set(sbs); // Error: + // set(Setter) in SelfBoundSetter + // cannot be applied to (SelfBoundSetter) + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/SelfBoundingMethods.java b/src/generics/SelfBoundingMethods.java index 95a5400..917f0ff 100644 --- a/src/generics/SelfBoundingMethods.java +++ b/src/generics/SelfBoundingMethods.java @@ -1,10 +1,11 @@ package generics;//: generics/SelfBoundingMethods.java public class SelfBoundingMethods { - static > T f(T arg) { - return arg.set(arg).get(); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - A a = f(new A()); - } + static > T f(T arg) { + return arg.set(arg).get(); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + A a = f(new A()); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/SimpleDogsAndRobots.java b/src/generics/SimpleDogsAndRobots.java index 6d078ce..5d6278c 100644 --- a/src/generics/SimpleDogsAndRobots.java +++ b/src/generics/SimpleDogsAndRobots.java @@ -2,17 +2,17 @@ package generics;//: generics/SimpleDogsAndRobots.java // Removing the generic; code still works. class CommunicateSimply { - static void perform(Performs performer) { - performer.speak(); - performer.sit(); - } + static void perform(Performs performer) { + performer.speak(); + performer.sit(); + } } public class SimpleDogsAndRobots { - public static void main(String[] args) { - CommunicateSimply.perform(new PerformingDog()); - CommunicateSimply.perform(new Robot()); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + CommunicateSimply.perform(new PerformingDog()); + CommunicateSimply.perform(new Robot()); + } } /* Output: Woof! Sitting diff --git a/src/generics/SimpleHolder.java b/src/generics/SimpleHolder.java index ac9daa2..a6986b7 100644 --- a/src/generics/SimpleHolder.java +++ b/src/generics/SimpleHolder.java @@ -1,12 +1,19 @@ package generics;//: generics/SimpleHolder.java public class SimpleHolder { - private Object obj; - public void set(Object obj) { this.obj = obj; } - public Object get() { return obj; } - public static void main(String[] args) { - SimpleHolder holder = new SimpleHolder(); - holder.set("Item"); - String s = (String)holder.get(); - } + private Object obj; + + public void set(Object obj) { + this.obj = obj; + } + + public Object get() { + return obj; + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + SimpleHolder holder = new SimpleHolder(); + holder.set("Item"); + String s = (String) holder.get(); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/SimpleQueue.java b/src/generics/SimpleQueue.java index 280518e..0e45d8f 100644 --- a/src/generics/SimpleQueue.java +++ b/src/generics/SimpleQueue.java @@ -1,12 +1,21 @@ package generics;//: generics/SimpleQueue.java // A different kind of container that is Iterable + import java.util.*; public class SimpleQueue implements Iterable { - private LinkedList storage = new LinkedList(); - public void add(T t) { storage.offer(t); } - public T get() { return storage.poll(); } - public Iterator iterator() { - return storage.iterator(); - } + private LinkedList storage = new LinkedList(); + + public void add(T t) { + storage.offer(t); + } + + public T get() { + return storage.poll(); + } + + @Override + public Iterator iterator() { + return storage.iterator(); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/SimplerPets.java b/src/generics/SimplerPets.java index c83c53d..42e8223 100644 --- a/src/generics/SimplerPets.java +++ b/src/generics/SimplerPets.java @@ -1,11 +1,14 @@ package generics;//: generics/SimplerPets.java + import typeinfo.pets.*; + import java.util.*; + import net.mindview.util.*; public class SimplerPets { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Map> petPeople = New.map(); - // Rest of the code is the same... - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + Map> petPeople = New.map(); + // Rest of the code is the same... + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/Store.java b/src/generics/Store.java index 8411781..81e99fc 100644 --- a/src/generics/Store.java +++ b/src/generics/Store.java @@ -1,75 +1,91 @@ package generics;//: generics/Store.java // Building up a complex model using generic containers. + import java.util.*; + import net.mindview.util.*; class Product { - private final int id; - private String description; - private double price; - public Product(int IDnumber, String descr, double price){ - id = IDnumber; - description = descr; - this.price = price; - System.out.println(toString()); - } - public String toString() { - return id + ": " + description + ", price: $" + price; - } - public void priceChange(double change) { - price += change; - } - public static Generator generator = - new Generator() { - private Random rand = new Random(47); - public Product next() { - return new Product(rand.nextInt(1000), "Test", - Math.round(rand.nextDouble() * 1000.0) + 0.99); - } - }; + private final int id; + private String description; + private double price; + + public Product(int IDnumber, String descr, double price) { + id = IDnumber; + description = descr; + this.price = price; + System.out.println(toString()); + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return id + ": " + description + ", price: $" + price; + } + + public void priceChange(double change) { + price += change; + } + + public static Generator generator = + new Generator() { + private Random rand = new Random(47); + + @Override + public Product next() { + return new Product(rand.nextInt(1000), "Test", + Math.round(rand.nextDouble() * 1000.0) + 0.99); + } + }; } class Shelf extends ArrayList { - public Shelf(int nProducts) { - Generators.fill(this, Product.generator, nProducts); - } -} - -class Aisle extends ArrayList { - public Aisle(int nShelves, int nProducts) { - for(int i = 0; i < nShelves; i++) { - add(new Shelf(nProducts)); + public Shelf(int nProducts) { + Generators.fill(this, Product.generator, nProducts); } - } } -class CheckoutStand {} -class Office {} - -public class Store extends ArrayList { - private ArrayList checkouts = - new ArrayList(); - private Office office = new Office(); - public Store(int nAisles, int nShelves, int nProducts) { - for(int i = 0; i < nAisles; i++) { - add(new Aisle(nShelves, nProducts)); - } - } - public String toString() { - StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder(); - for(Aisle a : this) { - for(Shelf s : a) { - for (Product p : s) { - result.append(p); - result.append("\n"); - } +class Aisle extends ArrayList { + public Aisle(int nShelves, int nProducts) { + for (int i = 0; i < nShelves; i++) { + add(new Shelf(nProducts)); } } - return result.toString(); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - System.out.println(new Store(14, 5, 10)); - } +} + +class CheckoutStand { +} + +class Office { +} + +public class Store extends ArrayList { + private ArrayList checkouts = + new ArrayList(); + private Office office = new Office(); + + public Store(int nAisles, int nShelves, int nProducts) { + for (int i = 0; i < nAisles; i++) { + add(new Aisle(nShelves, nProducts)); + } + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder(); + for (Aisle a : this) { + for (Shelf s : a) { + for (Product p : s) { + result.append(p); + result.append("\n"); + } + } + } + return result.toString(); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + System.out.println(new Store(14, 5, 10)); + } } /* Output: 258: Test, price: $400.99 861: Test, price: $160.99 diff --git a/src/generics/SuperTypeWildcards.java b/src/generics/SuperTypeWildcards.java index 4c331cc..79ea701 100644 --- a/src/generics/SuperTypeWildcards.java +++ b/src/generics/SuperTypeWildcards.java @@ -1,10 +1,11 @@ package generics;//: generics/SuperTypeWildcards.java + import java.util.*; public class SuperTypeWildcards { - static void writeTo(List apples) { - apples.add(new Apple()); - apples.add(new Jonathan()); - // apples.add(new Fruit()); // Error - } + static void writeTo(List apples) { + apples.add(new Apple()); + apples.add(new Jonathan()); + // apples.add(new Fruit()); // Error + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/ThrowGenericException.java b/src/generics/ThrowGenericException.java index 89cbab5..752c1e2 100644 --- a/src/generics/ThrowGenericException.java +++ b/src/generics/ThrowGenericException.java @@ -1,77 +1,82 @@ package generics;//: generics/ThrowGenericException.java + import java.util.*; -interface Processor { - void process(List resultCollector) throws E; +interface Processor { + void process(List resultCollector) throws E; } -class ProcessRunner -extends ArrayList> { - List processAll() throws E { - List resultCollector = new ArrayList(); - for(Processor processor : this) { - processor.process(resultCollector); +class ProcessRunner + extends ArrayList> { + List processAll() throws E { + List resultCollector = new ArrayList(); + for (Processor processor : this) { + processor.process(resultCollector); + } + return resultCollector; } - return resultCollector; - } -} +} -class Failure1 extends Exception {} +class Failure1 extends Exception { +} -class Processor1 implements Processor { - static int count = 3; - public void - process(List resultCollector) throws Failure1 { - if(count-- > 1) { - resultCollector.add("Hep!"); - } else { - resultCollector.add("Ho!"); - } - if(count < 0) { - throw new Failure1(); - } - } -} +class Processor1 implements Processor { + static int count = 3; -class Failure2 extends Exception {} + public void + process(List resultCollector) throws Failure1 { + if (count-- > 1) { + resultCollector.add("Hep!"); + } else { + resultCollector.add("Ho!"); + } + if (count < 0) { + throw new Failure1(); + } + } +} -class Processor2 implements Processor { - static int count = 2; - public void - process(List resultCollector) throws Failure2 { - if(count-- == 0) { - resultCollector.add(47); - } else { - resultCollector.add(11); +class Failure2 extends Exception { +} + +class Processor2 implements Processor { + static int count = 2; + + public void + process(List resultCollector) throws Failure2 { + if (count-- == 0) { + resultCollector.add(47); + } else { + resultCollector.add(11); + } + if (count < 0) { + throw new Failure2(); + } } - if(count < 0) { - throw new Failure2(); - } - } -} +} public class ThrowGenericException { - public static void main(String[] args) { - ProcessRunner runner = - new ProcessRunner(); - for(int i = 0; i < 3; i++) { - runner.add(new Processor1()); - } - try { - System.out.println(runner.processAll()); - } catch(Failure1 e) { - System.out.println(e); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + ProcessRunner runner = + new ProcessRunner(); + for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) { + runner.add(new Processor1()); + } + try { + System.out.println(runner.processAll()); + } catch (Failure1 e) { + System.out.println(e); + } - ProcessRunner runner2 = - new ProcessRunner(); - for(int i = 0; i < 3; i++) { - runner2.add(new Processor2()); + ProcessRunner runner2 = + new ProcessRunner(); + for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) { + runner2.add(new Processor2()); + } + try { + System.out.println(runner2.processAll()); + } catch (Failure2 e) { + System.out.println(e); + } } - try { - System.out.println(runner2.processAll()); - } catch(Failure2 e) { - System.out.println(e); - } - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/TupleList.java b/src/generics/TupleList.java index ef5a0e2..ad54343 100644 --- a/src/generics/TupleList.java +++ b/src/generics/TupleList.java @@ -1,19 +1,21 @@ package generics;//: generics/TupleList.java // Combining generic types to make complex generic types. + import java.util.*; + import net.mindview.util.*; -public class TupleList -extends ArrayList> { - public static void main(String[] args) { - TupleList tl = - new TupleList(); - tl.add(TupleTest.h()); - tl.add(TupleTest.h()); - for(FourTuple i: tl) { - System.out.println(i); +public class TupleList + extends ArrayList> { + public static void main(String[] args) { + TupleList tl = + new TupleList(); + tl.add(TupleTest.h()); + tl.add(TupleTest.h()); + for (FourTuple i : tl) { + System.out.println(i); + } } - } } /* Output: (75% match) (Vehicle@11b86e7, Amphibian@35ce36, hi, 47) (Vehicle@757aef, Amphibian@d9f9c3, hi, 47) diff --git a/src/generics/TupleTest.java b/src/generics/TupleTest.java index e6d5986..412bdb7 100644 --- a/src/generics/TupleTest.java +++ b/src/generics/TupleTest.java @@ -1,38 +1,44 @@ package generics;//: generics/TupleTest.java + import net.mindview.util.*; -class Amphibian {} -class Vehicle {} +class Amphibian { +} + +class Vehicle { +} public class TupleTest { - static TwoTuple f() { - // Autoboxing converts the int to Integer: - return new TwoTuple("hi", 47); - } - static ThreeTuple g() { - return new ThreeTuple( - new Amphibian(), "hi", 47); - } - static - FourTuple h() { - return - new FourTuple( - new Vehicle(), new Amphibian(), "hi", 47); - } - static - FiveTuple k() { - return new - FiveTuple( - new Vehicle(), new Amphibian(), "hi", 47, 11.1); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - TwoTuple ttsi = f(); - System.out.println(ttsi); - // ttsi.first = "there"; // Compile error: final - System.out.println(g()); - System.out.println(h()); - System.out.println(k()); - } + static TwoTuple f() { + // Autoboxing converts the int to Integer: + return new TwoTuple("hi", 47); + } + + static ThreeTuple g() { + return new ThreeTuple( + new Amphibian(), "hi", 47); + } + + static FourTuple h() { + return + new FourTuple( + new Vehicle(), new Amphibian(), "hi", 47); + } + + static FiveTuple k() { + return new + FiveTuple( + new Vehicle(), new Amphibian(), "hi", 47, 11.1); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + TwoTuple ttsi = f(); + System.out.println(ttsi); + // ttsi.first = "there"; // Compile error: final + System.out.println(g()); + System.out.println(h()); + System.out.println(k()); + } } /* Output: (80% match) (hi, 47) (Amphibian@1f6a7b9, hi, 47) diff --git a/src/generics/TupleTest2.java b/src/generics/TupleTest2.java index b24aaf1..9157af5 100644 --- a/src/generics/TupleTest2.java +++ b/src/generics/TupleTest2.java @@ -1,32 +1,39 @@ package generics;//: generics/TupleTest2.java + import net.mindview.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Tuple.*; public class TupleTest2 { - static TwoTuple f() { - return tuple("hi", 47); - } - static TwoTuple f2() { return tuple("hi", 47); } - static ThreeTuple g() { - return tuple(new Amphibian(), "hi", 47); - } - static - FourTuple h() { - return tuple(new Vehicle(), new Amphibian(), "hi", 47); - } - static - FiveTuple k() { - return tuple(new Vehicle(), new Amphibian(), - "hi", 47, 11.1); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - TwoTuple ttsi = f(); - System.out.println(ttsi); - System.out.println(f2()); - System.out.println(g()); - System.out.println(h()); - System.out.println(k()); - } + static TwoTuple f() { + return tuple("hi", 47); + } + + static TwoTuple f2() { + return tuple("hi", 47); + } + + static ThreeTuple g() { + return tuple(new Amphibian(), "hi", 47); + } + + static FourTuple h() { + return tuple(new Vehicle(), new Amphibian(), "hi", 47); + } + + static FiveTuple k() { + return tuple(new Vehicle(), new Amphibian(), + "hi", 47, 11.1); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + TwoTuple ttsi = f(); + System.out.println(ttsi); + System.out.println(f2()); + System.out.println(g()); + System.out.println(h()); + System.out.println(k()); + } } /* Output: (80% match) (hi, 47) (hi, 47) diff --git a/src/generics/UnboundedWildcards1.java b/src/generics/UnboundedWildcards1.java index 4d0fd5d..fa6ed02 100644 --- a/src/generics/UnboundedWildcards1.java +++ b/src/generics/UnboundedWildcards1.java @@ -1,40 +1,45 @@ package generics;//: generics/UnboundedWildcards1.java + import java.util.*; public class UnboundedWildcards1 { - static List list1; - static List list2; - static List list3; - static void assign1(List list) { - list1 = list; - list2 = list; - // list3 = list; // Warning: unchecked conversion - // Found: List, Required: List - } - static void assign2(List list) { - list1 = list; - list2 = list; - list3 = list; - } - static void assign3(List list) { - list1 = list; - list2 = list; - list3 = list; - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - assign1(new ArrayList()); - assign2(new ArrayList()); - // assign3(new ArrayList()); // Warning: - // Unchecked conversion. Found: ArrayList - // Required: List - assign1(new ArrayList()); - assign2(new ArrayList()); - assign3(new ArrayList()); - // Both forms are acceptable as List: - List wildList = new ArrayList(); - wildList = new ArrayList(); - assign1(wildList); - assign2(wildList); - assign3(wildList); - } + static List list1; + static List list2; + static List list3; + + static void assign1(List list) { + list1 = list; + list2 = list; + // list3 = list; // Warning: unchecked conversion + // Found: List, Required: List + } + + static void assign2(List list) { + list1 = list; + list2 = list; + list3 = list; + } + + static void assign3(List list) { + list1 = list; + list2 = list; + list3 = list; + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + assign1(new ArrayList()); + assign2(new ArrayList()); + // assign3(new ArrayList()); // Warning: + // Unchecked conversion. Found: ArrayList + // Required: List + assign1(new ArrayList()); + assign2(new ArrayList()); + assign3(new ArrayList()); + // Both forms are acceptable as List: + List wildList = new ArrayList(); + wildList = new ArrayList(); + assign1(wildList); + assign2(wildList); + assign3(wildList); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/UnboundedWildcards2.java b/src/generics/UnboundedWildcards2.java index 31615f2..078f3f2 100644 --- a/src/generics/UnboundedWildcards2.java +++ b/src/generics/UnboundedWildcards2.java @@ -1,21 +1,32 @@ package generics;//: generics/UnboundedWildcards2.java + import java.util.*; public class UnboundedWildcards2 { - static Map map1; - static Map map2; - static Map map3; - static void assign1(Map map) { map1 = map; } - static void assign2(Map map) { map2 = map; } - static void assign3(Map map) { map3 = map; } - public static void main(String[] args) { - assign1(new HashMap()); - assign2(new HashMap()); - // assign3(new HashMap()); // Warning: - // Unchecked conversion. Found: HashMap - // Required: Map - assign1(new HashMap()); - assign2(new HashMap()); - assign3(new HashMap()); - } + static Map map1; + static Map map2; + static Map map3; + + static void assign1(Map map) { + map1 = map; + } + + static void assign2(Map map) { + map2 = map; + } + + static void assign3(Map map) { + map3 = map; + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + assign1(new HashMap()); + assign2(new HashMap()); + // assign3(new HashMap()); // Warning: + // Unchecked conversion. Found: HashMap + // Required: Map + assign1(new HashMap()); + assign2(new HashMap()); + assign3(new HashMap()); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/Unconstrained.java b/src/generics/Unconstrained.java index 2ab768c..c6990bc 100644 --- a/src/generics/Unconstrained.java +++ b/src/generics/Unconstrained.java @@ -1,15 +1,18 @@ package generics;//: generics/Unconstrained.java -class Other {} -class BasicOther extends BasicHolder {} +class Other { +} + +class BasicOther extends BasicHolder { +} public class Unconstrained { - public static void main(String[] args) { - BasicOther b = new BasicOther(), b2 = new BasicOther(); - b.set(new Other()); - Other other = b.get(); - b.f(); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + BasicOther b = new BasicOther(), b2 = new BasicOther(); + b.set(new Other()); + Other other = b.get(); + b.f(); + } } /* Output: Other *///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/UseList.java b/src/generics/UseList.java index 549faf0..910af5a 100644 --- a/src/generics/UseList.java +++ b/src/generics/UseList.java @@ -1,8 +1,12 @@ package generics;//: generics/UseList.java // {CompileTimeError} (Won't compile) + import java.util.*; -public class UseList { - void f(List v) {} - void f(List v) {} +public class UseList { + void f(List v) { + } + + void f(List v) { + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/UseList2.java b/src/generics/UseList2.java index 29f1d3f..87c8559 100644 --- a/src/generics/UseList2.java +++ b/src/generics/UseList2.java @@ -1,7 +1,11 @@ package generics;//: generics/UseList2.java + import java.util.*; -public class UseList2 { - void f1(List v) {} - void f2(List v) {} +public class UseList2 { + void f1(List v) { + } + + void f2(List v) { + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/WatercolorSets.java b/src/generics/WatercolorSets.java index c9a12b7..0db999f 100644 --- a/src/generics/WatercolorSets.java +++ b/src/generics/WatercolorSets.java @@ -1,28 +1,31 @@ package generics;//: generics/WatercolorSets.java + import generics.watercolors.*; + import java.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; import static net.mindview.util.Sets.*; import static generics.watercolors.Watercolors.*; public class WatercolorSets { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Set set1 = - EnumSet.range(BRILLIANT_RED, VIRIDIAN_HUE); - Set set2 = - EnumSet.range(CERULEAN_BLUE_HUE, BURNT_UMBER); - print("set1: " + set1); - print("set2: " + set2); - print("union(set1, set2): " + union(set1, set2)); - Set subset = intersection(set1, set2); - print("intersection(set1, set2): " + subset); - print("difference(set1, subset): " + - difference(set1, subset)); - print("difference(set2, subset): " + - difference(set2, subset)); - print("complement(set1, set2): " + - complement(set1, set2)); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + Set set1 = + EnumSet.range(BRILLIANT_RED, VIRIDIAN_HUE); + Set set2 = + EnumSet.range(CERULEAN_BLUE_HUE, BURNT_UMBER); + print("set1: " + set1); + print("set2: " + set2); + print("union(set1, set2): " + union(set1, set2)); + Set subset = intersection(set1, set2); + print("intersection(set1, set2): " + subset); + print("difference(set1, subset): " + + difference(set1, subset)); + print("difference(set2, subset): " + + difference(set2, subset)); + print("complement(set1, set2): " + + complement(set1, set2)); + } } /* Output: (Sample) set1: [BRILLIANT_RED, CRIMSON, MAGENTA, ROSE_MADDER, VIOLET, CERULEAN_BLUE_HUE, PHTHALO_BLUE, ULTRAMARINE, COBALT_BLUE_HUE, PERMANENT_GREEN, VIRIDIAN_HUE] set2: [CERULEAN_BLUE_HUE, PHTHALO_BLUE, ULTRAMARINE, COBALT_BLUE_HUE, PERMANENT_GREEN, VIRIDIAN_HUE, SAP_GREEN, YELLOW_OCHRE, BURNT_SIENNA, RAW_UMBER, BURNT_UMBER] diff --git a/src/generics/Wildcards.java b/src/generics/Wildcards.java index ebb3dce..4b2b15b 100644 --- a/src/generics/Wildcards.java +++ b/src/generics/Wildcards.java @@ -2,121 +2,127 @@ package generics;//: generics/Wildcards.java // Exploring the meaning of wildcards. public class Wildcards { - // Raw argument: - static void rawArgs(Holder holder, Object arg) { - // holder.set(arg); // Warning: - // Unchecked call to set(T) as a - // member of the raw type Holder - // holder.set(new Wildcards()); // Same warning + // Raw argument: + static void rawArgs(Holder holder, Object arg) { + // holder.set(arg); // Warning: + // Unchecked call to set(T) as a + // member of the raw type Holder + // holder.set(new Wildcards()); // Same warning - // Can't do this; don't have any 'T': - // T t = holder.get(); + // Can't do this; don't have any 'T': + // T t = holder.get(); - // OK, but type information has been lost: - Object obj = holder.get(); - } - // Similar to rawArgs(), but errors instead of warnings: - static void unboundedArg(Holder holder, Object arg) { - // holder.set(arg); // Error: - // set(capture of ?) in Holder - // cannot be applied to (Object) - // holder.set(new Wildcards()); // Same error + // OK, but type information has been lost: + Object obj = holder.get(); + } - // Can't do this; don't have any 'T': - // T t = holder.get(); + // Similar to rawArgs(), but errors instead of warnings: + static void unboundedArg(Holder holder, Object arg) { + // holder.set(arg); // Error: + // set(capture of ?) in Holder + // cannot be applied to (Object) + // holder.set(new Wildcards()); // Same error - // OK, but type information has been lost: - Object obj = holder.get(); - } - static T exact1(Holder holder) { - T t = holder.get(); - return t; - } - static T exact2(Holder holder, T arg) { - holder.set(arg); - T t = holder.get(); - return t; - } - static - T wildSubtype(Holder holder, T arg) { - // holder.set(arg); // Error: - // set(capture of ? extends T) in - // Holder - // cannot be applied to (T) - T t = holder.get(); - return t; - } - static - void wildSupertype(Holder holder, T arg) { - holder.set(arg); - // T t = holder.get(); // Error: - // Incompatible types: found Object, required T + // Can't do this; don't have any 'T': + // T t = holder.get(); - // OK, but type information has been lost: - Object obj = holder.get(); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - Holder raw = new Holder(); - // Or: - raw = new Holder(); - Holder qualified = new Holder(); - Holder unbounded = new Holder(); - Holder bounded = new Holder(); - Long lng = 1L; + // OK, but type information has been lost: + Object obj = holder.get(); + } - rawArgs(raw, lng); - rawArgs(qualified, lng); - rawArgs(unbounded, lng); - rawArgs(bounded, lng); - - unboundedArg(raw, lng); - unboundedArg(qualified, lng); - unboundedArg(unbounded, lng); - unboundedArg(bounded, lng); + static T exact1(Holder holder) { + T t = holder.get(); + return t; + } - // Object r1 = exact1(raw); // Warnings: - // Unchecked conversion from Holder to Holder - // Unchecked method invocation: exact1(Holder) - // is applied to (Holder) - Long r2 = exact1(qualified); - Object r3 = exact1(unbounded); // Must return Object - Long r4 = exact1(bounded); - - // Long r5 = exact2(raw, lng); // Warnings: - // Unchecked conversion from Holder to Holder - // Unchecked method invocation: exact2(Holder,T) - // is applied to (Holder,Long) - Long r6 = exact2(qualified, lng); - // Long r7 = exact2(unbounded, lng); // Error: - // exact2(Holder,T) cannot be applied to - // (Holder,Long) - // Long r8 = exact2(bounded, lng); // Error: - // exact2(Holder,T) cannot be applied - // to (Holder,Long) - - // Long r9 = wildSubtype(raw, lng); // Warnings: - // Unchecked conversion from Holder - // to Holder - // Unchecked method invocation: - // wildSubtype(Holder,T) is - // applied to (Holder,Long) - Long r10 = wildSubtype(qualified, lng); - // OK, but can only return Object: - Object r11 = wildSubtype(unbounded, lng); - Long r12 = wildSubtype(bounded, lng); - - // wildSupertype(raw, lng); // Warnings: - // Unchecked conversion from Holder - // to Holder - // Unchecked method invocation: - // wildSupertype(Holder,T) - // is applied to (Holder,Long) - wildSupertype(qualified, lng); - // wildSupertype(unbounded, lng); // Error: - // wildSupertype(Holder,T) cannot be - // applied to (Holder,Long) - // wildSupertype(bounded, lng); // Error: - // wildSupertype(Holder,T) cannot be - // applied to (Holder,Long) - } + static T exact2(Holder holder, T arg) { + holder.set(arg); + T t = holder.get(); + return t; + } + + static + T wildSubtype(Holder holder, T arg) { + // holder.set(arg); // Error: + // set(capture of ? extends T) in + // Holder + // cannot be applied to (T) + T t = holder.get(); + return t; + } + + static + void wildSupertype(Holder holder, T arg) { + holder.set(arg); + // T t = holder.get(); // Error: + // Incompatible types: found Object, required T + + // OK, but type information has been lost: + Object obj = holder.get(); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + Holder raw = new Holder(); + // Or: + raw = new Holder(); + Holder qualified = new Holder(); + Holder unbounded = new Holder(); + Holder bounded = new Holder(); + Long lng = 1L; + + rawArgs(raw, lng); + rawArgs(qualified, lng); + rawArgs(unbounded, lng); + rawArgs(bounded, lng); + + unboundedArg(raw, lng); + unboundedArg(qualified, lng); + unboundedArg(unbounded, lng); + unboundedArg(bounded, lng); + + // Object r1 = exact1(raw); // Warnings: + // Unchecked conversion from Holder to Holder + // Unchecked method invocation: exact1(Holder) + // is applied to (Holder) + Long r2 = exact1(qualified); + Object r3 = exact1(unbounded); // Must return Object + Long r4 = exact1(bounded); + + // Long r5 = exact2(raw, lng); // Warnings: + // Unchecked conversion from Holder to Holder + // Unchecked method invocation: exact2(Holder,T) + // is applied to (Holder,Long) + Long r6 = exact2(qualified, lng); + // Long r7 = exact2(unbounded, lng); // Error: + // exact2(Holder,T) cannot be applied to + // (Holder,Long) + // Long r8 = exact2(bounded, lng); // Error: + // exact2(Holder,T) cannot be applied + // to (Holder,Long) + + // Long r9 = wildSubtype(raw, lng); // Warnings: + // Unchecked conversion from Holder + // to Holder + // Unchecked method invocation: + // wildSubtype(Holder,T) is + // applied to (Holder,Long) + Long r10 = wildSubtype(qualified, lng); + // OK, but can only return Object: + Object r11 = wildSubtype(unbounded, lng); + Long r12 = wildSubtype(bounded, lng); + + // wildSupertype(raw, lng); // Warnings: + // Unchecked conversion from Holder + // to Holder + // Unchecked method invocation: + // wildSupertype(Holder,T) + // is applied to (Holder,Long) + wildSupertype(qualified, lng); + // wildSupertype(unbounded, lng); // Error: + // wildSupertype(Holder,T) cannot be + // applied to (Holder,Long) + // wildSupertype(bounded, lng); // Error: + // wildSupertype(Holder,T) cannot be + // applied to (Holder,Long) + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/build.xml b/src/generics/build.xml index 978f459..776da21 100644 --- a/src/generics/build.xml +++ b/src/generics/build.xml @@ -1,788 +1,788 @@ - - - build.xml for the source code for the generics chapter of - Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel - Source code available at http://www.MindView.net - See copyright notice in CopyRight.txt - - Ant available from: http://jakarta.apache.org/ant - - To see options, type: ant -p - - This file was automatically generated by AntBuilder - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + basedir="." + default="run" + name="Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel (chapter: generics)"> + + + build.xml for the source code for the generics chapter of + Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel + Source code available at http://www.MindView.net + See copyright notice in CopyRight.txt + + Ant available from: http://jakarta.apache.org/ant + + To see options, type: ant -p + + This file was automatically generated by AntBuilder + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/src/generics/coffee/Americano.java b/src/generics/coffee/Americano.java index 51ad82f..4737c39 100644 --- a/src/generics/coffee/Americano.java +++ b/src/generics/coffee/Americano.java @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ //: generics/coffee/Americano.java package generics.coffee; -public class Americano extends Coffee {} ///:~ + +public class Americano extends Coffee { +} ///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/coffee/Breve.java b/src/generics/coffee/Breve.java index 8c28e3f..1eac573 100644 --- a/src/generics/coffee/Breve.java +++ b/src/generics/coffee/Breve.java @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ //: generics/coffee/Breve.java package generics.coffee; -public class Breve extends Coffee {} ///:~ + +public class Breve extends Coffee { +} ///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/coffee/Cappuccino.java b/src/generics/coffee/Cappuccino.java index 8e961ed..f872805 100644 --- a/src/generics/coffee/Cappuccino.java +++ b/src/generics/coffee/Cappuccino.java @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ //: generics/coffee/Cappuccino.java package generics.coffee; -public class Cappuccino extends Coffee {} ///:~ + +public class Cappuccino extends Coffee { +} ///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/coffee/Coffee.java b/src/generics/coffee/Coffee.java index 3d34b65..c813b4f 100644 --- a/src/generics/coffee/Coffee.java +++ b/src/generics/coffee/Coffee.java @@ -2,9 +2,11 @@ package generics.coffee; public class Coffee { - private static long counter = 0; - private final long id = counter++; - public String toString() { - return getClass().getSimpleName() + " " + id; - } + private static long counter = 0; + private final long id = counter++; + + @Override + public String toString() { + return getClass().getSimpleName() + " " + id; + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/coffee/CoffeeGenerator.java b/src/generics/coffee/CoffeeGenerator.java index f9f39b8..a898578 100644 --- a/src/generics/coffee/CoffeeGenerator.java +++ b/src/generics/coffee/CoffeeGenerator.java @@ -1,50 +1,74 @@ //: generics/coffee/CoffeeGenerator.java // Generate different types of Coffee: package generics.coffee; + import java.util.*; + import net.mindview.util.*; public class CoffeeGenerator -implements Generator, Iterable { - private Class[] types = { Latte.class, Mocha.class, - Cappuccino.class, Americano.class, Breve.class, }; - private static Random rand = new Random(47); - public CoffeeGenerator() {} - // For iteration: - private int size = 0; - public CoffeeGenerator(int sz) { size = sz; } - public Coffee next() { - try { - return (Coffee) - types[rand.nextInt(types.length)].newInstance(); - // Report programmer errors at run time: - } catch(Exception e) { - throw new RuntimeException(e); + implements Generator, Iterable { + private Class[] types = {Latte.class, Mocha.class, + Cappuccino.class, Americano.class, Breve.class,}; + private static Random rand = new Random(47); + + public CoffeeGenerator() { } - } - class CoffeeIterator implements Iterator { - int count = size; - public boolean hasNext() { return count > 0; } + + // For iteration: + private int size = 0; + + public CoffeeGenerator(int sz) { + size = sz; + } + + @Override public Coffee next() { - count--; - return CoffeeGenerator.this.next(); + try { + return (Coffee) + types[rand.nextInt(types.length)].newInstance(); + // Report programmer errors at run time: + } catch (Exception e) { + throw new RuntimeException(e); + } } - public void remove() { // Not implemented - throw new UnsupportedOperationException(); + + class CoffeeIterator implements Iterator { + int count = size; + + @Override + public boolean hasNext() { + return count > 0; + } + + @Override + public Coffee next() { + count--; + return CoffeeGenerator.this.next(); + } + + @Override + public void remove() { // Not implemented + throw new UnsupportedOperationException(); + } } - }; - public Iterator iterator() { - return new CoffeeIterator(); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - CoffeeGenerator gen = new CoffeeGenerator(); - for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { - System.out.println(gen.next()); + + ; + + @Override + public Iterator iterator() { + return new CoffeeIterator(); } - for(Coffee c : new CoffeeGenerator(5)) { - System.out.println(c); + + public static void main(String[] args) { + CoffeeGenerator gen = new CoffeeGenerator(); + for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { + System.out.println(gen.next()); + } + for (Coffee c : new CoffeeGenerator(5)) { + System.out.println(c); + } } - } } /* Output: Americano 0 Latte 1 diff --git a/src/generics/coffee/Latte.java b/src/generics/coffee/Latte.java index 4006f19..27aaac7 100644 --- a/src/generics/coffee/Latte.java +++ b/src/generics/coffee/Latte.java @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ //: generics/coffee/Latte.java package generics.coffee; -public class Latte extends Coffee {} ///:~ + +public class Latte extends Coffee { +} ///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/coffee/Mocha.java b/src/generics/coffee/Mocha.java index 6bf8b29..910a31a 100644 --- a/src/generics/coffee/Mocha.java +++ b/src/generics/coffee/Mocha.java @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ //: generics/coffee/Mocha.java package generics.coffee; -public class Mocha extends Coffee {} ///:~ + +public class Mocha extends Coffee { +} ///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/decorator/Decoration.java b/src/generics/decorator/Decoration.java index 916e008..6ac3f87 100644 --- a/src/generics/decorator/Decoration.java +++ b/src/generics/decorator/Decoration.java @@ -1,45 +1,73 @@ //: generics/decorator/Decoration.java package generics.decorator; + import java.util.*; class Basic { - private String value; - public void set(String val) { value = val; } - public String get() { return value; } + private String value; + + public void set(String val) { + value = val; + } + + public String get() { + return value; + } } class Decorator extends Basic { - protected Basic basic; - public Decorator(Basic basic) { this.basic = basic; } - public void set(String val) { basic.set(val); } - public String get() { return basic.get(); } -} + protected Basic basic; + + public Decorator(Basic basic) { + this.basic = basic; + } + + @Override + public void set(String val) { + basic.set(val); + } + + @Override + public String get() { + return basic.get(); + } +} class TimeStamped extends Decorator { - private final long timeStamp; - public TimeStamped(Basic basic) { - super(basic); - timeStamp = new Date().getTime(); - } - public long getStamp() { return timeStamp; } + private final long timeStamp; + + public TimeStamped(Basic basic) { + super(basic); + timeStamp = new Date().getTime(); + } + + public long getStamp() { + return timeStamp; + } } class SerialNumbered extends Decorator { - private static long counter = 1; - private final long serialNumber = counter++; - public SerialNumbered(Basic basic) { super(basic); } - public long getSerialNumber() { return serialNumber; } -} + private static long counter = 1; + private final long serialNumber = counter++; + + public SerialNumbered(Basic basic) { + super(basic); + } + + public long getSerialNumber() { + return serialNumber; + } +} public class Decoration { - public static void main(String[] args) { - TimeStamped t = new TimeStamped(new Basic()); - TimeStamped t2 = new TimeStamped( - new SerialNumbered(new Basic())); - //! t2.getSerialNumber(); // Not available - SerialNumbered s = new SerialNumbered(new Basic()); - SerialNumbered s2 = new SerialNumbered( - new TimeStamped(new Basic())); - //! s2.getStamp(); // Not available - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + TimeStamped t = new TimeStamped(new Basic()); + TimeStamped t2 = new TimeStamped( + new SerialNumbered(new Basic())); + //! t2.getSerialNumber(); // Not available + SerialNumbered s = new SerialNumbered(new Basic()); + SerialNumbered s2 = new SerialNumbered( + new TimeStamped(new Basic())); + //! s2.getStamp(); // Not available + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/generics/watercolors/Watercolors.java b/src/generics/watercolors/Watercolors.java index e6657db..91cd275 100644 --- a/src/generics/watercolors/Watercolors.java +++ b/src/generics/watercolors/Watercolors.java @@ -2,10 +2,10 @@ package generics.watercolors; public enum Watercolors { - ZINC, LEMON_YELLOW, MEDIUM_YELLOW, DEEP_YELLOW, ORANGE, - BRILLIANT_RED, CRIMSON, MAGENTA, ROSE_MADDER, VIOLET, - CERULEAN_BLUE_HUE, PHTHALO_BLUE, ULTRAMARINE, - COBALT_BLUE_HUE, PERMANENT_GREEN, VIRIDIAN_HUE, - SAP_GREEN, YELLOW_OCHRE, BURNT_SIENNA, RAW_UMBER, - BURNT_UMBER, PAYNES_GRAY, IVORY_BLACK + ZINC, LEMON_YELLOW, MEDIUM_YELLOW, DEEP_YELLOW, ORANGE, + BRILLIANT_RED, CRIMSON, MAGENTA, ROSE_MADDER, VIOLET, + CERULEAN_BLUE_HUE, PHTHALO_BLUE, ULTRAMARINE, + COBALT_BLUE_HUE, PERMANENT_GREEN, VIRIDIAN_HUE, + SAP_GREEN, YELLOW_OCHRE, BURNT_SIENNA, RAW_UMBER, + BURNT_UMBER, PAYNES_GRAY, IVORY_BLACK } ///:~ diff --git a/src/gui/BangBean2.java b/src/gui/BangBean2.java index dcd9758..1c040e0 100644 --- a/src/gui/BangBean2.java +++ b/src/gui/BangBean2.java @@ -1,112 +1,144 @@ package gui;//: gui/BangBean2.java // You should write your Beans this way so they // can run in a multithreaded environment. + import javax.swing.*; import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; import java.io.*; import java.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.SwingConsole.*; public class BangBean2 extends JPanel -implements Serializable { - private int xm, ym; - private int cSize = 20; // Circle size - private String text = "Bang!"; - private int fontSize = 48; - private Color tColor = Color.RED; - private ArrayList actionListeners = - new ArrayList(); - public BangBean2() { - addMouseListener(new ML()); - addMouseMotionListener(new MM()); - } - public synchronized int getCircleSize() { return cSize; } - public synchronized void setCircleSize(int newSize) { - cSize = newSize; - } - public synchronized String getBangText() { return text; } - public synchronized void setBangText(String newText) { - text = newText; - } - public synchronized int getFontSize(){ return fontSize; } - public synchronized void setFontSize(int newSize) { - fontSize = newSize; - } - public synchronized Color getTextColor(){ return tColor;} - public synchronized void setTextColor(Color newColor) { - tColor = newColor; - } - public void paintComponent(Graphics g) { - super.paintComponent(g); - g.setColor(Color.BLACK); - g.drawOval(xm - cSize/2, ym - cSize/2, cSize, cSize); - } - // This is a multicast listener, which is more typically - // used than the unicast approach taken in BangBean.java: - public synchronized void - addActionListener(ActionListener l) { - actionListeners.add(l); - } - public synchronized void - removeActionListener(ActionListener l) { - actionListeners.remove(l); - } - // Notice this isn't synchronized: - public void notifyListeners() { - ActionEvent a = new ActionEvent(BangBean2.this, - ActionEvent.ACTION_PERFORMED, null); - ArrayList lv = null; - // Make a shallow copy of the List in case - // someone adds a listener while we're - // calling listeners: - synchronized(this) { - lv = new ArrayList(actionListeners); + implements Serializable { + private int xm, ym; + private int cSize = 20; // Circle size + private String text = "Bang!"; + private int fontSize = 48; + private Color tColor = Color.RED; + private ArrayList actionListeners = + new ArrayList(); + + public BangBean2() { + addMouseListener(new ML()); + addMouseMotionListener(new MM()); } - // Call all the listener methods: - for(ActionListener al : lv) { - al.actionPerformed(a); + + public synchronized int getCircleSize() { + return cSize; } - } - class ML extends MouseAdapter { - public void mousePressed(MouseEvent e) { - Graphics g = getGraphics(); - g.setColor(tColor); - g.setFont( - new Font("TimesRoman", Font.BOLD, fontSize)); - int width = g.getFontMetrics().stringWidth(text); - g.drawString(text, (getSize().width - width) /2, - getSize().height/2); - g.dispose(); - notifyListeners(); + + public synchronized void setCircleSize(int newSize) { + cSize = newSize; } - } - class MM extends MouseMotionAdapter { - public void mouseMoved(MouseEvent e) { - xm = e.getX(); - ym = e.getY(); - repaint(); + + public synchronized String getBangText() { + return text; + } + + public synchronized void setBangText(String newText) { + text = newText; + } + + public synchronized int getFontSize() { + return fontSize; + } + + public synchronized void setFontSize(int newSize) { + fontSize = newSize; + } + + public synchronized Color getTextColor() { + return tColor; + } + + public synchronized void setTextColor(Color newColor) { + tColor = newColor; + } + + @Override + public void paintComponent(Graphics g) { + super.paintComponent(g); + g.setColor(Color.BLACK); + g.drawOval(xm - cSize / 2, ym - cSize / 2, cSize, cSize); + } + + // This is a multicast listener, which is more typically + // used than the unicast approach taken in BangBean.java: + public synchronized void + addActionListener(ActionListener l) { + actionListeners.add(l); + } + + public synchronized void + removeActionListener(ActionListener l) { + actionListeners.remove(l); + } + + // Notice this isn't synchronized: + public void notifyListeners() { + ActionEvent a = new ActionEvent(BangBean2.this, + ActionEvent.ACTION_PERFORMED, null); + ArrayList lv = null; + // Make a shallow copy of the List in case + // someone adds a listener while we're + // calling listeners: + synchronized (this) { + lv = new ArrayList(actionListeners); + } + // Call all the listener methods: + for (ActionListener al : lv) { + al.actionPerformed(a); + } + } + + class ML extends MouseAdapter { + @Override + public void mousePressed(MouseEvent e) { + Graphics g = getGraphics(); + g.setColor(tColor); + g.setFont( + new Font("TimesRoman", Font.BOLD, fontSize)); + int width = g.getFontMetrics().stringWidth(text); + g.drawString(text, (getSize().width - width) / 2, + getSize().height / 2); + g.dispose(); + notifyListeners(); + } + } + + class MM extends MouseMotionAdapter { + @Override + public void mouseMoved(MouseEvent e) { + xm = e.getX(); + ym = e.getY(); + repaint(); + } + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + BangBean2 bb2 = new BangBean2(); + bb2.addActionListener(new ActionListener() { + @Override + public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { + System.out.println("ActionEvent" + e); + } + }); + bb2.addActionListener(new ActionListener() { + @Override + public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { + System.out.println("BangBean2 action"); + } + }); + bb2.addActionListener(new ActionListener() { + @Override + public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { + System.out.println("More action"); + } + }); + JFrame frame = new JFrame(); + frame.add(bb2); + run(frame, 300, 300); } - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - BangBean2 bb2 = new BangBean2(); - bb2.addActionListener(new ActionListener() { - public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { - System.out.println("ActionEvent" + e); - } - }); - bb2.addActionListener(new ActionListener() { - public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { - System.out.println("BangBean2 action"); - } - }); - bb2.addActionListener(new ActionListener() { - public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { - System.out.println("More action"); - } - }); - JFrame frame = new JFrame(); - frame.add(bb2); - run(frame, 300, 300); - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/gui/BeanDumper.java b/src/gui/BeanDumper.java index 28be077..23d0fbc 100644 --- a/src/gui/BeanDumper.java +++ b/src/gui/BeanDumper.java @@ -1,92 +1,102 @@ package gui;//: gui/BeanDumper.java // Introspecting a Bean. + import javax.swing.*; import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; import java.beans.*; import java.lang.reflect.*; + import static net.mindview.util.SwingConsole.*; public class BeanDumper extends JFrame { - private JTextField query = new JTextField(20); - private JTextArea results = new JTextArea(); - public void print(String s) { results.append(s + "\n"); } - public void dump(Class bean) { - results.setText(""); - BeanInfo bi = null; - try { - bi = Introspector.getBeanInfo(bean, Object.class); - } catch(IntrospectionException e) { - print("Couldn't introspect " + bean.getName()); - return; + private JTextField query = new JTextField(20); + private JTextArea results = new JTextArea(); + + public void print(String s) { + results.append(s + "\n"); } - for(PropertyDescriptor d: bi.getPropertyDescriptors()){ - Class p = d.getPropertyType(); - if(p == null) { - continue; - } - print("Property type:\n " + p.getName() + - "Property name:\n " + d.getName()); - Method readMethod = d.getReadMethod(); - if(readMethod != null) { - print("Read method:\n " + readMethod); - } - Method writeMethod = d.getWriteMethod(); - if(writeMethod != null) { - print("Write method:\n " + writeMethod); - } - print("===================="); + + public void dump(Class bean) { + results.setText(""); + BeanInfo bi = null; + try { + bi = Introspector.getBeanInfo(bean, Object.class); + } catch (IntrospectionException e) { + print("Couldn't introspect " + bean.getName()); + return; + } + for (PropertyDescriptor d : bi.getPropertyDescriptors()) { + Class p = d.getPropertyType(); + if (p == null) { + continue; + } + print("Property type:\n " + p.getName() + + "Property name:\n " + d.getName()); + Method readMethod = d.getReadMethod(); + if (readMethod != null) { + print("Read method:\n " + readMethod); + } + Method writeMethod = d.getWriteMethod(); + if (writeMethod != null) { + print("Write method:\n " + writeMethod); + } + print("===================="); + } + print("Public methods:"); + for (MethodDescriptor m : bi.getMethodDescriptors()) { + print(m.getMethod().toString()); + } + print("======================"); + print("Event support:"); + for (EventSetDescriptor e : bi.getEventSetDescriptors()) { + print("Listener type:\n " + + e.getListenerType().getName()); + for (Method lm : e.getListenerMethods()) { + print("Listener method:\n " + lm.getName()); + } + for (MethodDescriptor lmd : + e.getListenerMethodDescriptors()) { + print("Method descriptor:\n " + lmd.getMethod()); + } + Method addListener = e.getAddListenerMethod(); + print("Add Listener Method:\n " + addListener); + Method removeListener = e.getRemoveListenerMethod(); + print("Remove Listener Method:\n " + removeListener); + print("===================="); + } } - print("Public methods:"); - for(MethodDescriptor m : bi.getMethodDescriptors()) { - print(m.getMethod().toString()); + + class Dumper implements ActionListener { + @Override + public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { + String name = query.getText(); + Class c = null; + try { + c = Class.forName(name); + } catch (ClassNotFoundException ex) { + results.setText("Couldn't find " + name); + return; + } + dump(c); + } } - print("======================"); - print("Event support:"); - for(EventSetDescriptor e: bi.getEventSetDescriptors()){ - print("Listener type:\n " + - e.getListenerType().getName()); - for(Method lm : e.getListenerMethods()) { - print("Listener method:\n " + lm.getName()); - } - for(MethodDescriptor lmd : - e.getListenerMethodDescriptors() ) { - print("Method descriptor:\n " + lmd.getMethod()); - } - Method addListener= e.getAddListenerMethod(); - print("Add Listener Method:\n " + addListener); - Method removeListener = e.getRemoveListenerMethod(); - print("Remove Listener Method:\n "+ removeListener); - print("===================="); + + public BeanDumper() { + JPanel p = new JPanel(); + p.setLayout(new FlowLayout()); + p.add(new JLabel("Qualified bean name:")); + p.add(query); + add(BorderLayout.NORTH, p); + add(new JScrollPane(results)); + Dumper dmpr = new Dumper(); + query.addActionListener(dmpr); + query.setText("frogbean.Frog"); + // Force evaluation + dmpr.actionPerformed(new ActionEvent(dmpr, 0, "")); } - } - class Dumper implements ActionListener { - public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { - String name = query.getText(); - Class c = null; - try { - c = Class.forName(name); - } catch(ClassNotFoundException ex) { - results.setText("Couldn't find " + name); - return; - } - dump(c); + + public static void main(String[] args) { + run(new BeanDumper(), 600, 500); } - } - public BeanDumper() { - JPanel p = new JPanel(); - p.setLayout(new FlowLayout()); - p.add(new JLabel("Qualified bean name:")); - p.add(query); - add(BorderLayout.NORTH, p); - add(new JScrollPane(results)); - Dumper dmpr = new Dumper(); - query.addActionListener(dmpr); - query.setText("frogbean.Frog"); - // Force evaluation - dmpr.actionPerformed(new ActionEvent(dmpr, 0, "")); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - run(new BeanDumper(), 600, 500); - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/gui/BorderLayout1.java b/src/gui/BorderLayout1.java index a80275a..c3a5dd2 100644 --- a/src/gui/BorderLayout1.java +++ b/src/gui/BorderLayout1.java @@ -1,18 +1,21 @@ package gui;//: gui/BorderLayout1.java // Demonstrates BorderLayout. + import javax.swing.*; import java.awt.*; + import static net.mindview.util.SwingConsole.*; public class BorderLayout1 extends JFrame { - public BorderLayout1() { - add(BorderLayout.NORTH, new JButton("North")); - add(BorderLayout.SOUTH, new JButton("South")); - add(BorderLayout.EAST, new JButton("East")); - add(BorderLayout.WEST, new JButton("West")); - add(BorderLayout.CENTER, new JButton("Center")); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - run(new BorderLayout1(), 300, 250); - } + public BorderLayout1() { + add(BorderLayout.NORTH, new JButton("North")); + add(BorderLayout.SOUTH, new JButton("South")); + add(BorderLayout.EAST, new JButton("East")); + add(BorderLayout.WEST, new JButton("West")); + add(BorderLayout.CENTER, new JButton("Center")); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + run(new BorderLayout1(), 300, 250); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/gui/Borders.java b/src/gui/Borders.java index 7178c76..ee92f28 100644 --- a/src/gui/Borders.java +++ b/src/gui/Borders.java @@ -1,37 +1,41 @@ package gui;//: gui/Borders.java // Different Swing borders. + import javax.swing.*; import javax.swing.border.*; import java.awt.*; + import static net.mindview.util.SwingConsole.*; public class Borders extends JFrame { - static JPanel showBorder(Border b) { - JPanel jp = new JPanel(); - jp.setLayout(new BorderLayout()); - String nm = b.getClass().toString(); - nm = nm.substring(nm.lastIndexOf('.') + 1); - jp.add(new JLabel(nm, JLabel.CENTER), - BorderLayout.CENTER); - jp.setBorder(b); - return jp; - } - public Borders() { - setLayout(new GridLayout(2,4)); - add(showBorder(new TitledBorder("Title"))); - add(showBorder(new EtchedBorder())); - add(showBorder(new LineBorder(Color.BLUE))); - add(showBorder( - new MatteBorder(5,5,30,30,Color.GREEN))); - add(showBorder( - new BevelBorder(BevelBorder.RAISED))); - add(showBorder( - new SoftBevelBorder(BevelBorder.LOWERED))); - add(showBorder(new CompoundBorder( - new EtchedBorder(), - new LineBorder(Color.RED)))); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - run(new Borders(), 500, 300); - } + static JPanel showBorder(Border b) { + JPanel jp = new JPanel(); + jp.setLayout(new BorderLayout()); + String nm = b.getClass().toString(); + nm = nm.substring(nm.lastIndexOf('.') + 1); + jp.add(new JLabel(nm, JLabel.CENTER), + BorderLayout.CENTER); + jp.setBorder(b); + return jp; + } + + public Borders() { + setLayout(new GridLayout(2, 4)); + add(showBorder(new TitledBorder("Title"))); + add(showBorder(new EtchedBorder())); + add(showBorder(new LineBorder(Color.BLUE))); + add(showBorder( + new MatteBorder(5, 5, 30, 30, Color.GREEN))); + add(showBorder( + new BevelBorder(BevelBorder.RAISED))); + add(showBorder( + new SoftBevelBorder(BevelBorder.LOWERED))); + add(showBorder(new CompoundBorder( + new EtchedBorder(), + new LineBorder(Color.RED)))); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + run(new Borders(), 500, 300); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/gui/Button1.java b/src/gui/Button1.java index 915d542..f2ae150 100644 --- a/src/gui/Button1.java +++ b/src/gui/Button1.java @@ -1,19 +1,23 @@ package gui;//: gui/Button1.java // Putting buttons on a Swing application. + import javax.swing.*; import java.awt.*; + import static net.mindview.util.SwingConsole.*; public class Button1 extends JFrame { - private JButton - b1 = new JButton("Button 1"), - b2 = new JButton("Button 2"); - public Button1() { - setLayout(new FlowLayout()); - add(b1); - add(b2); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - run(new Button1(), 200, 100); - } + private JButton + b1 = new JButton("Button 1"), + b2 = new JButton("Button 2"); + + public Button1() { + setLayout(new FlowLayout()); + add(b1); + add(b2); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + run(new Button1(), 200, 100); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/gui/Button2.java b/src/gui/Button2.java index e20ecd8..e68455d 100644 --- a/src/gui/Button2.java +++ b/src/gui/Button2.java @@ -1,31 +1,38 @@ package gui;//: gui/Button2.java // Responding to button presses. + import javax.swing.*; import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; + import static net.mindview.util.SwingConsole.*; public class Button2 extends JFrame { - private JButton - b1 = new JButton("Button 1"), - b2 = new JButton("Button 2"); - private JTextField txt = new JTextField(10); - class ButtonListener implements ActionListener { - public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { - String name = ((JButton)e.getSource()).getText(); - txt.setText(name); + private JButton + b1 = new JButton("Button 1"), + b2 = new JButton("Button 2"); + private JTextField txt = new JTextField(10); + + class ButtonListener implements ActionListener { + @Override + public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { + String name = ((JButton) e.getSource()).getText(); + txt.setText(name); + } + } + + private ButtonListener bl = new ButtonListener(); + + public Button2() { + b1.addActionListener(bl); + b2.addActionListener(bl); + setLayout(new FlowLayout()); + add(b1); + add(b2); + add(txt); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + run(new Button2(), 200, 150); } - } - private ButtonListener bl = new ButtonListener(); - public Button2() { - b1.addActionListener(bl); - b2.addActionListener(bl); - setLayout(new FlowLayout()); - add(b1); - add(b2); - add(txt); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - run(new Button2(), 200, 150); - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/gui/Button2b.java b/src/gui/Button2b.java index 921a331..ac8faf8 100644 --- a/src/gui/Button2b.java +++ b/src/gui/Button2b.java @@ -1,30 +1,35 @@ package gui;//: gui/Button2b.java // Using anonymous inner classes. + import javax.swing.*; import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; + import static net.mindview.util.SwingConsole.*; public class Button2b extends JFrame { - private JButton - b1 = new JButton("Button 1"), - b2 = new JButton("Button 2"); - private JTextField txt = new JTextField(10); - private ActionListener bl = new ActionListener() { - public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { - String name = ((JButton)e.getSource()).getText(); - txt.setText(name); + private JButton + b1 = new JButton("Button 1"), + b2 = new JButton("Button 2"); + private JTextField txt = new JTextField(10); + private ActionListener bl = new ActionListener() { + @Override + public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { + String name = ((JButton) e.getSource()).getText(); + txt.setText(name); + } + }; + + public Button2b() { + b1.addActionListener(bl); + b2.addActionListener(bl); + setLayout(new FlowLayout()); + add(b1); + add(b2); + add(txt); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + run(new Button2b(), 200, 150); } - }; - public Button2b() { - b1.addActionListener(bl); - b2.addActionListener(bl); - setLayout(new FlowLayout()); - add(b1); - add(b2); - add(txt); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - run(new Button2b(), 200, 150); - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/gui/ButtonGroups.java b/src/gui/ButtonGroups.java index 382bfc9..b086386 100644 --- a/src/gui/ButtonGroups.java +++ b/src/gui/ButtonGroups.java @@ -1,48 +1,53 @@ package gui;//: gui/ButtonGroups.java // Uses reflection to create groups // of different types of AbstractButton. + import javax.swing.*; import javax.swing.border.*; import java.awt.*; import java.lang.reflect.*; + import static net.mindview.util.SwingConsole.*; public class ButtonGroups extends JFrame { - private static String[] ids = { - "June", "Ward", "Beaver", "Wally", "Eddie", "Lumpy" - }; - static JPanel makeBPanel( - Class kind, String[] ids) { - ButtonGroup bg = new ButtonGroup(); - JPanel jp = new JPanel(); - String title = kind.getName(); - title = title.substring(title.lastIndexOf('.') + 1); - jp.setBorder(new TitledBorder(title)); - for(String id : ids) { - AbstractButton ab = new JButton("failed"); - try { - // Get the dynamic constructor method - // that takes a String argument: - Constructor ctor = - kind.getConstructor(String.class); - // Create a new object: - ab = (AbstractButton)ctor.newInstance(id); - } catch(Exception ex) { - System.err.println("can't create " + kind); - } - bg.add(ab); - jp.add(ab); + private static String[] ids = { + "June", "Ward", "Beaver", "Wally", "Eddie", "Lumpy" + }; + + static JPanel makeBPanel( + Class kind, String[] ids) { + ButtonGroup bg = new ButtonGroup(); + JPanel jp = new JPanel(); + String title = kind.getName(); + title = title.substring(title.lastIndexOf('.') + 1); + jp.setBorder(new TitledBorder(title)); + for (String id : ids) { + AbstractButton ab = new JButton("failed"); + try { + // Get the dynamic constructor method + // that takes a String argument: + Constructor ctor = + kind.getConstructor(String.class); + // Create a new object: + ab = (AbstractButton) ctor.newInstance(id); + } catch (Exception ex) { + System.err.println("can't create " + kind); + } + bg.add(ab); + jp.add(ab); + } + return jp; + } + + public ButtonGroups() { + setLayout(new FlowLayout()); + add(makeBPanel(JButton.class, ids)); + add(makeBPanel(JToggleButton.class, ids)); + add(makeBPanel(JCheckBox.class, ids)); + add(makeBPanel(JRadioButton.class, ids)); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + run(new ButtonGroups(), 500, 350); } - return jp; - } - public ButtonGroups() { - setLayout(new FlowLayout()); - add(makeBPanel(JButton.class, ids)); - add(makeBPanel(JToggleButton.class, ids)); - add(makeBPanel(JCheckBox.class, ids)); - add(makeBPanel(JRadioButton.class, ids)); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - run(new ButtonGroups(), 500, 350); - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/gui/Buttons.java b/src/gui/Buttons.java index 6d462e9..a97d704 100644 --- a/src/gui/Buttons.java +++ b/src/gui/Buttons.java @@ -1,33 +1,37 @@ package gui;//: gui/Buttons.java // Various Swing buttons. + import javax.swing.*; import javax.swing.border.*; import javax.swing.plaf.basic.*; import java.awt.*; + import static net.mindview.util.SwingConsole.*; public class Buttons extends JFrame { - private JButton jb = new JButton("JButton"); - private BasicArrowButton - up = new BasicArrowButton(BasicArrowButton.NORTH), - down = new BasicArrowButton(BasicArrowButton.SOUTH), - right = new BasicArrowButton(BasicArrowButton.EAST), - left = new BasicArrowButton(BasicArrowButton.WEST); - public Buttons() { - setLayout(new FlowLayout()); - add(jb); - add(new JToggleButton("JToggleButton")); - add(new JCheckBox("JCheckBox")); - add(new JRadioButton("JRadioButton")); - JPanel jp = new JPanel(); - jp.setBorder(new TitledBorder("Directions")); - jp.add(up); - jp.add(down); - jp.add(left); - jp.add(right); - add(jp); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - run(new Buttons(), 350, 200); - } + private JButton jb = new JButton("JButton"); + private BasicArrowButton + up = new BasicArrowButton(BasicArrowButton.NORTH), + down = new BasicArrowButton(BasicArrowButton.SOUTH), + right = new BasicArrowButton(BasicArrowButton.EAST), + left = new BasicArrowButton(BasicArrowButton.WEST); + + public Buttons() { + setLayout(new FlowLayout()); + add(jb); + add(new JToggleButton("JToggleButton")); + add(new JCheckBox("JCheckBox")); + add(new JRadioButton("JRadioButton")); + JPanel jp = new JPanel(); + jp.setBorder(new TitledBorder("Directions")); + jp.add(up); + jp.add(down); + jp.add(left); + jp.add(right); + add(jp); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + run(new Buttons(), 350, 200); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/gui/CheckBoxes.java b/src/gui/CheckBoxes.java index 387c24c..b03a1fd 100644 --- a/src/gui/CheckBoxes.java +++ b/src/gui/CheckBoxes.java @@ -1,46 +1,54 @@ package gui;//: gui/CheckBoxes.java // Using JCheckBoxes. + import javax.swing.*; import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; + import static net.mindview.util.SwingConsole.*; public class CheckBoxes extends JFrame { - private JTextArea t = new JTextArea(6, 15); - private JCheckBox - cb1 = new JCheckBox("Check Box 1"), - cb2 = new JCheckBox("Check Box 2"), - cb3 = new JCheckBox("Check Box 3"); - public CheckBoxes() { - cb1.addActionListener(new ActionListener() { - public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { - trace("1", cb1); - } - }); - cb2.addActionListener(new ActionListener() { - public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { - trace("2", cb2); - } - }); - cb3.addActionListener(new ActionListener() { - public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { - trace("3", cb3); - } - }); - setLayout(new FlowLayout()); - add(new JScrollPane(t)); - add(cb1); - add(cb2); - add(cb3); - } - private void trace(String b, JCheckBox cb) { - if(cb.isSelected()) { - t.append("Box " + b + " Set\n"); - } else { - t.append("Box " + b + " Cleared\n"); + private JTextArea t = new JTextArea(6, 15); + private JCheckBox + cb1 = new JCheckBox("Check Box 1"), + cb2 = new JCheckBox("Check Box 2"), + cb3 = new JCheckBox("Check Box 3"); + + public CheckBoxes() { + cb1.addActionListener(new ActionListener() { + @Override + public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { + trace("1", cb1); + } + }); + cb2.addActionListener(new ActionListener() { + @Override + public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { + trace("2", cb2); + } + }); + cb3.addActionListener(new ActionListener() { + @Override + public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { + trace("3", cb3); + } + }); + setLayout(new FlowLayout()); + add(new JScrollPane(t)); + add(cb1); + add(cb2); + add(cb3); + } + + private void trace(String b, JCheckBox cb) { + if (cb.isSelected()) { + t.append("Box " + b + " Set\n"); + } else { + t.append("Box " + b + " Cleared\n"); + } + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + run(new CheckBoxes(), 200, 300); } - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - run(new CheckBoxes(), 200, 300); - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/gui/ColorBoxes.java b/src/gui/ColorBoxes.java index c1cc06d..c4a0138 100644 --- a/src/gui/ColorBoxes.java +++ b/src/gui/ColorBoxes.java @@ -1,56 +1,67 @@ package gui;//: gui/ColorBoxes.java // A visual demonstration of threading. + import javax.swing.*; import java.awt.*; import java.util.concurrent.*; import java.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.SwingConsole.*; class CBox extends JPanel implements Runnable { - private int pause; - private static Random rand = new Random(); - private Color color = new Color(0); - public void paintComponent(Graphics g) { - g.setColor(color); - Dimension s = getSize(); - g.fillRect(0, 0, s.width, s.height); - } - public CBox(int pause) { this.pause = pause; } - public void run() { - try { - while(!Thread.interrupted()) { - color = new Color(rand.nextInt(0xFFFFFF)); - repaint(); // Asynchronously request a paint() - TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(pause); - } - } catch(InterruptedException e) { - // Acceptable way to exit + private int pause; + private static Random rand = new Random(); + private Color color = new Color(0); + + @Override + public void paintComponent(Graphics g) { + g.setColor(color); + Dimension s = getSize(); + g.fillRect(0, 0, s.width, s.height); + } + + public CBox(int pause) { + this.pause = pause; + } + + @Override + public void run() { + try { + while (!Thread.interrupted()) { + color = new Color(rand.nextInt(0xFFFFFF)); + repaint(); // Asynchronously request a paint() + TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(pause); + } + } catch (InterruptedException e) { + // Acceptable way to exit + } } - } } public class ColorBoxes extends JFrame { - private int grid = 12; - private int pause = 50; - private static ExecutorService exec = - Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); - public void setUp() { - setLayout(new GridLayout(grid, grid)); - for(int i = 0; i < grid * grid; i++) { - CBox cb = new CBox(pause); - add(cb); - exec.execute(cb); + private int grid = 12; + private int pause = 50; + private static ExecutorService exec = + Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); + + public void setUp() { + setLayout(new GridLayout(grid, grid)); + for (int i = 0; i < grid * grid; i++) { + CBox cb = new CBox(pause); + add(cb); + exec.execute(cb); + } } - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - ColorBoxes boxes = new ColorBoxes(); - if(args.length > 0) { - boxes.grid = new Integer(args[0]); + + public static void main(String[] args) { + ColorBoxes boxes = new ColorBoxes(); + if (args.length > 0) { + boxes.grid = new Integer(args[0]); + } + if (args.length > 1) { + boxes.pause = new Integer(args[1]); + } + boxes.setUp(); + run(boxes, 500, 400); } - if(args.length > 1) { - boxes.pause = new Integer(args[1]); - } - boxes.setUp(); - run(boxes, 500, 400); - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/gui/ComboBoxes.java b/src/gui/ComboBoxes.java index 6d61634..eb072bb 100644 --- a/src/gui/ComboBoxes.java +++ b/src/gui/ComboBoxes.java @@ -1,43 +1,49 @@ package gui;//: gui/ComboBoxes.java // Using drop-down lists. + import javax.swing.*; import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; + import static net.mindview.util.SwingConsole.*; public class ComboBoxes extends JFrame { - private String[] description = { - "Ebullient", "Obtuse", "Recalcitrant", "Brilliant", - "Somnescent", "Timorous", "Florid", "Putrescent" - }; - private JTextField t = new JTextField(15); - private JComboBox c = new JComboBox(); - private JButton b = new JButton("Add items"); - private int count = 0; - public ComboBoxes() { - for(int i = 0; i < 4; i++) { - c.addItem(description[count++]); - } - t.setEditable(false); - b.addActionListener(new ActionListener() { - public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { - if(count < description.length) { + private String[] description = { + "Ebullient", "Obtuse", "Recalcitrant", "Brilliant", + "Somnescent", "Timorous", "Florid", "Putrescent" + }; + private JTextField t = new JTextField(15); + private JComboBox c = new JComboBox(); + private JButton b = new JButton("Add items"); + private int count = 0; + + public ComboBoxes() { + for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) { c.addItem(description[count++]); } - } - }); - c.addActionListener(new ActionListener() { - public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { - t.setText("index: "+ c.getSelectedIndex() + " " + - ((JComboBox)e.getSource()).getSelectedItem()); - } - }); - setLayout(new FlowLayout()); - add(t); - add(c); - add(b); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - run(new ComboBoxes(), 200, 175); - } + t.setEditable(false); + b.addActionListener(new ActionListener() { + @Override + public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { + if (count < description.length) { + c.addItem(description[count++]); + } + } + }); + c.addActionListener(new ActionListener() { + @Override + public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { + t.setText("index: " + c.getSelectedIndex() + " " + + ((JComboBox) e.getSource()).getSelectedItem()); + } + }); + setLayout(new FlowLayout()); + add(t); + add(c); + add(b); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + run(new ComboBoxes(), 200, 175); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/gui/Dialogs.java b/src/gui/Dialogs.java index ba0c2d8..5c578e2 100644 --- a/src/gui/Dialogs.java +++ b/src/gui/Dialogs.java @@ -1,38 +1,44 @@ package gui;//: gui/Dialogs.java // Creating and using Dialog Boxes. + import javax.swing.*; import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; + import static net.mindview.util.SwingConsole.*; class MyDialog extends JDialog { - public MyDialog(JFrame parent) { - super(parent, "My dialog", true); - setLayout(new FlowLayout()); - add(new JLabel("Here is my dialog")); - JButton ok = new JButton("OK"); - ok.addActionListener(new ActionListener() { - public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { - dispose(); // Closes the dialog - } - }); - add(ok); - setSize(150,125); - } + public MyDialog(JFrame parent) { + super(parent, "My dialog", true); + setLayout(new FlowLayout()); + add(new JLabel("Here is my dialog")); + JButton ok = new JButton("OK"); + ok.addActionListener(new ActionListener() { + @Override + public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { + dispose(); // Closes the dialog + } + }); + add(ok); + setSize(150, 125); + } } public class Dialogs extends JFrame { - private JButton b1 = new JButton("Dialog Box"); - private MyDialog dlg = new MyDialog(null); - public Dialogs() { - b1.addActionListener(new ActionListener() { - public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { - dlg.setVisible(true); - } - }); - add(b1); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - run(new Dialogs(), 125, 75); - } + private JButton b1 = new JButton("Dialog Box"); + private MyDialog dlg = new MyDialog(null); + + public Dialogs() { + b1.addActionListener(new ActionListener() { + @Override + public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { + dlg.setVisible(true); + } + }); + add(b1); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + run(new Dialogs(), 125, 75); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/gui/Faces.java b/src/gui/Faces.java index ac11ecd..fab838f 100644 --- a/src/gui/Faces.java +++ b/src/gui/Faces.java @@ -1,57 +1,63 @@ package gui;//: gui/Faces.java // Icon behavior in JButtons. + import javax.swing.*; import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; + import static net.mindview.util.SwingConsole.*; public class Faces extends JFrame { - private static Icon[] faces; - private JButton jb, jb2 = new JButton("Disable"); - private boolean mad = false; - public Faces() { - faces = new Icon[]{ - new ImageIcon(getClass().getResource("Face0.gif")), - new ImageIcon(getClass().getResource("Face1.gif")), - new ImageIcon(getClass().getResource("Face2.gif")), - new ImageIcon(getClass().getResource("Face3.gif")), - new ImageIcon(getClass().getResource("Face4.gif")), - }; - jb = new JButton("JButton", faces[3]); - setLayout(new FlowLayout()); - jb.addActionListener(new ActionListener() { - public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { - if(mad) { - jb.setIcon(faces[3]); - mad = false; - } else { - jb.setIcon(faces[0]); - mad = true; - } - jb.setVerticalAlignment(JButton.TOP); - jb.setHorizontalAlignment(JButton.LEFT); - } - }); - jb.setRolloverEnabled(true); - jb.setRolloverIcon(faces[1]); - jb.setPressedIcon(faces[2]); - jb.setDisabledIcon(faces[4]); - jb.setToolTipText("Yow!"); - add(jb); - jb2.addActionListener(new ActionListener() { - public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { - if(jb.isEnabled()) { - jb.setEnabled(false); - jb2.setText("Enable"); - } else { - jb.setEnabled(true); - jb2.setText("Disable"); - } - } - }); - add(jb2); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - run(new Faces(), 250, 125); - } + private static Icon[] faces; + private JButton jb, jb2 = new JButton("Disable"); + private boolean mad = false; + + public Faces() { + faces = new Icon[]{ + new ImageIcon(getClass().getResource("Face0.gif")), + new ImageIcon(getClass().getResource("Face1.gif")), + new ImageIcon(getClass().getResource("Face2.gif")), + new ImageIcon(getClass().getResource("Face3.gif")), + new ImageIcon(getClass().getResource("Face4.gif")), + }; + jb = new JButton("JButton", faces[3]); + setLayout(new FlowLayout()); + jb.addActionListener(new ActionListener() { + @Override + public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { + if (mad) { + jb.setIcon(faces[3]); + mad = false; + } else { + jb.setIcon(faces[0]); + mad = true; + } + jb.setVerticalAlignment(JButton.TOP); + jb.setHorizontalAlignment(JButton.LEFT); + } + }); + jb.setRolloverEnabled(true); + jb.setRolloverIcon(faces[1]); + jb.setPressedIcon(faces[2]); + jb.setDisabledIcon(faces[4]); + jb.setToolTipText("Yow!"); + add(jb); + jb2.addActionListener(new ActionListener() { + @Override + public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { + if (jb.isEnabled()) { + jb.setEnabled(false); + jb2.setText("Enable"); + } else { + jb.setEnabled(true); + jb2.setText("Disable"); + } + } + }); + add(jb2); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + run(new Faces(), 250, 125); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/gui/FileChooserTest.java b/src/gui/FileChooserTest.java index cc348c9..785c5a8 100644 --- a/src/gui/FileChooserTest.java +++ b/src/gui/FileChooserTest.java @@ -1,63 +1,71 @@ package gui;//: gui/FileChooserTest.java // Demonstration of File dialog boxes. + import javax.swing.*; import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; + import static net.mindview.util.SwingConsole.*; public class FileChooserTest extends JFrame { - private JTextField - fileName = new JTextField(), - dir = new JTextField(); - private JButton - open = new JButton("Open"), - save = new JButton("Save"); - public FileChooserTest() { - JPanel p = new JPanel(); - open.addActionListener(new OpenL()); - p.add(open); - save.addActionListener(new SaveL()); - p.add(save); - add(p, BorderLayout.SOUTH); - dir.setEditable(false); - fileName.setEditable(false); - p = new JPanel(); - p.setLayout(new GridLayout(2,1)); - p.add(fileName); - p.add(dir); - add(p, BorderLayout.NORTH); - } - class OpenL implements ActionListener { - public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { - JFileChooser c = new JFileChooser(); - // Demonstrate "Open" dialog: - int rVal = c.showOpenDialog(FileChooserTest.this); - if(rVal == JFileChooser.APPROVE_OPTION) { - fileName.setText(c.getSelectedFile().getName()); - dir.setText(c.getCurrentDirectory().toString()); - } - if(rVal == JFileChooser.CANCEL_OPTION) { - fileName.setText("You pressed cancel"); - dir.setText(""); - } + private JTextField + fileName = new JTextField(), + dir = new JTextField(); + private JButton + open = new JButton("Open"), + save = new JButton("Save"); + + public FileChooserTest() { + JPanel p = new JPanel(); + open.addActionListener(new OpenL()); + p.add(open); + save.addActionListener(new SaveL()); + p.add(save); + add(p, BorderLayout.SOUTH); + dir.setEditable(false); + fileName.setEditable(false); + p = new JPanel(); + p.setLayout(new GridLayout(2, 1)); + p.add(fileName); + p.add(dir); + add(p, BorderLayout.NORTH); } - } - class SaveL implements ActionListener { - public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { - JFileChooser c = new JFileChooser(); - // Demonstrate "Save" dialog: - int rVal = c.showSaveDialog(FileChooserTest.this); - if(rVal == JFileChooser.APPROVE_OPTION) { - fileName.setText(c.getSelectedFile().getName()); - dir.setText(c.getCurrentDirectory().toString()); - } - if(rVal == JFileChooser.CANCEL_OPTION) { - fileName.setText("You pressed cancel"); - dir.setText(""); - } + + class OpenL implements ActionListener { + @Override + public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { + JFileChooser c = new JFileChooser(); + // Demonstrate "Open" dialog: + int rVal = c.showOpenDialog(FileChooserTest.this); + if (rVal == JFileChooser.APPROVE_OPTION) { + fileName.setText(c.getSelectedFile().getName()); + dir.setText(c.getCurrentDirectory().toString()); + } + if (rVal == JFileChooser.CANCEL_OPTION) { + fileName.setText("You pressed cancel"); + dir.setText(""); + } + } + } + + class SaveL implements ActionListener { + @Override + public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { + JFileChooser c = new JFileChooser(); + // Demonstrate "Save" dialog: + int rVal = c.showSaveDialog(FileChooserTest.this); + if (rVal == JFileChooser.APPROVE_OPTION) { + fileName.setText(c.getSelectedFile().getName()); + dir.setText(c.getCurrentDirectory().toString()); + } + if (rVal == JFileChooser.CANCEL_OPTION) { + fileName.setText("You pressed cancel"); + dir.setText(""); + } + } + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + run(new FileChooserTest(), 250, 150); } - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - run(new FileChooserTest(), 250, 150); - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/gui/FlowLayout1.java b/src/gui/FlowLayout1.java index 2509ec9..c6438f7 100644 --- a/src/gui/FlowLayout1.java +++ b/src/gui/FlowLayout1.java @@ -1,17 +1,20 @@ package gui;//: gui/FlowLayout1.java // Demonstrates FlowLayout. + import javax.swing.*; import java.awt.*; + import static net.mindview.util.SwingConsole.*; public class FlowLayout1 extends JFrame { - public FlowLayout1() { - setLayout(new FlowLayout()); - for(int i = 0; i < 20; i++) { - add(new JButton("Button " + i)); + public FlowLayout1() { + setLayout(new FlowLayout()); + for (int i = 0; i < 20; i++) { + add(new JButton("Button " + i)); + } + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + run(new FlowLayout1(), 300, 300); } - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - run(new FlowLayout1(), 300, 300); - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/gui/GridLayout1.java b/src/gui/GridLayout1.java index 67356a6..0053331 100644 --- a/src/gui/GridLayout1.java +++ b/src/gui/GridLayout1.java @@ -1,17 +1,20 @@ package gui;//: gui/GridLayout1.java // Demonstrates GridLayout. + import javax.swing.*; import java.awt.*; + import static net.mindview.util.SwingConsole.*; public class GridLayout1 extends JFrame { - public GridLayout1() { - setLayout(new GridLayout(7,3)); - for(int i = 0; i < 20; i++) { - add(new JButton("Button " + i)); + public GridLayout1() { + setLayout(new GridLayout(7, 3)); + for (int i = 0; i < 20; i++) { + add(new JButton("Button " + i)); + } + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + run(new GridLayout1(), 300, 300); } - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - run(new GridLayout1(), 300, 300); - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/gui/HTMLButton.java b/src/gui/HTMLButton.java index ded5673..4e3f6a2 100644 --- a/src/gui/HTMLButton.java +++ b/src/gui/HTMLButton.java @@ -1,27 +1,32 @@ package gui;//: gui/HTMLButton.java // Putting HTML text on Swing components. + import javax.swing.*; import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; + import static net.mindview.util.SwingConsole.*; public class HTMLButton extends JFrame { - private JButton b = new JButton( - "" + - "
Hello!
Press me now!"); - public HTMLButton() { - b.addActionListener(new ActionListener() { - public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { - add(new JLabel("" + - "Kapow!")); - // Force a re-layout to include the new label: - validate(); - } - }); - setLayout(new FlowLayout()); - add(b); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - run(new HTMLButton(), 200, 500); - } + private JButton b = new JButton( + "" + + "
Hello!
Press me now!"); + + public HTMLButton() { + b.addActionListener(new ActionListener() { + @Override + public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { + add(new JLabel("" + + "Kapow!")); + // Force a re-layout to include the new label: + validate(); + } + }); + setLayout(new FlowLayout()); + add(b); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + run(new HTMLButton(), 200, 500); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/gui/HelloLabel.java b/src/gui/HelloLabel.java index 1a5adc1..db404e4 100644 --- a/src/gui/HelloLabel.java +++ b/src/gui/HelloLabel.java @@ -1,16 +1,17 @@ package gui;//: gui/HelloLabel.java + import javax.swing.*; import java.util.concurrent.*; public class HelloLabel { - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - JFrame frame = new JFrame("Hello Swing"); - JLabel label = new JLabel("A Label"); - frame.add(label); - frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE); - frame.setSize(300, 100); - frame.setVisible(true); - TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1); - label.setText("Hey! This is Different!"); - } + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + JFrame frame = new JFrame("Hello Swing"); + JLabel label = new JLabel("A Label"); + frame.add(label); + frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE); + frame.setSize(300, 100); + frame.setVisible(true); + TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1); + label.setText("Hey! This is Different!"); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/gui/HelloSwing.java b/src/gui/HelloSwing.java index 7baeb92..1560c14 100644 --- a/src/gui/HelloSwing.java +++ b/src/gui/HelloSwing.java @@ -1,11 +1,12 @@ package gui;//: gui/HelloSwing.java + import javax.swing.*; public class HelloSwing { - public static void main(String[] args) { - JFrame frame = new JFrame("Hello Swing"); - frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE); - frame.setSize(300, 100); - frame.setVisible(true); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + JFrame frame = new JFrame("Hello Swing"); + frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE); + frame.setSize(300, 100); + frame.setVisible(true); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/gui/InterruptableLongRunningCallable.java b/src/gui/InterruptableLongRunningCallable.java index 6ae78a2..868d57f 100644 --- a/src/gui/InterruptableLongRunningCallable.java +++ b/src/gui/InterruptableLongRunningCallable.java @@ -1,61 +1,70 @@ package gui;//: gui/InterruptableLongRunningCallable.java // Using Callables for long-running tasks. + import javax.swing.*; import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; import java.util.concurrent.*; + import net.mindview.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.SwingConsole.*; class CallableTask extends Task -implements Callable { - public String call() { - run(); - return "Return value of " + this; - } + implements Callable { + @Override + public String call() { + run(); + return "Return value of " + this; + } } public class InterruptableLongRunningCallable extends JFrame { - private JButton - b1 = new JButton("Start Long Running Task"), - b2 = new JButton("End Long Running Task"), - b3 = new JButton("Get results"); - private TaskManager manager = - new TaskManager(); - public InterruptableLongRunningCallable() { - b1.addActionListener(new ActionListener() { - public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { - CallableTask task = new CallableTask(); - manager.add(task); - System.out.println(task + " added to the queue"); - } - }); - b2.addActionListener(new ActionListener() { - public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { - for(String result : manager.purge()) { - System.out.println(result); - } - } - }); - b3.addActionListener(new ActionListener() { - public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { - // Sample call to a Task method: - for(TaskItem tt : - manager) { - tt.task.id(); // No cast required - } - for(String result : manager.getResults()) { - System.out.println(result); - } - } - }); - setLayout(new FlowLayout()); - add(b1); - add(b2); - add(b3); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - run(new InterruptableLongRunningCallable(), 200, 150); - } + private JButton + b1 = new JButton("Start Long Running Task"), + b2 = new JButton("End Long Running Task"), + b3 = new JButton("Get results"); + private TaskManager manager = + new TaskManager(); + + public InterruptableLongRunningCallable() { + b1.addActionListener(new ActionListener() { + @Override + public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { + CallableTask task = new CallableTask(); + manager.add(task); + System.out.println(task + " added to the queue"); + } + }); + b2.addActionListener(new ActionListener() { + @Override + public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { + for (String result : manager.purge()) { + System.out.println(result); + } + } + }); + b3.addActionListener(new ActionListener() { + @Override + public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { + // Sample call to a Task method: + for (TaskItem tt : + manager) { + tt.task.id(); // No cast required + } + for (String result : manager.getResults()) { + System.out.println(result); + } + } + }); + setLayout(new FlowLayout()); + add(b1); + add(b2); + add(b3); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + run(new InterruptableLongRunningCallable(), 200, 150); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/gui/InterruptableLongRunningTask.java b/src/gui/InterruptableLongRunningTask.java index df96bfe..e5e1e4d 100644 --- a/src/gui/InterruptableLongRunningTask.java +++ b/src/gui/InterruptableLongRunningTask.java @@ -1,52 +1,67 @@ package gui;//: gui/InterruptableLongRunningTask.java // Long-running tasks in threads. + import javax.swing.*; import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; import java.util.concurrent.*; + import static net.mindview.util.SwingConsole.*; class Task implements Runnable { - private static int counter = 0; - private final int id = counter++; - public void run() { - System.out.println(this + " started"); - try { - TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(3); - } catch(InterruptedException e) { - System.out.println(this + " interrupted"); - return; + private static int counter = 0; + private final int id = counter++; + + @Override + public void run() { + System.out.println(this + " started"); + try { + TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(3); + } catch (InterruptedException e) { + System.out.println(this + " interrupted"); + return; + } + System.out.println(this + " completed"); + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return "Task " + id; + } + + public long id() { + return id; } - System.out.println(this + " completed"); - } - public String toString() { return "Task " + id; } - public long id() { return id; } }; public class InterruptableLongRunningTask extends JFrame { - private JButton - b1 = new JButton("Start Long Running Task"), - b2 = new JButton("End Long Running Task"); - ExecutorService executor = - Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor(); - public InterruptableLongRunningTask() { - b1.addActionListener(new ActionListener() { - public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { - Task task = new Task(); - executor.execute(task); - System.out.println(task + " added to the queue"); - } - }); - b2.addActionListener(new ActionListener() { - public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { - executor.shutdownNow(); // Heavy-handed - } - }); - setLayout(new FlowLayout()); - add(b1); - add(b2); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - run(new InterruptableLongRunningTask(), 200, 150); - } + private JButton + b1 = new JButton("Start Long Running Task"), + b2 = new JButton("End Long Running Task"); + ExecutorService executor = + Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor(); + + public InterruptableLongRunningTask() { + b1.addActionListener(new ActionListener() { + @Override + public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { + Task task = new Task(); + executor.execute(task); + System.out.println(task + " added to the queue"); + } + }); + b2.addActionListener(new ActionListener() { + @Override + public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { + executor.shutdownNow(); // Heavy-handed + } + }); + setLayout(new FlowLayout()); + add(b1); + add(b2); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + run(new InterruptableLongRunningTask(), 200, 150); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/gui/List.java b/src/gui/List.java index 9449968..a7764b0 100644 --- a/src/gui/List.java +++ b/src/gui/List.java @@ -1,66 +1,72 @@ package gui;//: gui/List.java + import javax.swing.*; import javax.swing.border.*; import javax.swing.event.*; import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; + import static net.mindview.util.SwingConsole.*; public class List extends JFrame { - private String[] flavors = { - "Chocolate", "Strawberry", "Vanilla Fudge Swirl", - "Mint Chip", "Mocha Almond Fudge", "Rum Raisin", - "Praline Cream", "Mud Pie" - }; - private DefaultListModel lItems = new DefaultListModel(); - private JList lst = new JList(lItems); - private JTextArea t = - new JTextArea(flavors.length, 20); - private JButton b = new JButton("Add Item"); - private ActionListener bl = new ActionListener() { - public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { - if(count < flavors.length) { - lItems.add(0, flavors[count++]); - } else { - // Disable, since there are no more - // flavors left to be added to the List - b.setEnabled(false); - } - } - }; - private ListSelectionListener ll = - new ListSelectionListener() { - public void valueChanged(ListSelectionEvent e) { - if(e.getValueIsAdjusting()) { - return; - } - t.setText(""); - for(Object item : lst.getSelectedValues()) { - t.append(item + "\n"); - } - } + private String[] flavors = { + "Chocolate", "Strawberry", "Vanilla Fudge Swirl", + "Mint Chip", "Mocha Almond Fudge", "Rum Raisin", + "Praline Cream", "Mud Pie" }; - private int count = 0; - public List() { - t.setEditable(false); - setLayout(new FlowLayout()); - // Create Borders for components: - Border brd = BorderFactory.createMatteBorder( - 1, 1, 2, 2, Color.BLACK); - lst.setBorder(brd); - t.setBorder(brd); - // Add the first four items to the List - for(int i = 0; i < 4; i++) { - lItems.addElement(flavors[count++]); + private DefaultListModel lItems = new DefaultListModel(); + private JList lst = new JList(lItems); + private JTextArea t = + new JTextArea(flavors.length, 20); + private JButton b = new JButton("Add Item"); + private ActionListener bl = new ActionListener() { + @Override + public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { + if (count < flavors.length) { + lItems.add(0, flavors[count++]); + } else { + // Disable, since there are no more + // flavors left to be added to the List + b.setEnabled(false); + } + } + }; + private ListSelectionListener ll = + new ListSelectionListener() { + @Override + public void valueChanged(ListSelectionEvent e) { + if (e.getValueIsAdjusting()) { + return; + } + t.setText(""); + for (Object item : lst.getSelectedValues()) { + t.append(item + "\n"); + } + } + }; + private int count = 0; + + public List() { + t.setEditable(false); + setLayout(new FlowLayout()); + // Create Borders for components: + Border brd = BorderFactory.createMatteBorder( + 1, 1, 2, 2, Color.BLACK); + lst.setBorder(brd); + t.setBorder(brd); + // Add the first four items to the List + for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) { + lItems.addElement(flavors[count++]); + } + add(t); + add(lst); + add(b); + // Register event listeners + lst.addListSelectionListener(ll); + b.addActionListener(bl); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + run(new List(), 250, 375); } - add(t); - add(lst); - add(b); - // Register event listeners - lst.addListSelectionListener(ll); - b.addActionListener(bl); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - run(new List(), 250, 375); - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/gui/LongRunningTask.java b/src/gui/LongRunningTask.java index 9ca32e1..d1c7296 100644 --- a/src/gui/LongRunningTask.java +++ b/src/gui/LongRunningTask.java @@ -1,38 +1,44 @@ package gui;//: gui/LongRunningTask.java // A badly designed program. + import javax.swing.*; import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; import java.util.concurrent.*; + import static net.mindview.util.SwingConsole.*; public class LongRunningTask extends JFrame { - private JButton - b1 = new JButton("Start Long Running Task"), - b2 = new JButton("End Long Running Task"); - public LongRunningTask() { - b1.addActionListener(new ActionListener() { - public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent evt) { - try { - TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(3); - } catch(InterruptedException e) { - System.out.println("Task interrupted"); - return; - } - System.out.println("Task completed"); - } - }); - b2.addActionListener(new ActionListener() { - public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent evt) { - // Interrupt yourself? - Thread.currentThread().interrupt(); - } - }); - setLayout(new FlowLayout()); - add(b1); - add(b2); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - run(new LongRunningTask(), 200, 150); - } + private JButton + b1 = new JButton("Start Long Running Task"), + b2 = new JButton("End Long Running Task"); + + public LongRunningTask() { + b1.addActionListener(new ActionListener() { + @Override + public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent evt) { + try { + TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(3); + } catch (InterruptedException e) { + System.out.println("Task interrupted"); + return; + } + System.out.println("Task completed"); + } + }); + b2.addActionListener(new ActionListener() { + @Override + public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent evt) { + // Interrupt yourself? + Thread.currentThread().interrupt(); + } + }); + setLayout(new FlowLayout()); + add(b1); + add(b2); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + run(new LongRunningTask(), 200, 150); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/gui/LookAndFeel.java b/src/gui/LookAndFeel.java index bf40ab0..54638aa 100644 --- a/src/gui/LookAndFeel.java +++ b/src/gui/LookAndFeel.java @@ -1,64 +1,69 @@ package gui;//: gui/LookAndFeel.java // Selecting different looks & feels. // {Args: motif} + import javax.swing.*; import java.awt.*; + import static net.mindview.util.SwingConsole.*; public class LookAndFeel extends JFrame { - private String[] choices = - "Eeny Meeny Minnie Mickey Moe Larry Curly".split(" "); - private Component[] samples = { - new JButton("JButton"), - new JTextField("JTextField"), - new JLabel("JLabel"), - new JCheckBox("JCheckBox"), - new JRadioButton("Radio"), - new JComboBox(choices), - new JList(choices), - }; - public LookAndFeel() { - super("Look And Feel"); - setLayout(new FlowLayout()); - for(Component component : samples) { - add(component); + private String[] choices = + "Eeny Meeny Minnie Mickey Moe Larry Curly".split(" "); + private Component[] samples = { + new JButton("JButton"), + new JTextField("JTextField"), + new JLabel("JLabel"), + new JCheckBox("JCheckBox"), + new JRadioButton("Radio"), + new JComboBox(choices), + new JList(choices), + }; + + public LookAndFeel() { + super("Look And Feel"); + setLayout(new FlowLayout()); + for (Component component : samples) { + add(component); + } } - } - private static void usageError() { - System.out.println( - "Usage:LookAndFeel [cross|system|motif]"); - System.exit(1); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - if(args.length == 0) { - usageError(); + + private static void usageError() { + System.out.println( + "Usage:LookAndFeel [cross|system|motif]"); + System.exit(1); } - if(args[0].equals("cross")) { - try { - UIManager.setLookAndFeel(UIManager. - getCrossPlatformLookAndFeelClassName()); - } catch(Exception e) { - e.printStackTrace(); - } - } else if(args[0].equals("system")) { - try { - UIManager.setLookAndFeel(UIManager. - getSystemLookAndFeelClassName()); - } catch(Exception e) { - e.printStackTrace(); - } - } else if(args[0].equals("motif")) { - try { - UIManager.setLookAndFeel("com.sun.java."+ - "swing.plaf.motif.MotifLookAndFeel"); - } catch(Exception e) { - e.printStackTrace(); - } - } else { - usageError(); + + public static void main(String[] args) { + if (args.length == 0) { + usageError(); + } + if (args[0].equals("cross")) { + try { + UIManager.setLookAndFeel(UIManager. + getCrossPlatformLookAndFeelClassName()); + } catch (Exception e) { + e.printStackTrace(); + } + } else if (args[0].equals("system")) { + try { + UIManager.setLookAndFeel(UIManager. + getSystemLookAndFeelClassName()); + } catch (Exception e) { + e.printStackTrace(); + } + } else if (args[0].equals("motif")) { + try { + UIManager.setLookAndFeel("com.sun.java." + + "swing.plaf.motif.MotifLookAndFeel"); + } catch (Exception e) { + e.printStackTrace(); + } + } else { + usageError(); + } + // Note the look & feel must be set before + // any components are created. + run(new LookAndFeel(), 300, 300); } - // Note the look & feel must be set before - // any components are created. - run(new LookAndFeel(), 300, 300); - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/gui/Menus.java b/src/gui/Menus.java index ffa342d..b008b26 100644 --- a/src/gui/Menus.java +++ b/src/gui/Menus.java @@ -1,156 +1,174 @@ package gui;//: gui/Menus.java // Submenus, check box menu items, swapping menus, // mnemonics (shortcuts) and action commands. + import javax.swing.*; import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; + import static net.mindview.util.SwingConsole.*; public class Menus extends JFrame { - private String[] flavors = { - "Chocolate", "Strawberry", "Vanilla Fudge Swirl", - "Mint Chip", "Mocha Almond Fudge", "Rum Raisin", - "Praline Cream", "Mud Pie" - }; - private JTextField t = new JTextField("No flavor", 30); - private JMenuBar mb1 = new JMenuBar(); - private JMenu - f = new JMenu("File"), - m = new JMenu("Flavors"), - s = new JMenu("Safety"); - // Alternative approach: - private JCheckBoxMenuItem[] safety = { - new JCheckBoxMenuItem("Guard"), - new JCheckBoxMenuItem("Hide") - }; - private JMenuItem[] file = { new JMenuItem("Open") }; - // A second menu bar to swap to: - private JMenuBar mb2 = new JMenuBar(); - private JMenu fooBar = new JMenu("fooBar"); - private JMenuItem[] other = { - // Adding a menu shortcut (mnemonic) is very - // simple, but only JMenuItems can have them - // in their constructors: - new JMenuItem("Foo", KeyEvent.VK_F), - new JMenuItem("Bar", KeyEvent.VK_A), - // No shortcut: - new JMenuItem("Baz"), - }; - private JButton b = new JButton("Swap Menus"); - class BL implements ActionListener { - public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { - JMenuBar m = getJMenuBar(); - setJMenuBar(m == mb1 ? mb2 : mb1); - validate(); // Refresh the frame + private String[] flavors = { + "Chocolate", "Strawberry", "Vanilla Fudge Swirl", + "Mint Chip", "Mocha Almond Fudge", "Rum Raisin", + "Praline Cream", "Mud Pie" + }; + private JTextField t = new JTextField("No flavor", 30); + private JMenuBar mb1 = new JMenuBar(); + private JMenu + f = new JMenu("File"), + m = new JMenu("Flavors"), + s = new JMenu("Safety"); + // Alternative approach: + private JCheckBoxMenuItem[] safety = { + new JCheckBoxMenuItem("Guard"), + new JCheckBoxMenuItem("Hide") + }; + private JMenuItem[] file = {new JMenuItem("Open")}; + // A second menu bar to swap to: + private JMenuBar mb2 = new JMenuBar(); + private JMenu fooBar = new JMenu("fooBar"); + private JMenuItem[] other = { + // Adding a menu shortcut (mnemonic) is very + // simple, but only JMenuItems can have them + // in their constructors: + new JMenuItem("Foo", KeyEvent.VK_F), + new JMenuItem("Bar", KeyEvent.VK_A), + // No shortcut: + new JMenuItem("Baz"), + }; + private JButton b = new JButton("Swap Menus"); + + class BL implements ActionListener { + @Override + public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { + JMenuBar m = getJMenuBar(); + setJMenuBar(m == mb1 ? mb2 : mb1); + validate(); // Refresh the frame + } } - } - class ML implements ActionListener { - public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { - JMenuItem target = (JMenuItem)e.getSource(); - String actionCommand = target.getActionCommand(); - if(actionCommand.equals("Open")) { - String s = t.getText(); - boolean chosen = false; - for(String flavor : flavors) { - if(s.equals(flavor)) { - chosen = true; + + class ML implements ActionListener { + @Override + public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { + JMenuItem target = (JMenuItem) e.getSource(); + String actionCommand = target.getActionCommand(); + if (actionCommand.equals("Open")) { + String s = t.getText(); + boolean chosen = false; + for (String flavor : flavors) { + if (s.equals(flavor)) { + chosen = true; + } + } + if (!chosen) { + t.setText("Choose a flavor first!"); + } else { + t.setText("Opening " + s + ". Mmm, mm!"); + } } } - if(!chosen) { - t.setText("Choose a flavor first!"); - } else { - t.setText("Opening " + s + ". Mmm, mm!"); + } + + class FL implements ActionListener { + @Override + public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { + JMenuItem target = (JMenuItem) e.getSource(); + t.setText(target.getText()); } - } } - } - class FL implements ActionListener { - public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { - JMenuItem target = (JMenuItem)e.getSource(); - t.setText(target.getText()); + + // Alternatively, you can create a different + // class for each different MenuItem. Then you + // don't have to figure out which one it is: + class FooL implements ActionListener { + @Override + public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { + t.setText("Foo selected"); + } } - } - // Alternatively, you can create a different - // class for each different MenuItem. Then you - // don't have to figure out which one it is: - class FooL implements ActionListener { - public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { - t.setText("Foo selected"); + + class BarL implements ActionListener { + @Override + public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { + t.setText("Bar selected"); + } } - } - class BarL implements ActionListener { - public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { - t.setText("Bar selected"); + + class BazL implements ActionListener { + @Override + public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { + t.setText("Baz selected"); + } } - } - class BazL implements ActionListener { - public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { - t.setText("Baz selected"); + + class CMIL implements ItemListener { + @Override + public void itemStateChanged(ItemEvent e) { + JCheckBoxMenuItem target = + (JCheckBoxMenuItem) e.getSource(); + String actionCommand = target.getActionCommand(); + if (actionCommand.equals("Guard")) { + t.setText("Guard the Ice Cream! " + + "Guarding is " + target.getState()); + } else if (actionCommand.equals("Hide")) { + t.setText("Hide the Ice Cream! " + + "Is it hidden? " + target.getState()); + } + } } - } - class CMIL implements ItemListener { - public void itemStateChanged(ItemEvent e) { - JCheckBoxMenuItem target = - (JCheckBoxMenuItem)e.getSource(); - String actionCommand = target.getActionCommand(); - if(actionCommand.equals("Guard")) { - t.setText("Guard the Ice Cream! " + - "Guarding is " + target.getState()); - } else if(actionCommand.equals("Hide")) { - t.setText("Hide the Ice Cream! " + - "Is it hidden? " + target.getState()); - } + + public Menus() { + ML ml = new ML(); + CMIL cmil = new CMIL(); + safety[0].setActionCommand("Guard"); + safety[0].setMnemonic(KeyEvent.VK_G); + safety[0].addItemListener(cmil); + safety[1].setActionCommand("Hide"); + safety[1].setMnemonic(KeyEvent.VK_H); + safety[1].addItemListener(cmil); + other[0].addActionListener(new FooL()); + other[1].addActionListener(new BarL()); + other[2].addActionListener(new BazL()); + FL fl = new FL(); + int n = 0; + for (String flavor : flavors) { + JMenuItem mi = new JMenuItem(flavor); + mi.addActionListener(fl); + m.add(mi); + // Add separators at intervals: + if ((n++ + 1) % 3 == 0) { + m.addSeparator(); + } + } + for (JCheckBoxMenuItem sfty : safety) { + s.add(sfty); + } + s.setMnemonic(KeyEvent.VK_A); + f.add(s); + f.setMnemonic(KeyEvent.VK_F); + for (int i = 0; i < file.length; i++) { + file[i].addActionListener(ml); + f.add(file[i]); + } + mb1.add(f); + mb1.add(m); + setJMenuBar(mb1); + t.setEditable(false); + add(t, BorderLayout.CENTER); + // Set up the system for swapping menus: + b.addActionListener(new BL()); + b.setMnemonic(KeyEvent.VK_S); + add(b, BorderLayout.NORTH); + for (JMenuItem oth : other) { + fooBar.add(oth); + } + fooBar.setMnemonic(KeyEvent.VK_B); + mb2.add(fooBar); } - } - public Menus() { - ML ml = new ML(); - CMIL cmil = new CMIL(); - safety[0].setActionCommand("Guard"); - safety[0].setMnemonic(KeyEvent.VK_G); - safety[0].addItemListener(cmil); - safety[1].setActionCommand("Hide"); - safety[1].setMnemonic(KeyEvent.VK_H); - safety[1].addItemListener(cmil); - other[0].addActionListener(new FooL()); - other[1].addActionListener(new BarL()); - other[2].addActionListener(new BazL()); - FL fl = new FL(); - int n = 0; - for(String flavor : flavors) { - JMenuItem mi = new JMenuItem(flavor); - mi.addActionListener(fl); - m.add(mi); - // Add separators at intervals: - if((n++ + 1) % 3 == 0) { - m.addSeparator(); - } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + run(new Menus(), 300, 200); } - for(JCheckBoxMenuItem sfty : safety) { - s.add(sfty); - } - s.setMnemonic(KeyEvent.VK_A); - f.add(s); - f.setMnemonic(KeyEvent.VK_F); - for(int i = 0; i < file.length; i++) { - file[i].addActionListener(ml); - f.add(file[i]); - } - mb1.add(f); - mb1.add(m); - setJMenuBar(mb1); - t.setEditable(false); - add(t, BorderLayout.CENTER); - // Set up the system for swapping menus: - b.addActionListener(new BL()); - b.setMnemonic(KeyEvent.VK_S); - add(b, BorderLayout.NORTH); - for(JMenuItem oth : other) { - fooBar.add(oth); - } - fooBar.setMnemonic(KeyEvent.VK_B); - mb2.add(fooBar); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - run(new Menus(), 300, 200); - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/gui/MessageBoxes.java b/src/gui/MessageBoxes.java index 29c35da..678deed 100644 --- a/src/gui/MessageBoxes.java +++ b/src/gui/MessageBoxes.java @@ -1,63 +1,68 @@ package gui;//: gui/MessageBoxes.java // Demonstrates JOptionPane. + import javax.swing.*; import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; + import static net.mindview.util.SwingConsole.*; public class MessageBoxes extends JFrame { - private JButton[] b = { - new JButton("Alert"), new JButton("Yes/No"), - new JButton("Color"), new JButton("Input"), - new JButton("3 Vals") - }; - private JTextField txt = new JTextField(15); - private ActionListener al = new ActionListener() { - public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { - String id = ((JButton)e.getSource()).getText(); - if(id.equals("Alert")) { - JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, - "There's a bug on you!", "Hey!", - JOptionPane.ERROR_MESSAGE); - } else if(id.equals("Yes/No")) { - JOptionPane.showConfirmDialog(null, - "or no", "choose yes", - JOptionPane.YES_NO_OPTION); - } else if(id.equals("Color")) { - Object[] options = { "Red", "Green" }; - int sel = JOptionPane.showOptionDialog( - null, "Choose a Color!", "Warning", - JOptionPane.DEFAULT_OPTION, - JOptionPane.WARNING_MESSAGE, null, - options, options[0]); - if(sel != JOptionPane.CLOSED_OPTION) { - txt.setText("Color Selected: " + options[sel]); + private JButton[] b = { + new JButton("Alert"), new JButton("Yes/No"), + new JButton("Color"), new JButton("Input"), + new JButton("3 Vals") + }; + private JTextField txt = new JTextField(15); + private ActionListener al = new ActionListener() { + @Override + public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { + String id = ((JButton) e.getSource()).getText(); + if (id.equals("Alert")) { + JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, + "There's a bug on you!", "Hey!", + JOptionPane.ERROR_MESSAGE); + } else if (id.equals("Yes/No")) { + JOptionPane.showConfirmDialog(null, + "or no", "choose yes", + JOptionPane.YES_NO_OPTION); + } else if (id.equals("Color")) { + Object[] options = {"Red", "Green"}; + int sel = JOptionPane.showOptionDialog( + null, "Choose a Color!", "Warning", + JOptionPane.DEFAULT_OPTION, + JOptionPane.WARNING_MESSAGE, null, + options, options[0]); + if (sel != JOptionPane.CLOSED_OPTION) { + txt.setText("Color Selected: " + options[sel]); + } + } else if (id.equals("Input")) { + String val = JOptionPane.showInputDialog( + "How many fingers do you see?"); + txt.setText(val); + } else if (id.equals("3 Vals")) { + Object[] selections = {"First", "Second", "Third"}; + Object val = JOptionPane.showInputDialog( + null, "Choose one", "Input", + JOptionPane.INFORMATION_MESSAGE, + null, selections, selections[0]); + if (val != null) { + txt.setText(val.toString()); + } + } } - } else if(id.equals("Input")) { - String val = JOptionPane.showInputDialog( - "How many fingers do you see?"); - txt.setText(val); - } else if(id.equals("3 Vals")) { - Object[] selections = {"First", "Second", "Third"}; - Object val = JOptionPane.showInputDialog( - null, "Choose one", "Input", - JOptionPane.INFORMATION_MESSAGE, - null, selections, selections[0]); - if(val != null) { - txt.setText(val.toString()); + }; + + public MessageBoxes() { + setLayout(new FlowLayout()); + for (int i = 0; i < b.length; i++) { + b[i].addActionListener(al); + add(b[i]); } - } + add(txt); } - }; - public MessageBoxes() { - setLayout(new FlowLayout()); - for(int i = 0; i < b.length; i++) { - b[i].addActionListener(al); - add(b[i]); + + public static void main(String[] args) { + run(new MessageBoxes(), 200, 200); } - add(txt); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - run(new MessageBoxes(), 200, 200); - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/gui/MonitoredLongRunningCallable.java b/src/gui/MonitoredLongRunningCallable.java index 37dbd45..51393fa 100644 --- a/src/gui/MonitoredLongRunningCallable.java +++ b/src/gui/MonitoredLongRunningCallable.java @@ -1,90 +1,106 @@ package gui;//: gui/MonitoredLongRunningCallable.java // Displaying task progress with ProgressMonitors. + import javax.swing.*; import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; import java.util.concurrent.*; + import net.mindview.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.SwingConsole.*; class MonitoredCallable implements Callable { - private static int counter = 0; - private final int id = counter++; - private final ProgressMonitor monitor; - private final static int MAX = 8; - public MonitoredCallable(ProgressMonitor monitor) { - this.monitor = monitor; - monitor.setNote(toString()); - monitor.setMaximum(MAX - 1); - monitor.setMillisToPopup(500); - } - public String call() { - System.out.println(this + " started"); - try { - for(int i = 0; i < MAX; i++) { - TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(500); - if(monitor.isCanceled()) { - Thread.currentThread().interrupt(); - } - final int progress = i; - SwingUtilities.invokeLater( - new Runnable() { - public void run() { - monitor.setProgress(progress); - } - } - ); - } - } catch(InterruptedException e) { - monitor.close(); - System.out.println(this + " interrupted"); - return "Result: " + this + " interrupted"; + private static int counter = 0; + private final int id = counter++; + private final ProgressMonitor monitor; + private final static int MAX = 8; + + public MonitoredCallable(ProgressMonitor monitor) { + this.monitor = monitor; + monitor.setNote(toString()); + monitor.setMaximum(MAX - 1); + monitor.setMillisToPopup(500); + } + + @Override + public String call() { + System.out.println(this + " started"); + try { + for (int i = 0; i < MAX; i++) { + TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(500); + if (monitor.isCanceled()) { + Thread.currentThread().interrupt(); + } + final int progress = i; + SwingUtilities.invokeLater( + new Runnable() { + @Override + public void run() { + monitor.setProgress(progress); + } + } + ); + } + } catch (InterruptedException e) { + monitor.close(); + System.out.println(this + " interrupted"); + return "Result: " + this + " interrupted"; + } + System.out.println(this + " completed"); + return "Result: " + this + " completed"; + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return "Task " + id; } - System.out.println(this + " completed"); - return "Result: " + this + " completed"; - } - public String toString() { return "Task " + id; } }; public class MonitoredLongRunningCallable extends JFrame { - private JButton - b1 = new JButton("Start Long Running Task"), - b2 = new JButton("End Long Running Task"), - b3 = new JButton("Get results"); - private TaskManager manager = - new TaskManager(); - public MonitoredLongRunningCallable() { - b1.addActionListener(new ActionListener() { - public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { - MonitoredCallable task = new MonitoredCallable( - new ProgressMonitor( - MonitoredLongRunningCallable.this, - "Long-Running Task", "", 0, 0) - ); - manager.add(task); - System.out.println(task + " added to the queue"); - } - }); - b2.addActionListener(new ActionListener() { - public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { - for(String result : manager.purge()) { - System.out.println(result); - } - } - }); - b3.addActionListener(new ActionListener() { - public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { - for(String result : manager.getResults()) { - System.out.println(result); - } - } - }); - setLayout(new FlowLayout()); - add(b1); - add(b2); - add(b3); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - run(new MonitoredLongRunningCallable(), 200, 500); - } + private JButton + b1 = new JButton("Start Long Running Task"), + b2 = new JButton("End Long Running Task"), + b3 = new JButton("Get results"); + private TaskManager manager = + new TaskManager(); + + public MonitoredLongRunningCallable() { + b1.addActionListener(new ActionListener() { + @Override + public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { + MonitoredCallable task = new MonitoredCallable( + new ProgressMonitor( + MonitoredLongRunningCallable.this, + "Long-Running Task", "", 0, 0) + ); + manager.add(task); + System.out.println(task + " added to the queue"); + } + }); + b2.addActionListener(new ActionListener() { + @Override + public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { + for (String result : manager.purge()) { + System.out.println(result); + } + } + }); + b3.addActionListener(new ActionListener() { + @Override + public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { + for (String result : manager.getResults()) { + System.out.println(result); + } + } + }); + setLayout(new FlowLayout()); + add(b1); + add(b2); + add(b3); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + run(new MonitoredLongRunningCallable(), 200, 500); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/gui/Popup.java b/src/gui/Popup.java index 39eb323..727ad4d 100644 --- a/src/gui/Popup.java +++ b/src/gui/Popup.java @@ -1,52 +1,62 @@ package gui;//: gui/Popup.java // Creating popup menus with Swing. + import javax.swing.*; import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; + import static net.mindview.util.SwingConsole.*; public class Popup extends JFrame { - private JPopupMenu popup = new JPopupMenu(); - private JTextField t = new JTextField(10); - public Popup() { - setLayout(new FlowLayout()); - add(t); - ActionListener al = new ActionListener() { - public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { - t.setText(((JMenuItem)e.getSource()).getText()); - } - }; - JMenuItem m = new JMenuItem("Hither"); - m.addActionListener(al); - popup.add(m); - m = new JMenuItem("Yon"); - m.addActionListener(al); - popup.add(m); - m = new JMenuItem("Afar"); - m.addActionListener(al); - popup.add(m); - popup.addSeparator(); - m = new JMenuItem("Stay Here"); - m.addActionListener(al); - popup.add(m); - PopupListener pl = new PopupListener(); - addMouseListener(pl); - t.addMouseListener(pl); - } - class PopupListener extends MouseAdapter { - public void mousePressed(MouseEvent e) { - maybeShowPopup(e); + private JPopupMenu popup = new JPopupMenu(); + private JTextField t = new JTextField(10); + + public Popup() { + setLayout(new FlowLayout()); + add(t); + ActionListener al = new ActionListener() { + @Override + public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { + t.setText(((JMenuItem) e.getSource()).getText()); + } + }; + JMenuItem m = new JMenuItem("Hither"); + m.addActionListener(al); + popup.add(m); + m = new JMenuItem("Yon"); + m.addActionListener(al); + popup.add(m); + m = new JMenuItem("Afar"); + m.addActionListener(al); + popup.add(m); + popup.addSeparator(); + m = new JMenuItem("Stay Here"); + m.addActionListener(al); + popup.add(m); + PopupListener pl = new PopupListener(); + addMouseListener(pl); + t.addMouseListener(pl); } - public void mouseReleased(MouseEvent e) { - maybeShowPopup(e); + + class PopupListener extends MouseAdapter { + @Override + public void mousePressed(MouseEvent e) { + maybeShowPopup(e); + } + + @Override + public void mouseReleased(MouseEvent e) { + maybeShowPopup(e); + } + + private void maybeShowPopup(MouseEvent e) { + if (e.isPopupTrigger()) { + popup.show(e.getComponent(), e.getX(), e.getY()); + } + } } - private void maybeShowPopup(MouseEvent e) { - if(e.isPopupTrigger()) { - popup.show(e.getComponent(), e.getX(), e.getY()); - } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + run(new Popup(), 300, 200); } - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - run(new Popup(), 300, 200); - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/gui/Progress.java b/src/gui/Progress.java index 46a00b6..55cdd70 100644 --- a/src/gui/Progress.java +++ b/src/gui/Progress.java @@ -1,36 +1,41 @@ package gui;//: gui/Progress.java // Using sliders, progress bars and progress monitors. + import javax.swing.*; import javax.swing.border.*; import javax.swing.event.*; import java.awt.*; + import static net.mindview.util.SwingConsole.*; public class Progress extends JFrame { - private JProgressBar pb = new JProgressBar(); - private ProgressMonitor pm = new ProgressMonitor( - this, "Monitoring Progress", "Test", 0, 100); - private JSlider sb = - new JSlider(JSlider.HORIZONTAL, 0, 100, 60); - public Progress() { - setLayout(new GridLayout(2,1)); - add(pb); - pm.setProgress(0); - pm.setMillisToPopup(1000); - sb.setValue(0); - sb.setPaintTicks(true); - sb.setMajorTickSpacing(20); - sb.setMinorTickSpacing(5); - sb.setBorder(new TitledBorder("Slide Me")); - pb.setModel(sb.getModel()); // Share model - add(sb); - sb.addChangeListener(new ChangeListener() { - public void stateChanged(ChangeEvent e) { - pm.setProgress(sb.getValue()); - } - }); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - run(new Progress(), 300, 200); - } + private JProgressBar pb = new JProgressBar(); + private ProgressMonitor pm = new ProgressMonitor( + this, "Monitoring Progress", "Test", 0, 100); + private JSlider sb = + new JSlider(JSlider.HORIZONTAL, 0, 100, 60); + + public Progress() { + setLayout(new GridLayout(2, 1)); + add(pb); + pm.setProgress(0); + pm.setMillisToPopup(1000); + sb.setValue(0); + sb.setPaintTicks(true); + sb.setMajorTickSpacing(20); + sb.setMinorTickSpacing(5); + sb.setBorder(new TitledBorder("Slide Me")); + pb.setModel(sb.getModel()); // Share model + add(sb); + sb.addChangeListener(new ChangeListener() { + @Override + public void stateChanged(ChangeEvent e) { + pm.setProgress(sb.getValue()); + } + }); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + run(new Progress(), 300, 200); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/gui/RadioButtons.java b/src/gui/RadioButtons.java index 80394b1..1404c26 100644 --- a/src/gui/RadioButtons.java +++ b/src/gui/RadioButtons.java @@ -1,36 +1,43 @@ package gui;//: gui/RadioButtons.java // Using JRadioButtons. + import javax.swing.*; import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; + import static net.mindview.util.SwingConsole.*; public class RadioButtons extends JFrame { - private JTextField t = new JTextField(15); - private ButtonGroup g = new ButtonGroup(); - private JRadioButton - rb1 = new JRadioButton("one", false), - rb2 = new JRadioButton("two", false), - rb3 = new JRadioButton("three", false); - private ActionListener al = new ActionListener() { - public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { - t.setText("Radio button " + - ((JRadioButton)e.getSource()).getText()); + private JTextField t = new JTextField(15); + private ButtonGroup g = new ButtonGroup(); + private JRadioButton + rb1 = new JRadioButton("one", false), + rb2 = new JRadioButton("two", false), + rb3 = new JRadioButton("three", false); + private ActionListener al = new ActionListener() { + @Override + public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { + t.setText("Radio button " + + ((JRadioButton) e.getSource()).getText()); + } + }; + + public RadioButtons() { + rb1.addActionListener(al); + rb2.addActionListener(al); + rb3.addActionListener(al); + g.add(rb1); + g.add(rb2); + g.add(rb3); + t.setEditable(false); + setLayout(new FlowLayout()); + add(t); + add(rb1); + add(rb2); + add(rb3); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + run(new RadioButtons(), 200, 125); } - }; - public RadioButtons() { - rb1.addActionListener(al); - rb2.addActionListener(al); - rb3.addActionListener(al); - g.add(rb1); g.add(rb2); g.add(rb3); - t.setEditable(false); - setLayout(new FlowLayout()); - add(t); - add(rb1); - add(rb2); - add(rb3); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - run(new RadioButtons(), 200, 125); - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/gui/ShowAddListeners.java b/src/gui/ShowAddListeners.java index d0c8dd9..088a359 100644 --- a/src/gui/ShowAddListeners.java +++ b/src/gui/ShowAddListeners.java @@ -1,59 +1,65 @@ package gui;//: gui/ShowAddListeners.java // Display the "addXXXListener" methods of any Swing class. + import javax.swing.*; import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; import java.lang.reflect.*; import java.util.regex.*; + import static net.mindview.util.SwingConsole.*; public class ShowAddListeners extends JFrame { - private JTextField name = new JTextField(25); - private JTextArea results = new JTextArea(40, 65); - private static Pattern addListener = - Pattern.compile("(add\\w+?Listener\\(.*?\\))"); - private static Pattern qualifier = - Pattern.compile("\\w+\\."); - class NameL implements ActionListener { - public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { - String nm = name.getText().trim(); - if(nm.length() == 0) { - results.setText("No match"); - return; - } - Class kind; - try { - kind = Class.forName("javax.swing." + nm); - } catch(ClassNotFoundException ex) { - results.setText("No match"); - return; - } - Method[] methods = kind.getMethods(); - results.setText(""); - for(Method m : methods) { - Matcher matcher = - addListener.matcher(m.toString()); - if(matcher.find()) { - results.append(qualifier.matcher( - matcher.group(1)).replaceAll("") + "\n"); + private JTextField name = new JTextField(25); + private JTextArea results = new JTextArea(40, 65); + private static Pattern addListener = + Pattern.compile("(add\\w+?Listener\\(.*?\\))"); + private static Pattern qualifier = + Pattern.compile("\\w+\\."); + + class NameL implements ActionListener { + @Override + public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { + String nm = name.getText().trim(); + if (nm.length() == 0) { + results.setText("No match"); + return; + } + Class kind; + try { + kind = Class.forName("javax.swing." + nm); + } catch (ClassNotFoundException ex) { + results.setText("No match"); + return; + } + Method[] methods = kind.getMethods(); + results.setText(""); + for (Method m : methods) { + Matcher matcher = + addListener.matcher(m.toString()); + if (matcher.find()) { + results.append(qualifier.matcher( + matcher.group(1)).replaceAll("") + "\n"); + } + } } - } } - } - public ShowAddListeners() { - NameL nameListener = new NameL(); - name.addActionListener(nameListener); - JPanel top = new JPanel(); - top.add(new JLabel("Swing class name (press Enter):")); - top.add(name); - add(BorderLayout.NORTH, top); - add(new JScrollPane(results)); - // Initial data and test: - name.setText("JTextArea"); - nameListener.actionPerformed( - new ActionEvent("", 0 ,"")); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - run(new ShowAddListeners(), 500, 400); - } + + public ShowAddListeners() { + NameL nameListener = new NameL(); + name.addActionListener(nameListener); + JPanel top = new JPanel(); + top.add(new JLabel("Swing class name (press Enter):")); + top.add(name); + add(BorderLayout.NORTH, top); + add(new JScrollPane(results)); + // Initial data and test: + name.setText("JTextArea"); + nameListener.actionPerformed( + new ActionEvent("", 0, "")); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + run(new ShowAddListeners(), 500, 400); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/gui/SimpleMenus.java b/src/gui/SimpleMenus.java index de48fd7..875cdcd 100644 --- a/src/gui/SimpleMenus.java +++ b/src/gui/SimpleMenus.java @@ -1,41 +1,46 @@ package gui;//: gui/SimpleMenus.java + import javax.swing.*; import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; + import static net.mindview.util.SwingConsole.*; public class SimpleMenus extends JFrame { - private JTextField t = new JTextField(15); - private ActionListener al = new ActionListener() { - public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { - t.setText(((JMenuItem)e.getSource()).getText()); + private JTextField t = new JTextField(15); + private ActionListener al = new ActionListener() { + @Override + public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { + t.setText(((JMenuItem) e.getSource()).getText()); + } + }; + private JMenu[] menus = { + new JMenu("Winken"), new JMenu("Blinken"), + new JMenu("Nod") + }; + private JMenuItem[] items = { + new JMenuItem("Fee"), new JMenuItem("Fi"), + new JMenuItem("Fo"), new JMenuItem("Zip"), + new JMenuItem("Zap"), new JMenuItem("Zot"), + new JMenuItem("Olly"), new JMenuItem("Oxen"), + new JMenuItem("Free") + }; + + public SimpleMenus() { + for (int i = 0; i < items.length; i++) { + items[i].addActionListener(al); + menus[i % 3].add(items[i]); + } + JMenuBar mb = new JMenuBar(); + for (JMenu jm : menus) { + mb.add(jm); + } + setJMenuBar(mb); + setLayout(new FlowLayout()); + add(t); } - }; - private JMenu[] menus = { - new JMenu("Winken"), new JMenu("Blinken"), - new JMenu("Nod") - }; - private JMenuItem[] items = { - new JMenuItem("Fee"), new JMenuItem("Fi"), - new JMenuItem("Fo"), new JMenuItem("Zip"), - new JMenuItem("Zap"), new JMenuItem("Zot"), - new JMenuItem("Olly"), new JMenuItem("Oxen"), - new JMenuItem("Free") - }; - public SimpleMenus() { - for(int i = 0; i < items.length; i++) { - items[i].addActionListener(al); - menus[i % 3].add(items[i]); + + public static void main(String[] args) { + run(new SimpleMenus(), 200, 150); } - JMenuBar mb = new JMenuBar(); - for(JMenu jm : menus) { - mb.add(jm); - } - setJMenuBar(mb); - setLayout(new FlowLayout()); - add(t); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - run(new SimpleMenus(), 200, 150); - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/gui/SineWave.java b/src/gui/SineWave.java index 0609038..745258d 100644 --- a/src/gui/SineWave.java +++ b/src/gui/SineWave.java @@ -1,62 +1,73 @@ package gui;//: gui/SineWave.java // Drawing with Swing, using a JSlider. + import javax.swing.*; import javax.swing.event.*; import java.awt.*; + import static net.mindview.util.SwingConsole.*; class SineDraw extends JPanel { - private static final int SCALEFACTOR = 200; - private int cycles; - private int points; - private double[] sines; - private int[] pts; - public SineDraw() { setCycles(5); } - public void paintComponent(Graphics g) { - super.paintComponent(g); - int maxWidth = getWidth(); - double hstep = (double)maxWidth / (double)points; - int maxHeight = getHeight(); - pts = new int[points]; - for(int i = 0; i < points; i++) { - pts[i] = - (int)(sines[i] * maxHeight/2 * .95 + maxHeight/2); + private static final int SCALEFACTOR = 200; + private int cycles; + private int points; + private double[] sines; + private int[] pts; + + public SineDraw() { + setCycles(5); } - g.setColor(Color.RED); - for(int i = 1; i < points; i++) { - int x1 = (int)((i - 1) * hstep); - int x2 = (int)(i * hstep); - int y1 = pts[i-1]; - int y2 = pts[i]; - g.drawLine(x1, y1, x2, y2); + + @Override + public void paintComponent(Graphics g) { + super.paintComponent(g); + int maxWidth = getWidth(); + double hstep = (double) maxWidth / (double) points; + int maxHeight = getHeight(); + pts = new int[points]; + for (int i = 0; i < points; i++) { + pts[i] = + (int) (sines[i] * maxHeight / 2 * .95 + maxHeight / 2); + } + g.setColor(Color.RED); + for (int i = 1; i < points; i++) { + int x1 = (int) ((i - 1) * hstep); + int x2 = (int) (i * hstep); + int y1 = pts[i - 1]; + int y2 = pts[i]; + g.drawLine(x1, y1, x2, y2); + } } - } - public void setCycles(int newCycles) { - cycles = newCycles; - points = SCALEFACTOR * cycles * 2; - sines = new double[points]; - for(int i = 0; i < points; i++) { - double radians = (Math.PI / SCALEFACTOR) * i; - sines[i] = Math.sin(radians); + + public void setCycles(int newCycles) { + cycles = newCycles; + points = SCALEFACTOR * cycles * 2; + sines = new double[points]; + for (int i = 0; i < points; i++) { + double radians = (Math.PI / SCALEFACTOR) * i; + sines[i] = Math.sin(radians); + } + repaint(); } - repaint(); - } } public class SineWave extends JFrame { - private SineDraw sines = new SineDraw(); - private JSlider adjustCycles = new JSlider(1, 30, 5); - public SineWave() { - add(sines); - adjustCycles.addChangeListener(new ChangeListener() { - public void stateChanged(ChangeEvent e) { - sines.setCycles( - ((JSlider)e.getSource()).getValue()); - } - }); - add(BorderLayout.SOUTH, adjustCycles); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - run(new SineWave(), 700, 400); - } + private SineDraw sines = new SineDraw(); + private JSlider adjustCycles = new JSlider(1, 30, 5); + + public SineWave() { + add(sines); + adjustCycles.addChangeListener(new ChangeListener() { + @Override + public void stateChanged(ChangeEvent e) { + sines.setCycles( + ((JSlider) e.getSource()).getValue()); + } + }); + add(BorderLayout.SOUTH, adjustCycles); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + run(new SineWave(), 700, 400); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/gui/SubmitLabelManipulationTask.java b/src/gui/SubmitLabelManipulationTask.java index 604c99d..894458c 100644 --- a/src/gui/SubmitLabelManipulationTask.java +++ b/src/gui/SubmitLabelManipulationTask.java @@ -1,20 +1,22 @@ package gui;//: gui/SubmitLabelManipulationTask.java + import javax.swing.*; import java.util.concurrent.*; public class SubmitLabelManipulationTask { - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - JFrame frame = new JFrame("Hello Swing"); - final JLabel label = new JLabel("A Label"); - frame.add(label); - frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE); - frame.setSize(300, 100); - frame.setVisible(true); - TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1); - SwingUtilities.invokeLater(new Runnable() { - public void run() { - label.setText("Hey! This is Different!"); - } - }); - } + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + JFrame frame = new JFrame("Hello Swing"); + final JLabel label = new JLabel("A Label"); + frame.add(label); + frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE); + frame.setSize(300, 100); + frame.setVisible(true); + TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1); + SwingUtilities.invokeLater(new Runnable() { + @Override + public void run() { + label.setText("Hey! This is Different!"); + } + }); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/gui/SubmitSwingProgram.java b/src/gui/SubmitSwingProgram.java index dbe2591..55c88ce 100644 --- a/src/gui/SubmitSwingProgram.java +++ b/src/gui/SubmitSwingProgram.java @@ -1,27 +1,35 @@ package gui;//: gui/SubmitSwingProgram.java + import javax.swing.*; import java.util.concurrent.*; public class SubmitSwingProgram extends JFrame { - JLabel label; - public SubmitSwingProgram() { - super("Hello Swing"); - label = new JLabel("A Label"); - add(label); - setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE); - setSize(300, 100); - setVisible(true); - } - static SubmitSwingProgram ssp; - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - SwingUtilities.invokeLater(new Runnable() { - public void run() { ssp = new SubmitSwingProgram(); } - }); - TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1); - SwingUtilities.invokeLater(new Runnable() { - public void run() { - ssp.label.setText("Hey! This is Different!"); - } - }); - } + JLabel label; + + public SubmitSwingProgram() { + super("Hello Swing"); + label = new JLabel("A Label"); + add(label); + setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE); + setSize(300, 100); + setVisible(true); + } + + static SubmitSwingProgram ssp; + + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + SwingUtilities.invokeLater(new Runnable() { + @Override + public void run() { + ssp = new SubmitSwingProgram(); + } + }); + TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1); + SwingUtilities.invokeLater(new Runnable() { + @Override + public void run() { + ssp.label.setText("Hey! This is Different!"); + } + }); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/gui/TabbedPane1.java b/src/gui/TabbedPane1.java index 4f25da2..b87e6a7 100644 --- a/src/gui/TabbedPane1.java +++ b/src/gui/TabbedPane1.java @@ -1,34 +1,39 @@ package gui;//: gui/TabbedPane1.java // Demonstrates the Tabbed Pane. + import javax.swing.*; import javax.swing.event.*; import java.awt.*; + import static net.mindview.util.SwingConsole.*; public class TabbedPane1 extends JFrame { - private String[] flavors = { - "Chocolate", "Strawberry", "Vanilla Fudge Swirl", - "Mint Chip", "Mocha Almond Fudge", "Rum Raisin", - "Praline Cream", "Mud Pie" - }; - private JTabbedPane tabs = new JTabbedPane(); - private JTextField txt = new JTextField(20); - public TabbedPane1() { - int i = 0; - for(String flavor : flavors) { - tabs.addTab(flavors[i], - new JButton("Tabbed pane " + i++)); + private String[] flavors = { + "Chocolate", "Strawberry", "Vanilla Fudge Swirl", + "Mint Chip", "Mocha Almond Fudge", "Rum Raisin", + "Praline Cream", "Mud Pie" + }; + private JTabbedPane tabs = new JTabbedPane(); + private JTextField txt = new JTextField(20); + + public TabbedPane1() { + int i = 0; + for (String flavor : flavors) { + tabs.addTab(flavors[i], + new JButton("Tabbed pane " + i++)); + } + tabs.addChangeListener(new ChangeListener() { + @Override + public void stateChanged(ChangeEvent e) { + txt.setText("Tab selected: " + + tabs.getSelectedIndex()); + } + }); + add(BorderLayout.SOUTH, txt); + add(tabs); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + run(new TabbedPane1(), 400, 250); } - tabs.addChangeListener(new ChangeListener() { - public void stateChanged(ChangeEvent e) { - txt.setText("Tab selected: " + - tabs.getSelectedIndex()); - } - }); - add(BorderLayout.SOUTH, txt); - add(tabs); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - run(new TabbedPane1(), 400, 250); - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/gui/TextArea.java b/src/gui/TextArea.java index f00f697..2f752a5 100644 --- a/src/gui/TextArea.java +++ b/src/gui/TextArea.java @@ -1,40 +1,47 @@ package gui;//: gui/TextArea.java // Using the JTextArea control. + import javax.swing.*; import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; import java.util.*; + import net.mindview.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.SwingConsole.*; public class TextArea extends JFrame { - private JButton - b = new JButton("Add Data"), - c = new JButton("Clear Data"); - private JTextArea t = new JTextArea(20, 40); - private Map m = - new HashMap(); - public TextArea() { - // Use up all the data: - m.putAll(Countries.capitals()); - b.addActionListener(new ActionListener() { - public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { - for(Map.Entry me : m.entrySet()) { - t.append(me.getKey() + ": "+ me.getValue()+"\n"); - } - } - }); - c.addActionListener(new ActionListener() { - public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { - t.setText(""); - } - }); - setLayout(new FlowLayout()); - add(new JScrollPane(t)); - add(b); - add(c); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - run(new TextArea(), 475, 425); - } + private JButton + b = new JButton("Add Data"), + c = new JButton("Clear Data"); + private JTextArea t = new JTextArea(20, 40); + private Map m = + new HashMap(); + + public TextArea() { + // Use up all the data: + m.putAll(Countries.capitals()); + b.addActionListener(new ActionListener() { + @Override + public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { + for (Map.Entry me : m.entrySet()) { + t.append(me.getKey() + ": " + me.getValue() + "\n"); + } + } + }); + c.addActionListener(new ActionListener() { + @Override + public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { + t.setText(""); + } + }); + setLayout(new FlowLayout()); + add(new JScrollPane(t)); + add(b); + add(c); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + run(new TextArea(), 475, 425); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/gui/TextFields.java b/src/gui/TextFields.java index 3b7d45c..097a870 100644 --- a/src/gui/TextFields.java +++ b/src/gui/TextFields.java @@ -1,85 +1,106 @@ package gui;//: gui/TextFields.java // Text fields and Java events. + import javax.swing.*; import javax.swing.event.*; import javax.swing.text.*; import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; + import static net.mindview.util.SwingConsole.*; public class TextFields extends JFrame { - private JButton - b1 = new JButton("Get Text"), - b2 = new JButton("Set Text"); - private JTextField - t1 = new JTextField(30), - t2 = new JTextField(30), - t3 = new JTextField(30); - private String s = ""; - private UpperCaseDocument ucd = new UpperCaseDocument(); - public TextFields() { - t1.setDocument(ucd); - ucd.addDocumentListener(new T1()); - b1.addActionListener(new B1()); - b2.addActionListener(new B2()); - t1.addActionListener(new T1A()); - setLayout(new FlowLayout()); - add(b1); - add(b2); - add(t1); - add(t2); - add(t3); - } - class T1 implements DocumentListener { - public void changedUpdate(DocumentEvent e) {} - public void insertUpdate(DocumentEvent e) { - t2.setText(t1.getText()); - t3.setText("Text: "+ t1.getText()); + private JButton + b1 = new JButton("Get Text"), + b2 = new JButton("Set Text"); + private JTextField + t1 = new JTextField(30), + t2 = new JTextField(30), + t3 = new JTextField(30); + private String s = ""; + private UpperCaseDocument ucd = new UpperCaseDocument(); + + public TextFields() { + t1.setDocument(ucd); + ucd.addDocumentListener(new T1()); + b1.addActionListener(new B1()); + b2.addActionListener(new B2()); + t1.addActionListener(new T1A()); + setLayout(new FlowLayout()); + add(b1); + add(b2); + add(t1); + add(t2); + add(t3); } - public void removeUpdate(DocumentEvent e) { - t2.setText(t1.getText()); + + class T1 implements DocumentListener { + @Override + public void changedUpdate(DocumentEvent e) { + } + + @Override + public void insertUpdate(DocumentEvent e) { + t2.setText(t1.getText()); + t3.setText("Text: " + t1.getText()); + } + + @Override + public void removeUpdate(DocumentEvent e) { + t2.setText(t1.getText()); + } } - } - class T1A implements ActionListener { - private int count = 0; - public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { - t3.setText("t1 Action Event " + count++); + + class T1A implements ActionListener { + private int count = 0; + + @Override + public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { + t3.setText("t1 Action Event " + count++); + } } - } - class B1 implements ActionListener { - public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { - if(t1.getSelectedText() == null) { - s = t1.getText(); - } else { - s = t1.getSelectedText(); - } - t1.setEditable(true); + + class B1 implements ActionListener { + @Override + public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { + if (t1.getSelectedText() == null) { + s = t1.getText(); + } else { + s = t1.getSelectedText(); + } + t1.setEditable(true); + } } - } - class B2 implements ActionListener { - public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { - ucd.setUpperCase(false); - t1.setText("Inserted by Button 2: " + s); - ucd.setUpperCase(true); - t1.setEditable(false); + + class B2 implements ActionListener { + @Override + public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { + ucd.setUpperCase(false); + t1.setText("Inserted by Button 2: " + s); + ucd.setUpperCase(true); + t1.setEditable(false); + } + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + run(new TextFields(), 375, 200); } - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - run(new TextFields(), 375, 200); - } } class UpperCaseDocument extends PlainDocument { - private boolean upperCase = true; - public void setUpperCase(boolean flag) { - upperCase = flag; - } - public void - insertString(int offset, String str, AttributeSet attSet) - throws BadLocationException { - if(upperCase) { - str = str.toUpperCase(); + private boolean upperCase = true; + + public void setUpperCase(boolean flag) { + upperCase = flag; + } + + @Override + public void + insertString(int offset, String str, AttributeSet attSet) + throws BadLocationException { + if (upperCase) { + str = str.toUpperCase(); + } + super.insertString(offset, str, attSet); } - super.insertString(offset, str, attSet); - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/gui/TextPane.java b/src/gui/TextPane.java index c257fa7..e9041b1 100644 --- a/src/gui/TextPane.java +++ b/src/gui/TextPane.java @@ -1,28 +1,34 @@ package gui;//: gui/TextPane.java // The JTextPane control is a little editor. + import javax.swing.*; import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; + import net.mindview.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.SwingConsole.*; public class TextPane extends JFrame { - private JButton b = new JButton("Add Text"); - private JTextPane tp = new JTextPane(); - private static Generator sg = - new RandomGenerator.String(7); - public TextPane() { - b.addActionListener(new ActionListener() { - public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { - for(int i = 1; i < 10; i++) { - tp.setText(tp.getText() + sg.next() + "\n"); - } - } - }); - add(new JScrollPane(tp)); - add(BorderLayout.SOUTH, b); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - run(new TextPane(), 475, 425); - } + private JButton b = new JButton("Add Text"); + private JTextPane tp = new JTextPane(); + private static Generator sg = + new RandomGenerator.String(7); + + public TextPane() { + b.addActionListener(new ActionListener() { + @Override + public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { + for (int i = 1; i < 10; i++) { + tp.setText(tp.getText() + sg.next() + "\n"); + } + } + }); + add(new JScrollPane(tp)); + add(BorderLayout.SOUTH, b); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + run(new TextPane(), 475, 425); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/gui/TicTacToe.java b/src/gui/TicTacToe.java index 8d6229b..94db1f4 100644 --- a/src/gui/TicTacToe.java +++ b/src/gui/TicTacToe.java @@ -1,84 +1,100 @@ package gui;//: gui/TicTacToe.java // Dialog boxes and creating your own components. + import javax.swing.*; import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; + import static net.mindview.util.SwingConsole.*; public class TicTacToe extends JFrame { - private JTextField - rows = new JTextField("3"), - cols = new JTextField("3"); - private enum State { BLANK, XX, OO } - static class ToeDialog extends JDialog { - private State turn = State.XX; // Start with x's turn - ToeDialog(int cellsWide, int cellsHigh) { - setTitle("The game itself"); - setLayout(new GridLayout(cellsWide, cellsHigh)); - for(int i = 0; i < cellsWide * cellsHigh; i++) { - add(new ToeButton()); - } - setSize(cellsWide * 50, cellsHigh * 50); - setDefaultCloseOperation(DISPOSE_ON_CLOSE); - } - class ToeButton extends JPanel { - private State state = State.BLANK; - public ToeButton() { addMouseListener(new ML()); } - public void paintComponent(Graphics g) { - super.paintComponent(g); - int - x1 = 0, y1 = 0, - x2 = getSize().width - 1, - y2 = getSize().height - 1; - g.drawRect(x1, y1, x2, y2); - x1 = x2/4; - y1 = y2/4; - int wide = x2/2, high = y2/2; - if(state == State.XX) { - g.drawLine(x1, y1, x1 + wide, y1 + high); - g.drawLine(x1, y1 + high, x1 + wide, y1); + private JTextField + rows = new JTextField("3"), + cols = new JTextField("3"); + + private enum State {BLANK, XX, OO} + + static class ToeDialog extends JDialog { + private State turn = State.XX; // Start with x's turn + + ToeDialog(int cellsWide, int cellsHigh) { + setTitle("The game itself"); + setLayout(new GridLayout(cellsWide, cellsHigh)); + for (int i = 0; i < cellsWide * cellsHigh; i++) { + add(new ToeButton()); + } + setSize(cellsWide * 50, cellsHigh * 50); + setDefaultCloseOperation(DISPOSE_ON_CLOSE); } - if(state == State.OO) { - g.drawOval(x1, y1, x1 + wide/2, y1 + high/2); + + class ToeButton extends JPanel { + private State state = State.BLANK; + + public ToeButton() { + addMouseListener(new ML()); + } + + @Override + public void paintComponent(Graphics g) { + super.paintComponent(g); + int + x1 = 0, y1 = 0, + x2 = getSize().width - 1, + y2 = getSize().height - 1; + g.drawRect(x1, y1, x2, y2); + x1 = x2 / 4; + y1 = y2 / 4; + int wide = x2 / 2, high = y2 / 2; + if (state == State.XX) { + g.drawLine(x1, y1, x1 + wide, y1 + high); + g.drawLine(x1, y1 + high, x1 + wide, y1); + } + if (state == State.OO) { + g.drawOval(x1, y1, x1 + wide / 2, y1 + high / 2); + } + } + + class ML extends MouseAdapter { + @Override + public void mousePressed(MouseEvent e) { + if (state == State.BLANK) { + state = turn; + turn = + (turn == State.XX ? State.OO : State.XX); + } else { + state = + (state == State.XX ? State.OO : State.XX); + } + repaint(); + } + } } - } - class ML extends MouseAdapter { - public void mousePressed(MouseEvent e) { - if(state == State.BLANK) { - state = turn; - turn = - (turn == State.XX ? State.OO : State.XX); - } - else { - state = - (state == State.XX ? State.OO : State.XX); - } - repaint(); + } + + class BL implements ActionListener { + @Override + public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { + JDialog d = new ToeDialog( + new Integer(rows.getText()), + new Integer(cols.getText())); + d.setVisible(true); } - } } - } - class BL implements ActionListener { - public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { - JDialog d = new ToeDialog( - new Integer(rows.getText()), - new Integer(cols.getText())); - d.setVisible(true); + + public TicTacToe() { + JPanel p = new JPanel(); + p.setLayout(new GridLayout(2, 2)); + p.add(new JLabel("Rows", JLabel.CENTER)); + p.add(rows); + p.add(new JLabel("Columns", JLabel.CENTER)); + p.add(cols); + add(p, BorderLayout.NORTH); + JButton b = new JButton("go"); + b.addActionListener(new BL()); + add(b, BorderLayout.SOUTH); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + run(new TicTacToe(), 200, 200); } - } - public TicTacToe() { - JPanel p = new JPanel(); - p.setLayout(new GridLayout(2,2)); - p.add(new JLabel("Rows", JLabel.CENTER)); - p.add(rows); - p.add(new JLabel("Columns", JLabel.CENTER)); - p.add(cols); - add(p, BorderLayout.NORTH); - JButton b = new JButton("go"); - b.addActionListener(new BL()); - add(b, BorderLayout.SOUTH); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - run(new TicTacToe(), 200, 200); - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/gui/TrackEvent.java b/src/gui/TrackEvent.java index 384d312..11f4503 100644 --- a/src/gui/TrackEvent.java +++ b/src/gui/TrackEvent.java @@ -1,93 +1,120 @@ package gui;//: gui/TrackEvent.java // Show events as they happen. + import javax.swing.*; import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; import java.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.SwingConsole.*; public class TrackEvent extends JFrame { - private HashMap h = - new HashMap(); - private String[] event = { - "focusGained", "focusLost", "keyPressed", - "keyReleased", "keyTyped", "mouseClicked", - "mouseEntered", "mouseExited", "mousePressed", - "mouseReleased", "mouseDragged", "mouseMoved" - }; - private MyButton - b1 = new MyButton(Color.BLUE, "test1"), - b2 = new MyButton(Color.RED, "test2"); - class MyButton extends JButton { - void report(String field, String msg) { - h.get(field).setText(msg); + private HashMap h = + new HashMap(); + private String[] event = { + "focusGained", "focusLost", "keyPressed", + "keyReleased", "keyTyped", "mouseClicked", + "mouseEntered", "mouseExited", "mousePressed", + "mouseReleased", "mouseDragged", "mouseMoved" + }; + private MyButton + b1 = new MyButton(Color.BLUE, "test1"), + b2 = new MyButton(Color.RED, "test2"); + + class MyButton extends JButton { + void report(String field, String msg) { + h.get(field).setText(msg); + } + + FocusListener fl = new FocusListener() { + @Override + public void focusGained(FocusEvent e) { + report("focusGained", e.paramString()); + } + + @Override + public void focusLost(FocusEvent e) { + report("focusLost", e.paramString()); + } + }; + KeyListener kl = new KeyListener() { + @Override + public void keyPressed(KeyEvent e) { + report("keyPressed", e.paramString()); + } + + @Override + public void keyReleased(KeyEvent e) { + report("keyReleased", e.paramString()); + } + + @Override + public void keyTyped(KeyEvent e) { + report("keyTyped", e.paramString()); + } + }; + MouseListener ml = new MouseListener() { + @Override + public void mouseClicked(MouseEvent e) { + report("mouseClicked", e.paramString()); + } + + @Override + public void mouseEntered(MouseEvent e) { + report("mouseEntered", e.paramString()); + } + + @Override + public void mouseExited(MouseEvent e) { + report("mouseExited", e.paramString()); + } + + @Override + public void mousePressed(MouseEvent e) { + report("mousePressed", e.paramString()); + } + + @Override + public void mouseReleased(MouseEvent e) { + report("mouseReleased", e.paramString()); + } + }; + MouseMotionListener mml = new MouseMotionListener() { + @Override + public void mouseDragged(MouseEvent e) { + report("mouseDragged", e.paramString()); + } + + @Override + public void mouseMoved(MouseEvent e) { + report("mouseMoved", e.paramString()); + } + }; + + public MyButton(Color color, String label) { + super(label); + setBackground(color); + addFocusListener(fl); + addKeyListener(kl); + addMouseListener(ml); + addMouseMotionListener(mml); + } } - FocusListener fl = new FocusListener() { - public void focusGained(FocusEvent e) { - report("focusGained", e.paramString()); - } - public void focusLost(FocusEvent e) { - report("focusLost", e.paramString()); - } - }; - KeyListener kl = new KeyListener() { - public void keyPressed(KeyEvent e) { - report("keyPressed", e.paramString()); - } - public void keyReleased(KeyEvent e) { - report("keyReleased", e.paramString()); - } - public void keyTyped(KeyEvent e) { - report("keyTyped", e.paramString()); - } - }; - MouseListener ml = new MouseListener() { - public void mouseClicked(MouseEvent e) { - report("mouseClicked", e.paramString()); - } - public void mouseEntered(MouseEvent e) { - report("mouseEntered", e.paramString()); - } - public void mouseExited(MouseEvent e) { - report("mouseExited", e.paramString()); - } - public void mousePressed(MouseEvent e) { - report("mousePressed", e.paramString()); - } - public void mouseReleased(MouseEvent e) { - report("mouseReleased", e.paramString()); - } - }; - MouseMotionListener mml = new MouseMotionListener() { - public void mouseDragged(MouseEvent e) { - report("mouseDragged", e.paramString()); - } - public void mouseMoved(MouseEvent e) { - report("mouseMoved", e.paramString()); - } - }; - public MyButton(Color color, String label) { - super(label); - setBackground(color); - addFocusListener(fl); - addKeyListener(kl); - addMouseListener(ml); - addMouseMotionListener(mml); + + public TrackEvent() { + setLayout(new GridLayout(event.length + 1, 2)); + for (String evt : event) { + JTextField t = new JTextField(); + t.setEditable(false); + add(new JLabel(evt, JLabel.RIGHT)); + add(t); + h.put(evt, t); + } + add(b1); + add(b2); } - } - public TrackEvent() { - setLayout(new GridLayout(event.length + 1, 2)); - for(String evt : event) { - JTextField t = new JTextField(); - t.setEditable(false); - add(new JLabel(evt, JLabel.RIGHT)); - add(t); - h.put(evt, t); + + public static void main(String[] args) { + run(new TrackEvent(), 700, 500); } - add(b1); - add(b2); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - run(new TrackEvent(), 700, 500); - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/gui/build.xml b/src/gui/build.xml index d2344cc..7a421ca 100644 --- a/src/gui/build.xml +++ b/src/gui/build.xml @@ -1,594 +1,594 @@ + basedir="." + default="run" + name="Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel (chapter: gui)"> - - build.xml for the source code for the gui chapter of - Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel - Source code available at http://www.MindView.net - See copyright notice in CopyRight.txt + + build.xml for the source code for the gui chapter of + Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel + Source code available at http://www.MindView.net + See copyright notice in CopyRight.txt - Ant available from: http://jakarta.apache.org/ant + Ant available from: http://jakarta.apache.org/ant - To see options, type: ant -p + To see options, type: ant -p - This file was automatically generated by AntBuilder - + This file was automatically generated by AntBuilder + - - - + + + - + - - - - - - + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + - - - - + + + + - - - - + + + + - - - - + + + + - - - - + + + + - - - - + + + + - - - - + + + + - - - - + + + + - - - - + + + + - - - - + + + + - - - - + + + + - - - - + + + + - - - - + + + + - - - - + + + + - - - - + + + + - - - - + + + + - - - - + + + + - - - - + + + + - - - - + + + + - - - - + + + + - - - - + + + + - - - - + + + + - - - - + + + + - - - - + + + + - - - - + + + + - - - - - - + + + + + + - - - - + + + + - - - - + + + + - - - - + + + + - - - - + + + + - - - - + + + + - - - - + + + + - - - - + + + + - - - - + + + + - - - - + + + + - - - - + + + + - - - - + + + + - - - - + + + + - - - - + + + + - - - - + + + + - - - - + + + + - - - - + + + + - - - - + + + + - - - - + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/src/gui/flex/Song.java b/src/gui/flex/Song.java index eb1b9d2..e1c1285 100644 --- a/src/gui/flex/Song.java +++ b/src/gui/flex/Song.java @@ -2,34 +2,61 @@ package gui.flex; public class Song implements java.io.Serializable { - private String name; - private String artist; - private String album; - private String albumImageUrl; - private String songMediaUrl; - public Song() {} - public Song(String name, String artist, String album, - String albumImageUrl, String songMediaUrl) { - this.name = name; - this.artist = artist; - this.album = album; - this.albumImageUrl = albumImageUrl; - this.songMediaUrl = songMediaUrl; - } - public void setAlbum(String album) { this.album = album;} - public String getAlbum() { return album; } - public void setAlbumImageUrl(String albumImageUrl) { - this.albumImageUrl = albumImageUrl; - } - public String getAlbumImageUrl() { return albumImageUrl;} - public void setArtist(String artist) { - this.artist = artist; - } - public String getArtist() { return artist; } - public void setName(String name) { this.name = name; } - public String getName() { return name; } - public void setSongMediaUrl(String songMediaUrl) { - this.songMediaUrl = songMediaUrl; - } - public String getSongMediaUrl() { return songMediaUrl; } + private String name; + private String artist; + private String album; + private String albumImageUrl; + private String songMediaUrl; + + public Song() { + } + + public Song(String name, String artist, String album, + String albumImageUrl, String songMediaUrl) { + this.name = name; + this.artist = artist; + this.album = album; + this.albumImageUrl = albumImageUrl; + this.songMediaUrl = songMediaUrl; + } + + public void setAlbum(String album) { + this.album = album; + } + + public String getAlbum() { + return album; + } + + public void setAlbumImageUrl(String albumImageUrl) { + this.albumImageUrl = albumImageUrl; + } + + public String getAlbumImageUrl() { + return albumImageUrl; + } + + public void setArtist(String artist) { + this.artist = artist; + } + + public String getArtist() { + return artist; + } + + public void setName(String name) { + this.name = name; + } + + public String getName() { + return name; + } + + public void setSongMediaUrl(String songMediaUrl) { + this.songMediaUrl = songMediaUrl; + } + + public String getSongMediaUrl() { + return songMediaUrl; + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/gui/flex/SongService.java b/src/gui/flex/SongService.java index 530b3f4..32731a9 100644 --- a/src/gui/flex/SongService.java +++ b/src/gui/flex/SongService.java @@ -1,22 +1,36 @@ //: gui/flex/SongService.java package gui.flex; + import java.util.*; public class SongService { - private List songs = new ArrayList(); - public SongService() { fillTestData(); } - public List getSongs() { return songs; } - public void addSong(Song song) { songs.add(song); } - public void removeSong(Song song) { songs.remove(song); } - private void fillTestData() { - addSong(new Song("Chocolate", "Snow Patrol", - "Final Straw", "sp-final-straw.jpg", - "chocolate.mp3")); - addSong(new Song("Concerto No. 2 in E", "Hilary Hahn", - "Bach: Violin Concertos", "hahn.jpg", - "bachviolin2.mp3")); - addSong(new Song("'Round Midnight", "Wes Montgomery", - "The Artistry of Wes Montgomery", - "wesmontgomery.jpg", "roundmidnight.mp3")); - } + private List songs = new ArrayList(); + + public SongService() { + fillTestData(); + } + + public List getSongs() { + return songs; + } + + public void addSong(Song song) { + songs.add(song); + } + + public void removeSong(Song song) { + songs.remove(song); + } + + private void fillTestData() { + addSong(new Song("Chocolate", "Snow Patrol", + "Final Straw", "sp-final-straw.jpg", + "chocolate.mp3")); + addSong(new Song("Concerto No. 2 in E", "Hilary Hahn", + "Bach: Violin Concertos", "hahn.jpg", + "bachviolin2.mp3")); + addSong(new Song("'Round Midnight", "Wes Montgomery", + "The Artistry of Wes Montgomery", + "wesmontgomery.jpg", "roundmidnight.mp3")); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/gui/flex/helloflex1.mxml b/src/gui/flex/helloflex1.mxml index cf50464..1614e81 100644 --- a/src/gui/flex/helloflex1.mxml +++ b/src/gui/flex/helloflex1.mxml @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ - + xmlns:mx="http://www.macromedia.com/2003/mxml" + backgroundColor="#ffffff"> + diff --git a/src/gui/flex/helloflex2.mxml b/src/gui/flex/helloflex2.mxml index 6bd508e..c01fa2a 100644 --- a/src/gui/flex/helloflex2.mxml +++ b/src/gui/flex/helloflex2.mxml @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ - + xmlns:mx="http://www.macromedia.com/2003/mxml" + backgroundColor="#ffffff"> + + function updateOutput() { + output.text = "Hello! " + input.text; + } + ]]> - - + + diff --git a/src/gui/flex/songScript.as b/src/gui/flex/songScript.as index 2e19486..9d9809c 100644 --- a/src/gui/flex/songScript.as +++ b/src/gui/flex/songScript.as @@ -1,22 +1,22 @@ //: gui/flex/songScript.as function getSongs() { - songService.getSongs(); + songService.getSongs(); } function selectSong(event) { - var song = songGrid.getItemAt(event.itemIndex); - showSongInfo(song); + var song = songGrid.getItemAt(event.itemIndex); + showSongInfo(song); } function showSongInfo(song) { - songInfo.text = song.name + newline; - songInfo.text += song.artist + newline; - songInfo.text += song.album + newline; - albumImage.source = song.albumImageUrl; - songPlayer.contentPath = song.songMediaUrl; - songPlayer.visible = true; + songInfo.text = song.name + newline; + songInfo.text += song.artist + newline; + songInfo.text += song.album + newline; + albumImage.source = song.albumImageUrl; + songPlayer.contentPath = song.songMediaUrl; + songPlayer.visible = true; } function onSongs(songs) { - songGrid.dataProvider = songs; + songGrid.dataProvider = songs; } ///:~ diff --git a/src/gui/flex/songStyles.css b/src/gui/flex/songStyles.css index 22fb66d..4c9458d 100644 --- a/src/gui/flex/songStyles.css +++ b/src/gui/flex/songStyles.css @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ .headerText { - font-family: Arial, "_sans"; - font-size: 16; - font-weight: bold; + font-family: Arial, "_sans"; + font-size: 16; + font-weight: bold; } .boldText { - font-family: Arial, "_sans"; - font-size: 11; - font-weight: bold; + font-family: Arial, "_sans"; + font-size: 11; + font-weight: bold; } diff --git a/src/gui/flex/songs.mxml b/src/gui/flex/songs.mxml index be2d047..6c183e4 100644 --- a/src/gui/flex/songs.mxml +++ b/src/gui/flex/songs.mxml @@ -1,64 +1,64 @@ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + xmlns:mx="http://www.macromedia.com/2003/mxml" + backgroundColor="#B9CAD2" pageTitle="Flex Song Manager" + initialize="getSongs()"> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/src/gui/jnlp/JnlpFileChooser.java b/src/gui/jnlp/JnlpFileChooser.java index 9a8a6a7..642090e 100644 --- a/src/gui/jnlp/JnlpFileChooser.java +++ b/src/gui/jnlp/JnlpFileChooser.java @@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ // cd .. // jar cvf gui/jnlp/jnlpfilechooser.jar gui/jnlp/*.class package gui.jnlp; + import javax.jnlp.*; import javax.swing.*; import java.awt.*; @@ -14,84 +15,90 @@ import java.awt.event.*; import java.io.*; public class JnlpFileChooser extends JFrame { - private JTextField fileName = new JTextField(); - private JButton - open = new JButton("Open"), - save = new JButton("Save"); - private JEditorPane ep = new JEditorPane(); - private JScrollPane jsp = new JScrollPane(); - private FileContents fileContents; - public JnlpFileChooser() { - JPanel p = new JPanel(); - open.addActionListener(new OpenL()); - p.add(open); - save.addActionListener(new SaveL()); - p.add(save); - jsp.getViewport().add(ep); - add(jsp, BorderLayout.CENTER); - add(p, BorderLayout.SOUTH); - fileName.setEditable(false); - p = new JPanel(); - p.setLayout(new GridLayout(2,1)); - p.add(fileName); - add(p, BorderLayout.NORTH); - ep.setContentType("text"); - save.setEnabled(false); - } - class OpenL implements ActionListener { - public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { - FileOpenService fs = null; - try { - fs = (FileOpenService)ServiceManager.lookup( - "javax.jnlp.FileOpenService"); - } catch(UnavailableServiceException use) { - throw new RuntimeException(use); - } - if(fs != null) { - try { - fileContents = fs.openFileDialog(".", - new String[]{"txt", "*"}); - if(fileContents == null) { - return; - } - fileName.setText(fileContents.getName()); - ep.read(fileContents.getInputStream(), null); - } catch(Exception exc) { - throw new RuntimeException(exc); - } - save.setEnabled(true); - } + private JTextField fileName = new JTextField(); + private JButton + open = new JButton("Open"), + save = new JButton("Save"); + private JEditorPane ep = new JEditorPane(); + private JScrollPane jsp = new JScrollPane(); + private FileContents fileContents; + + public JnlpFileChooser() { + JPanel p = new JPanel(); + open.addActionListener(new OpenL()); + p.add(open); + save.addActionListener(new SaveL()); + p.add(save); + jsp.getViewport().add(ep); + add(jsp, BorderLayout.CENTER); + add(p, BorderLayout.SOUTH); + fileName.setEditable(false); + p = new JPanel(); + p.setLayout(new GridLayout(2, 1)); + p.add(fileName); + add(p, BorderLayout.NORTH); + ep.setContentType("text"); + save.setEnabled(false); } - } - class SaveL implements ActionListener { - public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { - FileSaveService fs = null; - try { - fs = (FileSaveService)ServiceManager.lookup( - "javax.jnlp.FileSaveService"); - } catch(UnavailableServiceException use) { - throw new RuntimeException(use); - } - if(fs != null) { - try { - fileContents = fs.saveFileDialog(".", - new String[]{"txt"}, - new ByteArrayInputStream( - ep.getText().getBytes()), - fileContents.getName()); - if(fileContents == null) { - return; - } - fileName.setText(fileContents.getName()); - } catch(Exception exc) { - throw new RuntimeException(exc); + + class OpenL implements ActionListener { + @Override + public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { + FileOpenService fs = null; + try { + fs = (FileOpenService) ServiceManager.lookup( + "javax.jnlp.FileOpenService"); + } catch (UnavailableServiceException use) { + throw new RuntimeException(use); + } + if (fs != null) { + try { + fileContents = fs.openFileDialog(".", + new String[]{"txt", "*"}); + if (fileContents == null) { + return; + } + fileName.setText(fileContents.getName()); + ep.read(fileContents.getInputStream(), null); + } catch (Exception exc) { + throw new RuntimeException(exc); + } + save.setEnabled(true); + } } - } } - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - JnlpFileChooser fc = new JnlpFileChooser(); - fc.setSize(400, 300); - fc.setVisible(true); - } + + class SaveL implements ActionListener { + @Override + public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { + FileSaveService fs = null; + try { + fs = (FileSaveService) ServiceManager.lookup( + "javax.jnlp.FileSaveService"); + } catch (UnavailableServiceException use) { + throw new RuntimeException(use); + } + if (fs != null) { + try { + fileContents = fs.saveFileDialog(".", + new String[]{"txt"}, + new ByteArrayInputStream( + ep.getText().getBytes()), + fileContents.getName()); + if (fileContents == null) { + return; + } + fileName.setText(fileContents.getName()); + } catch (Exception exc) { + throw new RuntimeException(exc); + } + } + } + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + JnlpFileChooser fc = new JnlpFileChooser(); + fc.setSize(400, 300); + fc.setVisible(true); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/gui/jnlp/filechooser.jnlp b/src/gui/jnlp/filechooser.jnlp index 4e4c364..2236206 100644 --- a/src/gui/jnlp/filechooser.jnlp +++ b/src/gui/jnlp/filechooser.jnlp @@ -1,24 +1,24 @@ - - - FileChooser demo application - Mindview Inc. - - Jnlp File chooser Application - - - Demonstrates opening, reading and writing a text file - - - - - - - - - + + + FileChooser demo application + Mindview Inc. + + Jnlp File chooser Application + + + Demonstrates opening, reading and writing a text file + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/src/holding/AdapterMethodIdiom.java b/src/holding/AdapterMethodIdiom.java index cce8a8d..bcec220 100644 --- a/src/holding/AdapterMethodIdiom.java +++ b/src/holding/AdapterMethodIdiom.java @@ -1,41 +1,56 @@ package holding;//: holding/AdapterMethodIdiom.java // The "Adapter Method" idiom allows you to use foreach // with additional kinds of Iterables. + import java.util.*; class ReversibleArrayList extends ArrayList { - public ReversibleArrayList(Collection c) { super(c); } - public Iterable reversed() { - return new Iterable() { - public Iterator iterator() { - return new Iterator() { - int current = size() - 1; - public boolean hasNext() { return current > -1; } - public T next() { return get(current--); } - public void remove() { // Not implemented - throw new UnsupportedOperationException(); - } + public ReversibleArrayList(Collection c) { + super(c); + } + + public Iterable reversed() { + return new Iterable() { + @Override + public Iterator iterator() { + return new Iterator() { + int current = size() - 1; + + @Override + public boolean hasNext() { + return current > -1; + } + + @Override + public T next() { + return get(current--); + } + + @Override + public void remove() { // Not implemented + throw new UnsupportedOperationException(); + } + }; + } }; - } - }; - } -} + } +} public class AdapterMethodIdiom { - public static void main(String[] args) { - ReversibleArrayList ral = - new ReversibleArrayList( - Arrays.asList("To be or not to be".split(" "))); - // Grabs the ordinary iterator via iterator(): - for(String s : ral) { - System.out.print(s + " "); + public static void main(String[] args) { + ReversibleArrayList ral = + new ReversibleArrayList( + Arrays.asList("To be or not to be".split(" "))); + // Grabs the ordinary iterator via iterator(): + for (String s : ral) { + System.out.print(s + " "); + } + System.out.println(); + // Hand it the Iterable of your choice + for (String s : ral.reversed()) { + System.out.print(s + " "); + } } - System.out.println(); - // Hand it the Iterable of your choice - for(String s : ral.reversed()) { - System.out.print(s + " "); - } - } } /* Output: To be or not to be be to not or be To diff --git a/src/holding/AddingGroups.java b/src/holding/AddingGroups.java index fd55b25..8e793e3 100644 --- a/src/holding/AddingGroups.java +++ b/src/holding/AddingGroups.java @@ -1,21 +1,22 @@ package holding;//: holding/AddingGroups.java // Adding groups of elements to Collection objects. + import java.util.*; public class AddingGroups { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Collection collection = - new ArrayList(Arrays.asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)); - Integer[] moreInts = { 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 }; - collection.addAll(Arrays.asList(moreInts)); - // Runs significantly faster, but you can't - // construct a Collection this way: - Collections.addAll(collection, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15); - Collections.addAll(collection, moreInts); - // Produces a list "backed by" an array: - List list = Arrays.asList(16, 17, 18, 19, 20); - list.set(1, 99); // OK -- modify an element - // list.add(21); // Runtime error because the - // underlying array cannot be resized. - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + Collection collection = + new ArrayList(Arrays.asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)); + Integer[] moreInts = {6, 7, 8, 9, 10}; + collection.addAll(Arrays.asList(moreInts)); + // Runs significantly faster, but you can't + // construct a Collection this way: + Collections.addAll(collection, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15); + Collections.addAll(collection, moreInts); + // Produces a list "backed by" an array: + List list = Arrays.asList(16, 17, 18, 19, 20); + list.set(1, 99); // OK -- modify an element + // list.add(21); // Runtime error because the + // underlying array cannot be resized. + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/holding/ApplesAndOrangesWithGenerics.java b/src/holding/ApplesAndOrangesWithGenerics.java index 475ae59..bde3eb1 100644 --- a/src/holding/ApplesAndOrangesWithGenerics.java +++ b/src/holding/ApplesAndOrangesWithGenerics.java @@ -1,22 +1,23 @@ package holding;//: holding/ApplesAndOrangesWithGenerics.java + import java.util.*; public class ApplesAndOrangesWithGenerics { - public static void main(String[] args) { - ArrayList apples = new ArrayList(); - for(int i = 0; i < 3; i++) { - apples.add(new Apple()); + public static void main(String[] args) { + ArrayList apples = new ArrayList(); + for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) { + apples.add(new Apple()); + } + // Compile-time error: + // apples.add(new Orange()); + for (int i = 0; i < apples.size(); i++) { + System.out.println(apples.get(i).id()); + } + // Using foreach: + for (Apple c : apples) { + System.out.println(c.id()); + } } - // Compile-time error: - // apples.add(new Orange()); - for(int i = 0; i < apples.size(); i++) { - System.out.println(apples.get(i).id()); - } - // Using foreach: - for(Apple c : apples) { - System.out.println(c.id()); - } - } } /* Output: 0 1 diff --git a/src/holding/ApplesAndOrangesWithoutGenerics.java b/src/holding/ApplesAndOrangesWithoutGenerics.java index 567199f..4f10800 100644 --- a/src/holding/ApplesAndOrangesWithoutGenerics.java +++ b/src/holding/ApplesAndOrangesWithoutGenerics.java @@ -1,28 +1,33 @@ package holding;//: holding/ApplesAndOrangesWithoutGenerics.java // Simple container example (produces compiler warnings). // {ThrowsException} + import java.util.*; class Apple { - private static long counter; - private final long id = counter++; - public long id() { return id; } + private static long counter; + private final long id = counter++; + + public long id() { + return id; + } } -class Orange {} +class Orange { +} public class ApplesAndOrangesWithoutGenerics { - @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") - public static void main(String[] args) { - ArrayList apples = new ArrayList(); - for(int i = 0; i < 3; i++) { - apples.add(new Apple()); + @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") + public static void main(String[] args) { + ArrayList apples = new ArrayList(); + for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) { + apples.add(new Apple()); + } + // Not prevented from adding an Orange to apples: + apples.add(new Orange()); + for (int i = 0; i < apples.size(); i++) { + ((Apple) apples.get(i)).id(); + } + // Orange is detected only at run time } - // Not prevented from adding an Orange to apples: - apples.add(new Orange()); - for(int i = 0; i < apples.size(); i++) { - ((Apple)apples.get(i)).id(); - } - // Orange is detected only at run time - } } /* (Execute to see output) *///:~ diff --git a/src/holding/ArrayIsNotIterable.java b/src/holding/ArrayIsNotIterable.java index 0a56c76..e826fa4 100644 --- a/src/holding/ArrayIsNotIterable.java +++ b/src/holding/ArrayIsNotIterable.java @@ -1,20 +1,22 @@ package holding;//: holding/ArrayIsNotIterable.java + import java.util.*; public class ArrayIsNotIterable { - static void test(Iterable ib) { - for(T t : ib) { - System.out.print(t + " "); + static void test(Iterable ib) { + for (T t : ib) { + System.out.print(t + " "); + } + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + test(Arrays.asList(1, 2, 3)); + String[] strings = {"A", "B", "C"}; + // An array works in foreach, but it's not Iterable: + //! test(strings); + // You must explicitly convert it to an Iterable: + test(Arrays.asList(strings)); } - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - test(Arrays.asList(1, 2, 3)); - String[] strings = { "A", "B", "C" }; - // An array works in foreach, but it's not Iterable: - //! test(strings); - // You must explicitly convert it to an Iterable: - test(Arrays.asList(strings)); - } } /* Output: 1 2 3 A B C *///:~ diff --git a/src/holding/AsListInference.java b/src/holding/AsListInference.java index c2ae389..9a338ca 100644 --- a/src/holding/AsListInference.java +++ b/src/holding/AsListInference.java @@ -1,33 +1,45 @@ package holding;//: holding/AsListInference.java // Arrays.asList() makes its best guess about type. + import java.util.*; -class Snow {} -class Powder extends Snow {} -class Light extends Powder {} -class Heavy extends Powder {} -class Crusty extends Snow {} -class Slush extends Snow {} +class Snow { +} + +class Powder extends Snow { +} + +class Light extends Powder { +} + +class Heavy extends Powder { +} + +class Crusty extends Snow { +} + +class Slush extends Snow { +} public class AsListInference { - public static void main(String[] args) { - List snow1 = Arrays.asList( - new Crusty(), new Slush(), new Powder()); + public static void main(String[] args) { + List snow1 = Arrays.asList( + new Crusty(), new Slush(), new Powder()); - // Won't compile: - // List snow2 = Arrays.asList( - // new Light(), new Heavy()); - // Compiler says: - // found : java.util.List - // required: java.util.List + // Won't compile: + // List snow2 = Arrays.asList( + // new Light(), new Heavy()); + // Compiler says: + // found : java.util.List + // required: java.util.List - // Collections.addAll() doesn't get confused: - List snow3 = new ArrayList(); - Collections.addAll(snow3, new Light(), new Heavy()); + // Collections.addAll() doesn't get confused: + List snow3 = new ArrayList(); + Collections.addAll(snow3, new Light(), new Heavy()); - // Give a hint using an - // explicit type argument specification: - List snow4 = Arrays.asList( - new Light(), new Heavy()); - } + // Give a hint using an + // explicit type argument specification: + List snow4 = Arrays.asList( + new Light(), new Heavy()); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/holding/CollectionSequence.java b/src/holding/CollectionSequence.java index 8561e56..1bbbd28 100644 --- a/src/holding/CollectionSequence.java +++ b/src/holding/CollectionSequence.java @@ -1,28 +1,45 @@ package holding;//: holding/CollectionSequence.java + import typeinfo.pets.*; + import java.util.*; public class CollectionSequence -extends AbstractCollection { - private Pet[] pets = Pets.createArray(8); - public int size() { return pets.length; } - public Iterator iterator() { - return new Iterator() { - private int index = 0; - public boolean hasNext() { - return index < pets.length; - } - public Pet next() { return pets[index++]; } - public void remove() { // Not implemented - throw new UnsupportedOperationException(); - } - }; - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - CollectionSequence c = new CollectionSequence(); - InterfaceVsIterator.display(c); - InterfaceVsIterator.display(c.iterator()); - } + extends AbstractCollection { + private Pet[] pets = Pets.createArray(8); + + @Override + public int size() { + return pets.length; + } + + @Override + public Iterator iterator() { + return new Iterator() { + private int index = 0; + + @Override + public boolean hasNext() { + return index < pets.length; + } + + @Override + public Pet next() { + return pets[index++]; + } + + @Override + public void remove() { // Not implemented + throw new UnsupportedOperationException(); + } + }; + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + CollectionSequence c = new CollectionSequence(); + InterfaceVsIterator.display(c); + InterfaceVsIterator.display(c.iterator()); + } } /* Output: 0:Rat 1:Manx 2:Cymric 3:Mutt 4:Pug 5:Cymric 6:Pug 7:Manx 0:Rat 1:Manx 2:Cymric 3:Mutt 4:Pug 5:Cymric 6:Pug 7:Manx diff --git a/src/holding/ContainerMethods.java b/src/holding/ContainerMethods.java index e2772d9..14d1559 100644 --- a/src/holding/ContainerMethods.java +++ b/src/holding/ContainerMethods.java @@ -1,10 +1,11 @@ package holding;//: holding/ContainerMethods.java + import net.mindview.util.*; public class ContainerMethods { - public static void main(String[] args) { - ContainerMethodDifferences.main(args); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + ContainerMethodDifferences.main(args); + } } /* Output: (Sample) Collection: [add, addAll, clear, contains, containsAll, equals, hashCode, isEmpty, iterator, remove, removeAll, retainAll, size, toArray] Interfaces in Collection: [Iterable] diff --git a/src/holding/CrossContainerIteration.java b/src/holding/CrossContainerIteration.java index 5daca31..596af65 100644 --- a/src/holding/CrossContainerIteration.java +++ b/src/holding/CrossContainerIteration.java @@ -1,25 +1,28 @@ package holding;//: holding/CrossContainerIteration.java + import typeinfo.pets.*; + import java.util.*; public class CrossContainerIteration { - public static void display(Iterator it) { - while(it.hasNext()) { - Pet p = it.next(); - System.out.print(p.id() + ":" + p + " "); + public static void display(Iterator it) { + while (it.hasNext()) { + Pet p = it.next(); + System.out.print(p.id() + ":" + p + " "); + } + System.out.println(); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + ArrayList pets = Pets.arrayList(8); + LinkedList petsLL = new LinkedList(pets); + HashSet petsHS = new HashSet(pets); + TreeSet petsTS = new TreeSet(pets); + display(pets.iterator()); + display(petsLL.iterator()); + display(petsHS.iterator()); + display(petsTS.iterator()); } - System.out.println(); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - ArrayList pets = Pets.arrayList(8); - LinkedList petsLL = new LinkedList(pets); - HashSet petsHS = new HashSet(pets); - TreeSet petsTS = new TreeSet(pets); - display(pets.iterator()); - display(petsLL.iterator()); - display(petsHS.iterator()); - display(petsTS.iterator()); - } } /* Output: 0:Rat 1:Manx 2:Cymric 3:Mutt 4:Pug 5:Cymric 6:Pug 7:Manx 0:Rat 1:Manx 2:Cymric 3:Mutt 4:Pug 5:Cymric 6:Pug 7:Manx diff --git a/src/holding/EnvironmentVariables.java b/src/holding/EnvironmentVariables.java index b64e2d5..fc7ef12 100644 --- a/src/holding/EnvironmentVariables.java +++ b/src/holding/EnvironmentVariables.java @@ -1,11 +1,12 @@ package holding;//: holding/EnvironmentVariables.java + import java.util.*; public class EnvironmentVariables { - public static void main(String[] args) { - for(Map.Entry entry: System.getenv().entrySet()) { - System.out.println(entry.getKey() + ": " + - entry.getValue()); + public static void main(String[] args) { + for (Map.Entry entry : System.getenv().entrySet()) { + System.out.println(entry.getKey() + ": " + + entry.getValue()); + } } - } } /* (Execute to see output) *///:~ diff --git a/src/holding/ForEachCollections.java b/src/holding/ForEachCollections.java index dfbefba..172c746 100644 --- a/src/holding/ForEachCollections.java +++ b/src/holding/ForEachCollections.java @@ -1,16 +1,17 @@ package holding;//: holding/ForEachCollections.java // All collections work with foreach. + import java.util.*; public class ForEachCollections { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Collection cs = new LinkedList(); - Collections.addAll(cs, - "Take the long way home".split(" ")); - for(String s : cs) { - System.out.print("'" + s + "' "); + public static void main(String[] args) { + Collection cs = new LinkedList(); + Collections.addAll(cs, + "Take the long way home".split(" ")); + for (String s : cs) { + System.out.print("'" + s + "' "); + } } - } } /* Output: 'Take' 'the' 'long' 'way' 'home' *///:~ diff --git a/src/holding/GenericsAndUpcasting.java b/src/holding/GenericsAndUpcasting.java index 203a76e..f7c8530 100644 --- a/src/holding/GenericsAndUpcasting.java +++ b/src/holding/GenericsAndUpcasting.java @@ -1,22 +1,30 @@ package holding;//: holding/GenericsAndUpcasting.java + import java.util.*; -class GrannySmith extends Apple {} -class Gala extends Apple {} -class Fuji extends Apple {} -class Braeburn extends Apple {} +class GrannySmith extends Apple { +} + +class Gala extends Apple { +} + +class Fuji extends Apple { +} + +class Braeburn extends Apple { +} public class GenericsAndUpcasting { - public static void main(String[] args) { - ArrayList apples = new ArrayList(); - apples.add(new GrannySmith()); - apples.add(new Gala()); - apples.add(new Fuji()); - apples.add(new Braeburn()); - for(Apple c : apples) { - System.out.println(c); + public static void main(String[] args) { + ArrayList apples = new ArrayList(); + apples.add(new GrannySmith()); + apples.add(new Gala()); + apples.add(new Fuji()); + apples.add(new Braeburn()); + for (Apple c : apples) { + System.out.println(c); + } } - } } /* Output: (Sample) GrannySmith@7d772e Gala@11b86e7 diff --git a/src/holding/InterfaceVsIterator.java b/src/holding/InterfaceVsIterator.java index 45cfb58..2b54ac8 100644 --- a/src/holding/InterfaceVsIterator.java +++ b/src/holding/InterfaceVsIterator.java @@ -1,40 +1,44 @@ package holding;//: holding/InterfaceVsIterator.java + import typeinfo.pets.*; + import java.util.*; public class InterfaceVsIterator { - public static void display(Iterator it) { - while(it.hasNext()) { - Pet p = it.next(); - System.out.print(p.id() + ":" + p + " "); + public static void display(Iterator it) { + while (it.hasNext()) { + Pet p = it.next(); + System.out.print(p.id() + ":" + p + " "); + } + System.out.println(); } - System.out.println(); - } - public static void display(Collection pets) { - for(Pet p : pets) { - System.out.print(p.id() + ":" + p + " "); + + public static void display(Collection pets) { + for (Pet p : pets) { + System.out.print(p.id() + ":" + p + " "); + } + System.out.println(); } - System.out.println(); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - List petList = Pets.arrayList(8); - Set petSet = new HashSet(petList); - Map petMap = - new LinkedHashMap(); - String[] names = ("Ralph, Eric, Robin, Lacey, " + - "Britney, Sam, Spot, Fluffy").split(", "); - for(int i = 0; i < names.length; i++) { - petMap.put(names[i], petList.get(i)); + + public static void main(String[] args) { + List petList = Pets.arrayList(8); + Set petSet = new HashSet(petList); + Map petMap = + new LinkedHashMap(); + String[] names = ("Ralph, Eric, Robin, Lacey, " + + "Britney, Sam, Spot, Fluffy").split(", "); + for (int i = 0; i < names.length; i++) { + petMap.put(names[i], petList.get(i)); + } + display(petList); + display(petSet); + display(petList.iterator()); + display(petSet.iterator()); + System.out.println(petMap); + System.out.println(petMap.keySet()); + display(petMap.values()); + display(petMap.values().iterator()); } - display(petList); - display(petSet); - display(petList.iterator()); - display(petSet.iterator()); - System.out.println(petMap); - System.out.println(petMap.keySet()); - display(petMap.values()); - display(petMap.values().iterator()); - } } /* Output: 0:Rat 1:Manx 2:Cymric 3:Mutt 4:Pug 5:Cymric 6:Pug 7:Manx 4:Pug 6:Pug 3:Mutt 1:Manx 5:Cymric 7:Manx 2:Cymric 0:Rat diff --git a/src/holding/IterableClass.java b/src/holding/IterableClass.java index 950cdbf..35fcd1c 100644 --- a/src/holding/IterableClass.java +++ b/src/holding/IterableClass.java @@ -1,27 +1,39 @@ package holding;//: holding/IterableClass.java // Anything Iterable works with foreach. + import java.util.*; public class IterableClass implements Iterable { - protected String[] words = ("And that is how " + - "we know the Earth to be banana-shaped.").split(" "); - public Iterator iterator() { - return new Iterator() { - private int index = 0; - public boolean hasNext() { - return index < words.length; - } - public String next() { return words[index++]; } - public void remove() { // Not implemented - throw new UnsupportedOperationException(); - } - }; - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - for(String s : new IterableClass()) { - System.out.print(s + " "); + protected String[] words = ("And that is how " + + "we know the Earth to be banana-shaped.").split(" "); + + @Override + public Iterator iterator() { + return new Iterator() { + private int index = 0; + + @Override + public boolean hasNext() { + return index < words.length; + } + + @Override + public String next() { + return words[index++]; + } + + @Override + public void remove() { // Not implemented + throw new UnsupportedOperationException(); + } + }; + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + for (String s : new IterableClass()) { + System.out.print(s + " "); + } } - } } /* Output: And that is how we know the Earth to be banana-shaped. *///:~ diff --git a/src/holding/LinkedListFeatures.java b/src/holding/LinkedListFeatures.java index 3629041..82c3168 100644 --- a/src/holding/LinkedListFeatures.java +++ b/src/holding/LinkedListFeatures.java @@ -1,37 +1,40 @@ package holding;//: holding/LinkedListFeatures.java + import typeinfo.pets.*; + import java.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; /** * @author 11860 */ public class LinkedListFeatures { - public static void main(String[] args) { - LinkedList pets = - new LinkedList(Pets.arrayList(5)); - print(pets); - // Identical: - print("pets.getFirst(): " + pets.getFirst()); - print("pets.element(): " + pets.element()); - // Only differs in empty-list behavior: - print("pets.peek(): " + pets.peek()); - // Identical; remove and return the first element: - print("pets.remove(): " + pets.remove()); - print("pets.removeFirst(): " + pets.removeFirst()); - // Only differs in empty-list behavior: - print("pets.poll(): " + pets.poll()); - print(pets); - pets.addFirst(new Rat()); - print("After addFirst(): " + pets); - pets.offer(Pets.randomPet()); - print("After offer(): " + pets); - pets.add(Pets.randomPet()); - print("After add(): " + pets); - pets.addLast(new Hamster()); - print("After addLast(): " + pets); - print("pets.removeLast(): " + pets.removeLast()); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + LinkedList pets = + new LinkedList(Pets.arrayList(5)); + print(pets); + // Identical: + print("pets.getFirst(): " + pets.getFirst()); + print("pets.element(): " + pets.element()); + // Only differs in empty-list behavior: + print("pets.peek(): " + pets.peek()); + // Identical; remove and return the first element: + print("pets.remove(): " + pets.remove()); + print("pets.removeFirst(): " + pets.removeFirst()); + // Only differs in empty-list behavior: + print("pets.poll(): " + pets.poll()); + print(pets); + pets.addFirst(new Rat()); + print("After addFirst(): " + pets); + pets.offer(Pets.randomPet()); + print("After offer(): " + pets); + pets.add(Pets.randomPet()); + print("After add(): " + pets); + pets.addLast(new Hamster()); + print("After addLast(): " + pets); + print("pets.removeLast(): " + pets.removeLast()); + } } /* Output: [Rat, Manx, Cymric, Mutt, Pug] pets.getFirst(): Rat diff --git a/src/holding/ListFeatures.java b/src/holding/ListFeatures.java index 41a6427..3b18895 100644 --- a/src/holding/ListFeatures.java +++ b/src/holding/ListFeatures.java @@ -1,63 +1,66 @@ package holding;//: holding/ListFeatures.java + import typeinfo.pets.*; + import java.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class ListFeatures { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Random rand = new Random(47); - List pets = Pets.arrayList(7); - print("1: " + pets); - Hamster h = new Hamster(); - pets.add(h); // Automatically resizes - print("2: " + pets); - print("3: " + pets.contains(h)); - pets.remove(h); // Remove by object - Pet p = pets.get(2); - print("4: " + p + " " + pets.indexOf(p)); - Pet cymric = new Cymric(); - print("5: " + pets.indexOf(cymric)); - print("6: " + pets.remove(cymric)); - // Must be the exact object: - print("7: " + pets.remove(p)); - print("8: " + pets); - pets.add(3, new Mouse()); // Insert at an index - print("9: " + pets); - List sub = pets.subList(1, 4); - print("subList: " + sub); - print("10: " + pets.containsAll(sub)); - Collections.sort(sub); // In-place sort - print("sorted subList: " + sub); - // Order is not important in containsAll(): - print("11: " + pets.containsAll(sub)); - Collections.shuffle(sub, rand); // Mix it up - print("shuffled subList: " + sub); - print("12: " + pets.containsAll(sub)); - List copy = new ArrayList(pets); - sub = Arrays.asList(pets.get(1), pets.get(4)); - print("sub: " + sub); - copy.retainAll(sub); - print("13: " + copy); - copy = new ArrayList(pets); // Get a fresh copy - copy.remove(2); // Remove by index - print("14: " + copy); - copy.removeAll(sub); // Only removes exact objects - print("15: " + copy); - copy.set(1, new Mouse()); // Replace an element - print("16: " + copy); - copy.addAll(2, sub); // Insert a list in the middle - print("17: " + copy); - print("18: " + pets.isEmpty()); - pets.clear(); // Remove all elements - print("19: " + pets); - print("20: " + pets.isEmpty()); - pets.addAll(Pets.arrayList(4)); - print("21: " + pets); - Object[] o = pets.toArray(); - print("22: " + o[3]); - Pet[] pa = pets.toArray(new Pet[0]); - print("23: " + pa[3].id()); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + Random rand = new Random(47); + List pets = Pets.arrayList(7); + print("1: " + pets); + Hamster h = new Hamster(); + pets.add(h); // Automatically resizes + print("2: " + pets); + print("3: " + pets.contains(h)); + pets.remove(h); // Remove by object + Pet p = pets.get(2); + print("4: " + p + " " + pets.indexOf(p)); + Pet cymric = new Cymric(); + print("5: " + pets.indexOf(cymric)); + print("6: " + pets.remove(cymric)); + // Must be the exact object: + print("7: " + pets.remove(p)); + print("8: " + pets); + pets.add(3, new Mouse()); // Insert at an index + print("9: " + pets); + List sub = pets.subList(1, 4); + print("subList: " + sub); + print("10: " + pets.containsAll(sub)); + Collections.sort(sub); // In-place sort + print("sorted subList: " + sub); + // Order is not important in containsAll(): + print("11: " + pets.containsAll(sub)); + Collections.shuffle(sub, rand); // Mix it up + print("shuffled subList: " + sub); + print("12: " + pets.containsAll(sub)); + List copy = new ArrayList(pets); + sub = Arrays.asList(pets.get(1), pets.get(4)); + print("sub: " + sub); + copy.retainAll(sub); + print("13: " + copy); + copy = new ArrayList(pets); // Get a fresh copy + copy.remove(2); // Remove by index + print("14: " + copy); + copy.removeAll(sub); // Only removes exact objects + print("15: " + copy); + copy.set(1, new Mouse()); // Replace an element + print("16: " + copy); + copy.addAll(2, sub); // Insert a list in the middle + print("17: " + copy); + print("18: " + pets.isEmpty()); + pets.clear(); // Remove all elements + print("19: " + pets); + print("20: " + pets.isEmpty()); + pets.addAll(Pets.arrayList(4)); + print("21: " + pets); + Object[] o = pets.toArray(); + print("22: " + o[3]); + Pet[] pa = pets.toArray(new Pet[0]); + print("23: " + pa[3].id()); + } } /* Output: 1: [Rat, Manx, Cymric, Mutt, Pug, Cymric, Pug] 2: [Rat, Manx, Cymric, Mutt, Pug, Cymric, Pug, Hamster] diff --git a/src/holding/ListIteration.java b/src/holding/ListIteration.java index f2bd7fd..7a85f5f 100644 --- a/src/holding/ListIteration.java +++ b/src/holding/ListIteration.java @@ -1,29 +1,31 @@ package holding;//: holding/ListIteration.java + import typeinfo.pets.*; + import java.util.*; public class ListIteration { - public static void main(String[] args) { - List pets = Pets.arrayList(8); - ListIterator it = pets.listIterator(); - while(it.hasNext()) { - System.out.print(it.next() + ", " + it.nextIndex() + - ", " + it.previousIndex() + "; "); + public static void main(String[] args) { + List pets = Pets.arrayList(8); + ListIterator it = pets.listIterator(); + while (it.hasNext()) { + System.out.print(it.next() + ", " + it.nextIndex() + + ", " + it.previousIndex() + "; "); + } + System.out.println(); + // Backwards: + while (it.hasPrevious()) { + System.out.print(it.previous().id() + " "); + } + System.out.println(); + System.out.println(pets); + it = pets.listIterator(3); + while (it.hasNext()) { + it.next(); + it.set(Pets.randomPet()); + } + System.out.println(pets); } - System.out.println(); - // Backwards: - while(it.hasPrevious()) { - System.out.print(it.previous().id() + " "); - } - System.out.println(); - System.out.println(pets); - it = pets.listIterator(3); - while(it.hasNext()) { - it.next(); - it.set(Pets.randomPet()); - } - System.out.println(pets); - } } /* Output: Rat, 1, 0; Manx, 2, 1; Cymric, 3, 2; Mutt, 4, 3; Pug, 5, 4; Cymric, 6, 5; Pug, 7, 6; Manx, 8, 7; 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 diff --git a/src/holding/MapOfList.java b/src/holding/MapOfList.java index 970a79c..d954b0d 100644 --- a/src/holding/MapOfList.java +++ b/src/holding/MapOfList.java @@ -1,38 +1,43 @@ //: holding/MapOfList.java package holding; + import typeinfo.pets.*; + import java.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class MapOfList { - public static Map> - petPeople = new HashMap>(); - static { - petPeople.put(new Person("Dawn"), - Arrays.asList(new Cymric("Molly"),new Mutt("Spot"))); - petPeople.put(new Person("Kate"), - Arrays.asList(new Cat("Shackleton"), - new Cat("Elsie May"), new Dog("Margrett"))); - petPeople.put(new Person("Marilyn"), - Arrays.asList( - new Pug("Louie aka Louis Snorkelstein Dupree"), - new Cat("Stanford aka Stinky el Negro"), - new Cat("Pinkola"))); - petPeople.put(new Person("Luke"), - Arrays.asList(new Rat("Fuzzy"), new Rat("Fizzy"))); - petPeople.put(new Person("Isaac"), - Arrays.asList(new Rat("Freckly"))); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - print("People: " + petPeople.keySet()); - print("Pets: " + petPeople.values()); - for(Person person : petPeople.keySet()) { - print(person + " has:"); - for(Pet pet : petPeople.get(person)) { - print(" " + pet); - } + public static Map> + petPeople = new HashMap>(); + + static { + petPeople.put(new Person("Dawn"), + Arrays.asList(new Cymric("Molly"), new Mutt("Spot"))); + petPeople.put(new Person("Kate"), + Arrays.asList(new Cat("Shackleton"), + new Cat("Elsie May"), new Dog("Margrett"))); + petPeople.put(new Person("Marilyn"), + Arrays.asList( + new Pug("Louie aka Louis Snorkelstein Dupree"), + new Cat("Stanford aka Stinky el Negro"), + new Cat("Pinkola"))); + petPeople.put(new Person("Luke"), + Arrays.asList(new Rat("Fuzzy"), new Rat("Fizzy"))); + petPeople.put(new Person("Isaac"), + Arrays.asList(new Rat("Freckly"))); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + print("People: " + petPeople.keySet()); + print("Pets: " + petPeople.values()); + for (Person person : petPeople.keySet()) { + print(person + " has:"); + for (Pet pet : petPeople.get(person)) { + print(" " + pet); + } + } } - } } /* Output: People: [Person Luke, Person Marilyn, Person Isaac, Person Dawn, Person Kate] Pets: [[Rat Fuzzy, Rat Fizzy], [Pug Louie aka Louis Snorkelstein Dupree, Cat Stanford aka Stinky el Negro, Cat Pinkola], [Rat Freckly], [Cymric Molly, Mutt Spot], [Cat Shackleton, Cat Elsie May, Dog Margrett]] diff --git a/src/holding/ModifyingArraysAsList.java b/src/holding/ModifyingArraysAsList.java index b2bcfa4..f47c3bf 100644 --- a/src/holding/ModifyingArraysAsList.java +++ b/src/holding/ModifyingArraysAsList.java @@ -1,23 +1,24 @@ package holding;//: holding/ModifyingArraysAsList.java + import java.util.*; public class ModifyingArraysAsList { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Random rand = new Random(47); - Integer[] ia = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 }; - List list1 = - new ArrayList(Arrays.asList(ia)); - System.out.println("Before shuffling: " + list1); - Collections.shuffle(list1, rand); - System.out.println("After shuffling: " + list1); - System.out.println("array: " + Arrays.toString(ia)); + public static void main(String[] args) { + Random rand = new Random(47); + Integer[] ia = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}; + List list1 = + new ArrayList(Arrays.asList(ia)); + System.out.println("Before shuffling: " + list1); + Collections.shuffle(list1, rand); + System.out.println("After shuffling: " + list1); + System.out.println("array: " + Arrays.toString(ia)); - List list2 = Arrays.asList(ia); - System.out.println("Before shuffling: " + list2); - Collections.shuffle(list2, rand); - System.out.println("After shuffling: " + list2); - System.out.println("array: " + Arrays.toString(ia)); - } + List list2 = Arrays.asList(ia); + System.out.println("Before shuffling: " + list2); + Collections.shuffle(list2, rand); + System.out.println("After shuffling: " + list2); + System.out.println("array: " + Arrays.toString(ia)); + } } /* Output: Before shuffling: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10] After shuffling: [4, 6, 3, 1, 8, 7, 2, 5, 10, 9] diff --git a/src/holding/MultiIterableClass.java b/src/holding/MultiIterableClass.java index 0733208..8a23832 100644 --- a/src/holding/MultiIterableClass.java +++ b/src/holding/MultiIterableClass.java @@ -1,46 +1,61 @@ package holding;//: holding/MultiIterableClass.java // Adding several Adapter Methods. + import java.util.*; public class MultiIterableClass extends IterableClass { - public Iterable reversed() { - return new Iterable() { - public Iterator iterator() { - return new Iterator() { - int current = words.length - 1; - public boolean hasNext() { return current > -1; } - public String next() { return words[current--]; } - public void remove() { // Not implemented - throw new UnsupportedOperationException(); - } + public Iterable reversed() { + return new Iterable() { + @Override + public Iterator iterator() { + return new Iterator() { + int current = words.length - 1; + + @Override + public boolean hasNext() { + return current > -1; + } + + @Override + public String next() { + return words[current--]; + } + + @Override + public void remove() { // Not implemented + throw new UnsupportedOperationException(); + } + }; + } }; - } - }; - } - public Iterable randomized() { - return new Iterable() { - public Iterator iterator() { - List shuffled = - new ArrayList(Arrays.asList(words)); - Collections.shuffle(shuffled, new Random(47)); - return shuffled.iterator(); - } - }; - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - MultiIterableClass mic = new MultiIterableClass(); - for(String s : mic.reversed()) { - System.out.print(s + " "); } - System.out.println(); - for(String s : mic.randomized()) { - System.out.print(s + " "); + + public Iterable randomized() { + return new Iterable() { + @Override + public Iterator iterator() { + List shuffled = + new ArrayList(Arrays.asList(words)); + Collections.shuffle(shuffled, new Random(47)); + return shuffled.iterator(); + } + }; } - System.out.println(); - for(String s : mic) { - System.out.print(s + " "); + + public static void main(String[] args) { + MultiIterableClass mic = new MultiIterableClass(); + for (String s : mic.reversed()) { + System.out.print(s + " "); + } + System.out.println(); + for (String s : mic.randomized()) { + System.out.print(s + " "); + } + System.out.println(); + for (String s : mic) { + System.out.print(s + " "); + } } - } } /* Output: banana-shaped. be to Earth the know we how is that And is banana-shaped. Earth that how the be And we know to diff --git a/src/holding/NonCollectionSequence.java b/src/holding/NonCollectionSequence.java index 95db6ff..67f3c79 100644 --- a/src/holding/NonCollectionSequence.java +++ b/src/holding/NonCollectionSequence.java @@ -1,28 +1,39 @@ package holding;//: holding/NonCollectionSequence.java + import typeinfo.pets.*; + import java.util.*; class PetSequence { - protected Pet[] pets = Pets.createArray(8); + protected Pet[] pets = Pets.createArray(8); } public class NonCollectionSequence extends PetSequence { - public Iterator iterator() { - return new Iterator() { - private int index = 0; - public boolean hasNext() { - return index < pets.length; - } - public Pet next() { return pets[index++]; } - public void remove() { // Not implemented - throw new UnsupportedOperationException(); - } - }; - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - NonCollectionSequence nc = new NonCollectionSequence(); - InterfaceVsIterator.display(nc.iterator()); - } + public Iterator iterator() { + return new Iterator() { + private int index = 0; + + @Override + public boolean hasNext() { + return index < pets.length; + } + + @Override + public Pet next() { + return pets[index++]; + } + + @Override + public void remove() { // Not implemented + throw new UnsupportedOperationException(); + } + }; + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + NonCollectionSequence nc = new NonCollectionSequence(); + InterfaceVsIterator.display(nc.iterator()); + } } /* Output: 0:Rat 1:Manx 2:Cymric 3:Mutt 4:Pug 5:Cymric 6:Pug 7:Manx *///:~ diff --git a/src/holding/PetMap.java b/src/holding/PetMap.java index e76ef15..3852b67 100644 --- a/src/holding/PetMap.java +++ b/src/holding/PetMap.java @@ -1,20 +1,23 @@ package holding;//: holding/PetMap.java + import typeinfo.pets.*; + import java.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class PetMap { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Map petMap = new HashMap(); - petMap.put("My Cat", new Cat("Molly")); - petMap.put("My Dog", new Dog("Ginger")); - petMap.put("My Hamster", new Hamster("Bosco")); - print(petMap); - Pet dog = petMap.get("My Dog"); - print(dog); - print(petMap.containsKey("My Dog")); - print(petMap.containsValue(dog)); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + Map petMap = new HashMap(); + petMap.put("My Cat", new Cat("Molly")); + petMap.put("My Dog", new Dog("Ginger")); + petMap.put("My Hamster", new Hamster("Bosco")); + print(petMap); + Pet dog = petMap.get("My Dog"); + print(dog); + print(petMap.containsKey("My Dog")); + print(petMap.containsValue(dog)); + } } /* Output: {My Cat=Cat Molly, My Hamster=Hamster Bosco, My Dog=Dog Ginger} Dog Ginger diff --git a/src/holding/PrintingContainers.java b/src/holding/PrintingContainers.java index 4576212..2f2e361 100644 --- a/src/holding/PrintingContainers.java +++ b/src/holding/PrintingContainers.java @@ -1,33 +1,37 @@ package holding;//: holding/PrintingContainers.java // Containers print themselves automatically. + import java.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class PrintingContainers { - static Collection fill(Collection collection) { - collection.add("rat"); - collection.add("cat"); - collection.add("dog"); - collection.add("dog"); - return collection; - } - static Map fill(Map map) { - map.put("rat", "Fuzzy"); - map.put("cat", "Rags"); - map.put("dog", "Bosco"); - map.put("dog", "Spot"); - return map; - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - print(fill(new ArrayList())); - print(fill(new LinkedList())); - print(fill(new HashSet())); - print(fill(new TreeSet())); - print(fill(new LinkedHashSet())); - print(fill(new HashMap())); - print(fill(new TreeMap())); - print(fill(new LinkedHashMap())); - } + static Collection fill(Collection collection) { + collection.add("rat"); + collection.add("cat"); + collection.add("dog"); + collection.add("dog"); + return collection; + } + + static Map fill(Map map) { + map.put("rat", "Fuzzy"); + map.put("cat", "Rags"); + map.put("dog", "Bosco"); + map.put("dog", "Spot"); + return map; + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + print(fill(new ArrayList())); + print(fill(new LinkedList())); + print(fill(new HashSet())); + print(fill(new TreeSet())); + print(fill(new LinkedHashSet())); + print(fill(new HashMap())); + print(fill(new TreeMap())); + print(fill(new LinkedHashMap())); + } } /* Output: [rat, cat, dog, dog] [rat, cat, dog, dog] diff --git a/src/holding/PriorityQueueDemo.java b/src/holding/PriorityQueueDemo.java index 213baa9..8dad871 100644 --- a/src/holding/PriorityQueueDemo.java +++ b/src/holding/PriorityQueueDemo.java @@ -1,43 +1,44 @@ package holding;//: holding/PriorityQueueDemo.java + import java.util.*; public class PriorityQueueDemo { - public static void main(String[] args) { - PriorityQueue priorityQueue = - new PriorityQueue(); - Random rand = new Random(47); - for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { - priorityQueue.offer(rand.nextInt(i + 10)); + public static void main(String[] args) { + PriorityQueue priorityQueue = + new PriorityQueue(); + Random rand = new Random(47); + for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { + priorityQueue.offer(rand.nextInt(i + 10)); + } + QueueDemo.printQ(priorityQueue); + + List ints = Arrays.asList(25, 22, 20, + 18, 14, 9, 3, 1, 1, 2, 3, 9, 14, 18, 21, 23, 25); + priorityQueue = new PriorityQueue(ints); + QueueDemo.printQ(priorityQueue); + priorityQueue = new PriorityQueue( + ints.size(), Collections.reverseOrder()); + priorityQueue.addAll(ints); + QueueDemo.printQ(priorityQueue); + + String fact = "EDUCATION SHOULD ESCHEW OBFUSCATION"; + List strings = Arrays.asList(fact.split("")); + PriorityQueue stringPQ = + new PriorityQueue(strings); + QueueDemo.printQ(stringPQ); + stringPQ = new PriorityQueue( + strings.size(), Collections.reverseOrder()); + stringPQ.addAll(strings); + QueueDemo.printQ(stringPQ); + + Set charSet = new HashSet(); + for (char c : fact.toCharArray()) { + charSet.add(c); // Autoboxing + } + PriorityQueue characterPQ = + new PriorityQueue(charSet); + QueueDemo.printQ(characterPQ); } - QueueDemo.printQ(priorityQueue); - - List ints = Arrays.asList(25, 22, 20, - 18, 14, 9, 3, 1, 1, 2, 3, 9, 14, 18, 21, 23, 25); - priorityQueue = new PriorityQueue(ints); - QueueDemo.printQ(priorityQueue); - priorityQueue = new PriorityQueue( - ints.size(), Collections.reverseOrder()); - priorityQueue.addAll(ints); - QueueDemo.printQ(priorityQueue); - - String fact = "EDUCATION SHOULD ESCHEW OBFUSCATION"; - List strings = Arrays.asList(fact.split("")); - PriorityQueue stringPQ = - new PriorityQueue(strings); - QueueDemo.printQ(stringPQ); - stringPQ = new PriorityQueue( - strings.size(), Collections.reverseOrder()); - stringPQ.addAll(strings); - QueueDemo.printQ(stringPQ); - - Set charSet = new HashSet(); - for(char c : fact.toCharArray()) { - charSet.add(c); // Autoboxing - } - PriorityQueue characterPQ = - new PriorityQueue(charSet); - QueueDemo.printQ(characterPQ); - } } /* Output: 0 1 1 1 1 1 3 5 8 14 1 1 2 3 3 9 9 14 14 18 18 20 21 22 23 25 25 diff --git a/src/holding/QueueDemo.java b/src/holding/QueueDemo.java index a788c9f..a8bb98f 100644 --- a/src/holding/QueueDemo.java +++ b/src/holding/QueueDemo.java @@ -1,27 +1,29 @@ package holding;//: holding/QueueDemo.java // Upcasting to a Queue from a LinkedList. + import java.util.*; public class QueueDemo { - public static void printQ(Queue queue) { - while(queue.peek() != null) { - System.out.print(queue.remove() + " "); + public static void printQ(Queue queue) { + while (queue.peek() != null) { + System.out.print(queue.remove() + " "); + } + System.out.println(); } - System.out.println(); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - Queue queue = new LinkedList(); - Random rand = new Random(47); - for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { - queue.offer(rand.nextInt(i + 10)); + + public static void main(String[] args) { + Queue queue = new LinkedList(); + Random rand = new Random(47); + for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { + queue.offer(rand.nextInt(i + 10)); + } + printQ(queue); + Queue qc = new LinkedList(); + for (char c : "Brontosaurus".toCharArray()) { + qc.offer(c); + } + printQ(qc); } - printQ(queue); - Queue qc = new LinkedList(); - for(char c : "Brontosaurus".toCharArray()) { - qc.offer(c); - } - printQ(qc); - } } /* Output: 8 1 1 1 5 14 3 1 0 1 B r o n t o s a u r u s diff --git a/src/holding/SetOfInteger.java b/src/holding/SetOfInteger.java index 12e3867..88e97e7 100644 --- a/src/holding/SetOfInteger.java +++ b/src/holding/SetOfInteger.java @@ -1,15 +1,16 @@ package holding;//: holding/SetOfInteger.java + import java.util.*; public class SetOfInteger { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Random rand = new Random(47); - Set intset = new HashSet(); - for(int i = 0; i < 10000; i++) { - intset.add(rand.nextInt(30)); + public static void main(String[] args) { + Random rand = new Random(47); + Set intset = new HashSet(); + for (int i = 0; i < 10000; i++) { + intset.add(rand.nextInt(30)); + } + System.out.println(intset); } - System.out.println(intset); - } } /* Output: [15, 8, 23, 16, 7, 22, 9, 21, 6, 1, 29, 14, 24, 4, 19, 26, 11, 18, 3, 12, 27, 17, 2, 13, 28, 20, 25, 10, 5, 0] *///:~ diff --git a/src/holding/SetOperations.java b/src/holding/SetOperations.java index 808fde5..0ba6ea6 100644 --- a/src/holding/SetOperations.java +++ b/src/holding/SetOperations.java @@ -1,26 +1,28 @@ package holding;//: holding/SetOperations.java + import java.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class SetOperations { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Set set1 = new HashSet(); - Collections.addAll(set1, - "A B C D E F G H I J K L".split(" ")); - set1.add("M"); - print("H: " + set1.contains("H")); - print("N: " + set1.contains("N")); - Set set2 = new HashSet(); - Collections.addAll(set2, "H I J K L".split(" ")); - print("set2 in set1: " + set1.containsAll(set2)); - set1.remove("H"); - print("set1: " + set1); - print("set2 in set1: " + set1.containsAll(set2)); - set1.removeAll(set2); - print("set2 removed from set1: " + set1); - Collections.addAll(set1, "X Y Z".split(" ")); - print("'X Y Z' added to set1: " + set1); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + Set set1 = new HashSet(); + Collections.addAll(set1, + "A B C D E F G H I J K L".split(" ")); + set1.add("M"); + print("H: " + set1.contains("H")); + print("N: " + set1.contains("N")); + Set set2 = new HashSet(); + Collections.addAll(set2, "H I J K L".split(" ")); + print("set2 in set1: " + set1.containsAll(set2)); + set1.remove("H"); + print("set1: " + set1); + print("set2 in set1: " + set1.containsAll(set2)); + set1.removeAll(set2); + print("set2 removed from set1: " + set1); + Collections.addAll(set1, "X Y Z".split(" ")); + print("'X Y Z' added to set1: " + set1); + } } /* Output: H: true N: false diff --git a/src/holding/SimpleCollection.java b/src/holding/SimpleCollection.java index 47fe374..d1b658b 100644 --- a/src/holding/SimpleCollection.java +++ b/src/holding/SimpleCollection.java @@ -1,16 +1,17 @@ package holding;//: holding/SimpleCollection.java + import java.util.*; public class SimpleCollection { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Collection c = new ArrayList(); - for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { - c.add(i); // Autoboxing + public static void main(String[] args) { + Collection c = new ArrayList(); + for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { + c.add(i); // Autoboxing + } + for (Integer i : c) { + System.out.print(i + ", "); + } } - for(Integer i : c) { - System.out.print(i + ", "); - } - } } /* Output: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, *///:~ diff --git a/src/holding/SimpleIteration.java b/src/holding/SimpleIteration.java index e643c5a..39a98fb 100644 --- a/src/holding/SimpleIteration.java +++ b/src/holding/SimpleIteration.java @@ -1,29 +1,31 @@ package holding;//: holding/SimpleIteration.java + import typeinfo.pets.*; + import java.util.*; public class SimpleIteration { - public static void main(String[] args) { - List pets = Pets.arrayList(12); - Iterator it = pets.iterator(); - while(it.hasNext()) { - Pet p = it.next(); - System.out.print(p.id() + ":" + p + " "); + public static void main(String[] args) { + List pets = Pets.arrayList(12); + Iterator it = pets.iterator(); + while (it.hasNext()) { + Pet p = it.next(); + System.out.print(p.id() + ":" + p + " "); + } + System.out.println(); + // A simpler approach, when possible: + for (Pet p : pets) { + System.out.print(p.id() + ":" + p + " "); + } + System.out.println(); + // An Iterator can also remove elements: + it = pets.iterator(); + for (int i = 0; i < 6; i++) { + it.next(); + it.remove(); + } + System.out.println(pets); } - System.out.println(); - // A simpler approach, when possible: - for(Pet p : pets) { - System.out.print(p.id() + ":" + p + " "); - } - System.out.println(); - // An Iterator can also remove elements: - it = pets.iterator(); - for(int i = 0; i < 6; i++) { - it.next(); - it.remove(); - } - System.out.println(pets); - } } /* Output: 0:Rat 1:Manx 2:Cymric 3:Mutt 4:Pug 5:Cymric 6:Pug 7:Manx 8:Cymric 9:Rat 10:EgyptianMau 11:Hamster 0:Rat 1:Manx 2:Cymric 3:Mutt 4:Pug 5:Cymric 6:Pug 7:Manx 8:Cymric 9:Rat 10:EgyptianMau 11:Hamster diff --git a/src/holding/SortedSetOfInteger.java b/src/holding/SortedSetOfInteger.java index c9d1ceb..6bf69dd 100644 --- a/src/holding/SortedSetOfInteger.java +++ b/src/holding/SortedSetOfInteger.java @@ -1,15 +1,16 @@ package holding;//: holding/SortedSetOfInteger.java + import java.util.*; public class SortedSetOfInteger { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Random rand = new Random(47); - SortedSet intset = new TreeSet(); - for(int i = 0; i < 10000; i++) { - intset.add(rand.nextInt(30)); + public static void main(String[] args) { + Random rand = new Random(47); + SortedSet intset = new TreeSet(); + for (int i = 0; i < 10000; i++) { + intset.add(rand.nextInt(30)); + } + System.out.println(intset); } - System.out.println(intset); - } } /* Output: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29] *///:~ diff --git a/src/holding/StackCollision.java b/src/holding/StackCollision.java index d2c0547..5891a76 100644 --- a/src/holding/StackCollision.java +++ b/src/holding/StackCollision.java @@ -1,26 +1,27 @@ package holding;//: holding/StackCollision.java + import net.mindview.util.*; public class StackCollision { - public static void main(String[] args) { - net.mindview.util.Stack stack = - new net.mindview.util.Stack(); - for(String s : "My dog has fleas".split(" ")) { - stack.push(s); + public static void main(String[] args) { + net.mindview.util.Stack stack = + new net.mindview.util.Stack(); + for (String s : "My dog has fleas".split(" ")) { + stack.push(s); + } + while (!stack.empty()) { + System.out.print(stack.pop() + " "); + } + System.out.println(); + java.util.Stack stack2 = + new java.util.Stack(); + for (String s : "My dog has fleas".split(" ")) { + stack2.push(s); + } + while (!stack2.empty()) { + System.out.print(stack2.pop() + " "); + } } - while(!stack.empty()) { - System.out.print(stack.pop() + " "); - } - System.out.println(); - java.util.Stack stack2 = - new java.util.Stack(); - for(String s : "My dog has fleas".split(" ")) { - stack2.push(s); - } - while(!stack2.empty()) { - System.out.print(stack2.pop() + " "); - } - } } /* Output: fleas has dog My fleas has dog My diff --git a/src/holding/StackTest.java b/src/holding/StackTest.java index 162d995..a1f48e9 100644 --- a/src/holding/StackTest.java +++ b/src/holding/StackTest.java @@ -1,16 +1,17 @@ package holding;//: holding/StackTest.java + import net.mindview.util.*; public class StackTest { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Stack stack = new Stack(); - for(String s : "My dog has fleas".split(" ")) { - stack.push(s); + public static void main(String[] args) { + Stack stack = new Stack(); + for (String s : "My dog has fleas".split(" ")) { + stack.push(s); + } + while (!stack.empty()) { + System.out.print(stack.pop() + " "); + } } - while(!stack.empty()) { - System.out.print(stack.pop() + " "); - } - } } /* Output: fleas has dog My *///:~ diff --git a/src/holding/Statistics.java b/src/holding/Statistics.java index 409392f..7235a27 100644 --- a/src/holding/Statistics.java +++ b/src/holding/Statistics.java @@ -1,20 +1,21 @@ package holding;//: holding/Statistics.java // Simple demonstration of HashMap. + import java.util.*; public class Statistics { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Random rand = new Random(47); - Map m = - new HashMap(); - for(int i = 0; i < 10000; i++) { - // Produce a number between 0 and 20: - int r = rand.nextInt(20); - Integer freq = m.get(r); - m.put(r, freq == null ? 1 : freq + 1); + public static void main(String[] args) { + Random rand = new Random(47); + Map m = + new HashMap(); + for (int i = 0; i < 10000; i++) { + // Produce a number between 0 and 20: + int r = rand.nextInt(20); + Integer freq = m.get(r); + m.put(r, freq == null ? 1 : freq + 1); + } + System.out.println(m); } - System.out.println(m); - } } /* Output: {15=497, 4=481, 19=464, 8=468, 11=531, 16=533, 18=478, 3=508, 7=471, 12=521, 17=509, 2=489, 13=506, 9=549, 6=519, 1=502, 14=477, 10=513, 5=503, 0=481} *///:~ diff --git a/src/holding/UniqueWords.java b/src/holding/UniqueWords.java index 7e67958..12cec66 100644 --- a/src/holding/UniqueWords.java +++ b/src/holding/UniqueWords.java @@ -1,13 +1,15 @@ package holding;//: holding/UniqueWords.java + import java.util.*; + import net.mindview.util.*; public class UniqueWords { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Set words = new TreeSet( - new TextFile("SetOperations.java", "\\W+")); - System.out.println(words); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + Set words = new TreeSet( + new TextFile("SetOperations.java", "\\W+")); + System.out.println(words); + } } /* Output: [A, B, C, Collections, D, E, F, G, H, HashSet, I, J, K, L, M, N, Output, Print, Set, SetOperations, String, X, Y, Z, add, addAll, added, args, class, contains, containsAll, false, from, holding, import, in, java, main, mindview, net, new, print, public, remove, removeAll, removed, set1, set2, split, static, to, true, util, void] *///:~ diff --git a/src/holding/UniqueWordsAlphabetic.java b/src/holding/UniqueWordsAlphabetic.java index 38c62d6..739b5a4 100644 --- a/src/holding/UniqueWordsAlphabetic.java +++ b/src/holding/UniqueWordsAlphabetic.java @@ -1,16 +1,18 @@ package holding;//: holding/UniqueWordsAlphabetic.java // Producing an alphabetic listing. + import java.util.*; + import net.mindview.util.*; public class UniqueWordsAlphabetic { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Set words = - new TreeSet(String.CASE_INSENSITIVE_ORDER); - words.addAll( - new TextFile("SetOperations.java", "\\W+")); - System.out.println(words); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + Set words = + new TreeSet(String.CASE_INSENSITIVE_ORDER); + words.addAll( + new TextFile("SetOperations.java", "\\W+")); + System.out.println(words); + } } /* Output: [A, add, addAll, added, args, B, C, class, Collections, contains, containsAll, D, E, F, false, from, G, H, HashSet, holding, I, import, in, J, java, K, L, M, main, mindview, N, net, new, Output, Print, public, remove, removeAll, removed, Set, set1, set2, SetOperations, split, static, String, to, true, util, void, X, Y, Z] *///:~ diff --git a/src/holding/build.xml b/src/holding/build.xml index 263cd74..186f43c 100644 --- a/src/holding/build.xml +++ b/src/holding/build.xml @@ -1,429 +1,429 @@ + basedir="." + default="run" + name="Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel (chapter: holding)"> - - build.xml for the source code for the holding chapter of - Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel - Source code available at http://www.MindView.net - See copyright notice in CopyRight.txt + + build.xml for the source code for the holding chapter of + Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel + Source code available at http://www.MindView.net + See copyright notice in CopyRight.txt - Ant available from: http://jakarta.apache.org/ant + Ant available from: http://jakarta.apache.org/ant - To see options, type: ant -p + To see options, type: ant -p - This file was automatically generated by AntBuilder - + This file was automatically generated by AntBuilder + - - - + + + - - - - - - + + + + + + - - - - - - + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - - + + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/src/initialization/Apricot.java b/src/initialization/Apricot.java index 40de192..600170c 100644 --- a/src/initialization/Apricot.java +++ b/src/initialization/Apricot.java @@ -2,6 +2,9 @@ package initialization; //: initialization/Apricot.java public class Apricot { - void pick() { /* ... */ } - void pit() { pick(); /* ... */ } + void pick() { /* ... */ } + + void pit() { + pick(); /* ... */ + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/initialization/ArrayClassObj.java b/src/initialization/ArrayClassObj.java index f50d8dc..03666db 100644 --- a/src/initialization/ArrayClassObj.java +++ b/src/initialization/ArrayClassObj.java @@ -1,18 +1,20 @@ package initialization;//: initialization/ArrayClassObj.java // Creating an array of nonprimitive objects. + import java.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class ArrayClassObj { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Random rand = new Random(47); - Integer[] a = new Integer[rand.nextInt(20)]; - print("length of a = " + a.length); - for(int i = 0; i < a.length; i++) { - a[i] = rand.nextInt(500); // Autoboxing + public static void main(String[] args) { + Random rand = new Random(47); + Integer[] a = new Integer[rand.nextInt(20)]; + print("length of a = " + a.length); + for (int i = 0; i < a.length; i++) { + a[i] = rand.nextInt(500); // Autoboxing + } + print(Arrays.toString(a)); } - print(Arrays.toString(a)); - } } /* Output: (Sample) length of a = 18 [55, 193, 361, 461, 429, 368, 200, 22, 207, 288, 128, 51, 89, 309, 278, 498, 361, 20] diff --git a/src/initialization/ArrayInit.java b/src/initialization/ArrayInit.java index aaa8450..caad32f 100644 --- a/src/initialization/ArrayInit.java +++ b/src/initialization/ArrayInit.java @@ -1,22 +1,23 @@ package initialization;//: initialization/ArrayInit.java // Array initialization. + import java.util.*; public class ArrayInit { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Integer[] a = { - new Integer(1), - new Integer(2), - 3, // Autoboxing - }; - Integer[] b = new Integer[]{ - new Integer(1), - new Integer(2), - 3, // Autoboxing - }; - System.out.println(Arrays.toString(a)); - System.out.println(Arrays.toString(b)); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + Integer[] a = { + new Integer(1), + new Integer(2), + 3, // Autoboxing + }; + Integer[] b = new Integer[]{ + new Integer(1), + new Integer(2), + 3, // Autoboxing + }; + System.out.println(Arrays.toString(a)); + System.out.println(Arrays.toString(b)); + } } /* Output: [1, 2, 3] [1, 2, 3] diff --git a/src/initialization/ArrayNew.java b/src/initialization/ArrayNew.java index 0b10437..62e1d86 100644 --- a/src/initialization/ArrayNew.java +++ b/src/initialization/ArrayNew.java @@ -1,16 +1,18 @@ package initialization;//: initialization/ArrayNew.java // Creating arrays with new. + import java.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class ArrayNew { - public static void main(String[] args) { - int[] a; - Random rand = new Random(47); - a = new int[rand.nextInt(20)]; - print("length of a = " + a.length); - print(Arrays.toString(a)); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + int[] a; + Random rand = new Random(47); + a = new int[rand.nextInt(20)]; + print("length of a = " + a.length); + print(Arrays.toString(a)); + } } /* Output: length of a = 18 [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0] diff --git a/src/initialization/ArraysOfPrimitives.java b/src/initialization/ArraysOfPrimitives.java index acfc163..3e5f268 100644 --- a/src/initialization/ArraysOfPrimitives.java +++ b/src/initialization/ArraysOfPrimitives.java @@ -1,18 +1,19 @@ package initialization;//: initialization/ArraysOfPrimitives.java + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class ArraysOfPrimitives { - public static void main(String[] args) { - int[] a1 = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }; - int[] a2; - a2 = a1; - for(int i = 0; i < a2.length; i++) { - a2[i] = a2[i] + 1; + public static void main(String[] args) { + int[] a1 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}; + int[] a2; + a2 = a1; + for (int i = 0; i < a2.length; i++) { + a2[i] = a2[i] + 1; + } + for (int i = 0; i < a1.length; i++) { + print("a1[" + i + "] = " + a1[i]); + } } - for(int i = 0; i < a1.length; i++) { - print("a1[" + i + "] = " + a1[i]); - } - } } /* Output: a1[0] = 2 a1[1] = 3 diff --git a/src/initialization/AutoboxingVarargs.java b/src/initialization/AutoboxingVarargs.java index e74cc45..a3c2d19 100644 --- a/src/initialization/AutoboxingVarargs.java +++ b/src/initialization/AutoboxingVarargs.java @@ -1,17 +1,18 @@ package initialization;//: initialization/AutoboxingVarargs.java public class AutoboxingVarargs { - public static void f(Integer... args) { - for(Integer i : args) { - System.out.print(i + " "); + public static void f(Integer... args) { + for (Integer i : args) { + System.out.print(i + " "); + } + System.out.println(); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + f(new Integer(1), new Integer(2)); + f(4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9); + f(10, new Integer(11), 12); } - System.out.println(); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - f(new Integer(1), new Integer(2)); - f(4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9); - f(10, new Integer(11), 12); - } } /* Output: 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 diff --git a/src/initialization/BananaPeel.java b/src/initialization/BananaPeel.java index 13f4171..8b7d3e4 100644 --- a/src/initialization/BananaPeel.java +++ b/src/initialization/BananaPeel.java @@ -1,12 +1,14 @@ package initialization;//: initialization/BananaPeel.java -class Banana { void peel(int i) { /* ... */ } } +class Banana { + void peel(int i) { /* ... */ } +} public class BananaPeel { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Banana a = new Banana(), - b = new Banana(); - a.peel(1); - b.peel(2); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + Banana a = new Banana(), + b = new Banana(); + a.peel(1); + b.peel(2); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/initialization/Burrito.java b/src/initialization/Burrito.java index e28371d..a121157 100644 --- a/src/initialization/Burrito.java +++ b/src/initialization/Burrito.java @@ -1,30 +1,38 @@ package initialization;//: initialization/Burrito.java public class Burrito { - Spiciness degree; - public Burrito(Spiciness degree) { this.degree = degree;} - public void describe() { - System.out.print("This burrito is "); - switch(degree) { - case NOT: System.out.println("not spicy at all."); - break; - case MILD: - case MEDIUM: System.out.println("a little hot."); - break; - case HOT: - case FLAMING: - default: System.out.println("maybe too hot."); + Spiciness degree; + + public Burrito(Spiciness degree) { + this.degree = degree; + } + + public void describe() { + System.out.print("This burrito is "); + switch (degree) { + case NOT: + System.out.println("not spicy at all."); + break; + case MILD: + case MEDIUM: + System.out.println("a little hot."); + break; + case HOT: + case FLAMING: + default: + System.out.println("maybe too hot."); + } + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + Burrito + plain = new Burrito(Spiciness.NOT), + greenChile = new Burrito(Spiciness.MEDIUM), + jalapeno = new Burrito(Spiciness.HOT); + plain.describe(); + greenChile.describe(); + jalapeno.describe(); } - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - Burrito - plain = new Burrito(Spiciness.NOT), - greenChile = new Burrito(Spiciness.MEDIUM), - jalapeno = new Burrito(Spiciness.HOT); - plain.describe(); - greenChile.describe(); - jalapeno.describe(); - } } /* Output: This burrito is not spicy at all. This burrito is a little hot. diff --git a/src/initialization/Counter.java b/src/initialization/Counter.java index f6a780d..579279e 100644 --- a/src/initialization/Counter.java +++ b/src/initialization/Counter.java @@ -2,7 +2,10 @@ package initialization; //: initialization/Counter.java public class Counter { - int i; - Counter() { i = 7; } - // ... + int i; + + Counter() { + i = 7; + } + // ... } ///:~ diff --git a/src/initialization/DefaultConstructor.java b/src/initialization/DefaultConstructor.java index fdef5e4..82ed518 100644 --- a/src/initialization/DefaultConstructor.java +++ b/src/initialization/DefaultConstructor.java @@ -1,9 +1,10 @@ package initialization;//: initialization/DefaultConstructor.java -class Bird {} +class Bird { +} public class DefaultConstructor { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Bird b = new Bird(); // Default! - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + Bird b = new Bird(); // Default! + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/initialization/Demotion.java b/src/initialization/Demotion.java index eaaa4c3..648c6d9 100644 --- a/src/initialization/Demotion.java +++ b/src/initialization/Demotion.java @@ -1,53 +1,137 @@ package initialization;//: initialization/Demotion.java // Demotion of primitives and overloading. + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class Demotion { - void f1(char x) { print("f1(char)"); } - void f1(byte x) { print("f1(byte)"); } - void f1(short x) { print("f1(short)"); } - void f1(int x) { print("f1(int)"); } - void f1(long x) { print("f1(long)"); } - void f1(float x) { print("f1(float)"); } - void f1(double x) { print("f1(double)"); } + void f1(char x) { + print("f1(char)"); + } - void f2(char x) { print("f2(char)"); } - void f2(byte x) { print("f2(byte)"); } - void f2(short x) { print("f2(short)"); } - void f2(int x) { print("f2(int)"); } - void f2(long x) { print("f2(long)"); } - void f2(float x) { print("f2(float)"); } + void f1(byte x) { + print("f1(byte)"); + } - void f3(char x) { print("f3(char)"); } - void f3(byte x) { print("f3(byte)"); } - void f3(short x) { print("f3(short)"); } - void f3(int x) { print("f3(int)"); } - void f3(long x) { print("f3(long)"); } + void f1(short x) { + print("f1(short)"); + } - void f4(char x) { print("f4(char)"); } - void f4(byte x) { print("f4(byte)"); } - void f4(short x) { print("f4(short)"); } - void f4(int x) { print("f4(int)"); } + void f1(int x) { + print("f1(int)"); + } - void f5(char x) { print("f5(char)"); } - void f5(byte x) { print("f5(byte)"); } - void f5(short x) { print("f5(short)"); } + void f1(long x) { + print("f1(long)"); + } - void f6(char x) { print("f6(char)"); } - void f6(byte x) { print("f6(byte)"); } + void f1(float x) { + print("f1(float)"); + } - void f7(char x) { print("f7(char)"); } + void f1(double x) { + print("f1(double)"); + } - void testDouble() { - double x = 0; - print("double argument:"); - f1(x);f2((float)x);f3((long)x);f4((int)x); - f5((short)x);f6((byte)x);f7((char)x); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - Demotion p = new Demotion(); - p.testDouble(); - } + void f2(char x) { + print("f2(char)"); + } + + void f2(byte x) { + print("f2(byte)"); + } + + void f2(short x) { + print("f2(short)"); + } + + void f2(int x) { + print("f2(int)"); + } + + void f2(long x) { + print("f2(long)"); + } + + void f2(float x) { + print("f2(float)"); + } + + void f3(char x) { + print("f3(char)"); + } + + void f3(byte x) { + print("f3(byte)"); + } + + void f3(short x) { + print("f3(short)"); + } + + void f3(int x) { + print("f3(int)"); + } + + void f3(long x) { + print("f3(long)"); + } + + void f4(char x) { + print("f4(char)"); + } + + void f4(byte x) { + print("f4(byte)"); + } + + void f4(short x) { + print("f4(short)"); + } + + void f4(int x) { + print("f4(int)"); + } + + void f5(char x) { + print("f5(char)"); + } + + void f5(byte x) { + print("f5(byte)"); + } + + void f5(short x) { + print("f5(short)"); + } + + void f6(char x) { + print("f6(char)"); + } + + void f6(byte x) { + print("f6(byte)"); + } + + void f7(char x) { + print("f7(char)"); + } + + void testDouble() { + double x = 0; + print("double argument:"); + f1(x); + f2((float) x); + f3((long) x); + f4((int) x); + f5((short) x); + f6((byte) x); + f7((char) x); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + Demotion p = new Demotion(); + p.testDouble(); + } } /* Output: double argument: f1(double) diff --git a/src/initialization/DynamicArray.java b/src/initialization/DynamicArray.java index e20a445..ea78f55 100644 --- a/src/initialization/DynamicArray.java +++ b/src/initialization/DynamicArray.java @@ -2,17 +2,17 @@ package initialization;//: initialization/DynamicArray.java // Array initialization. public class DynamicArray { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Other.main(new String[]{ "fiddle", "de", "dum" }); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + Other.main(new String[]{"fiddle", "de", "dum"}); + } } class Other { - public static void main(String[] args) { - for(String s : args) { - System.out.print(s + " "); + public static void main(String[] args) { + for (String s : args) { + System.out.print(s + " "); + } } - } } /* Output: fiddle de dum *///:~ diff --git a/src/initialization/EnumOrder.java b/src/initialization/EnumOrder.java index 7e2bf42..0aa9651 100644 --- a/src/initialization/EnumOrder.java +++ b/src/initialization/EnumOrder.java @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ package initialization;//: initialization/EnumOrder.java public class EnumOrder { - public static void main(String[] args) { - for(Spiciness s : Spiciness.values()) { - System.out.println(s + ", ordinal " + s.ordinal()); + public static void main(String[] args) { + for (Spiciness s : Spiciness.values()) { + System.out.println(s + ", ordinal " + s.ordinal()); + } } - } } /* Output: NOT, ordinal 0 MILD, ordinal 1 diff --git a/src/initialization/ExplicitStatic.java b/src/initialization/ExplicitStatic.java index 5025796..c7f5aa9 100644 --- a/src/initialization/ExplicitStatic.java +++ b/src/initialization/ExplicitStatic.java @@ -1,35 +1,39 @@ package initialization;//: initialization/ExplicitStatic.java // Explicit static initialization with the "static" clause. + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; class Cup { - Cup(int marker) { - print("Cup(" + marker + ")"); - } - void f(int marker) { - print("f(" + marker + ")"); - } + Cup(int marker) { + print("Cup(" + marker + ")"); + } + + void f(int marker) { + print("f(" + marker + ")"); + } } class Cups { - static Cup cup1; - static Cup cup2; - static { - cup1 = new Cup(1); - cup2 = new Cup(2); - } - Cups() { - print("Cups()"); - } + static Cup cup1; + static Cup cup2; + + static { + cup1 = new Cup(1); + cup2 = new Cup(2); + } + + Cups() { + print("Cups()"); + } } public class ExplicitStatic { - public static void main(String[] args) { - print("Inside main()"); - Cups.cup1.f(99); // (1) - } - // static Cups cups1 = new Cups(); // (2) - // static Cups cups2 = new Cups(); // (2) + public static void main(String[] args) { + print("Inside main()"); + Cups.cup1.f(99); // (1) + } + // static Cups cups1 = new Cups(); // (2) + // static Cups cups2 = new Cups(); // (2) } /* Output: Inside main() Cup(1) diff --git a/src/initialization/Flower.java b/src/initialization/Flower.java index daad073..f7d5917 100644 --- a/src/initialization/Flower.java +++ b/src/initialization/Flower.java @@ -1,37 +1,44 @@ package initialization;//: initialization/Flower.java // Calling constructors with "this" + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class Flower { - int petalCount = 0; - String s = "initial value"; - Flower(int petals) { - petalCount = petals; - print("Constructor w/ int arg only, petalCount= " - + petalCount); - } - Flower(String ss) { - print("Constructor w/ String arg only, s = " + ss); - s = ss; - } - Flower(String s, int petals) { - this(petals); + int petalCount = 0; + String s = "initial value"; + + Flower(int petals) { + petalCount = petals; + print("Constructor w/ int arg only, petalCount= " + + petalCount); + } + + Flower(String ss) { + print("Constructor w/ String arg only, s = " + ss); + s = ss; + } + + Flower(String s, int petals) { + this(petals); //! this(s); // Can't call two! - this.s = s; // Another use of "this" - print("String & int args"); - } - Flower() { - this("hi", 47); - print("default constructor (no args)"); - } - void printPetalCount() { + this.s = s; // Another use of "this" + print("String & int args"); + } + + Flower() { + this("hi", 47); + print("default constructor (no args)"); + } + + void printPetalCount() { //! this(11); // Not inside non-constructor! - print("petalCount = " + petalCount + " s = "+ s); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - Flower x = new Flower(); - x.printPetalCount(); - } + print("petalCount = " + petalCount + " s = " + s); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + Flower x = new Flower(); + x.printPetalCount(); + } } /* Output: Constructor w/ int arg only, petalCount= 47 String & int args diff --git a/src/initialization/InitialValues.java b/src/initialization/InitialValues.java index 0e88364..9d2eb19 100644 --- a/src/initialization/InitialValues.java +++ b/src/initialization/InitialValues.java @@ -1,36 +1,39 @@ package initialization;//: initialization/InitialValues.java // Shows default initial values. + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class InitialValues { - boolean t; - char c; - byte b; - short s; - int i; - long l; - float f; - double d; - InitialValues reference; - void printInitialValues() { - print("Data type Initial value"); - print("boolean " + t); - print("char [" + c + "]"); - print("byte " + b); - print("short " + s); - print("int " + i); - print("long " + l); - print("float " + f); - print("double " + d); - print("reference " + reference); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - InitialValues iv = new InitialValues(); - iv.printInitialValues(); + boolean t; + char c; + byte b; + short s; + int i; + long l; + float f; + double d; + InitialValues reference; + + void printInitialValues() { + print("Data type Initial value"); + print("boolean " + t); + print("char [" + c + "]"); + print("byte " + b); + print("short " + s); + print("int " + i); + print("long " + l); + print("float " + f); + print("double " + d); + print("reference " + reference); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + InitialValues iv = new InitialValues(); + iv.printInitialValues(); /* You could also say: new InitialValues().printInitialValues(); */ - } + } } /* Output: Data type Initial value boolean false diff --git a/src/initialization/InitialValues2.java b/src/initialization/InitialValues2.java index 9365a0b..24d4e2b 100644 --- a/src/initialization/InitialValues2.java +++ b/src/initialization/InitialValues2.java @@ -2,12 +2,12 @@ package initialization;//: initialization/InitialValues2.java // Providing explicit initial values. public class InitialValues2 { - boolean bool = true; - char ch = 'x'; - byte b = 47; - short s = 0xff; - int i = 999; - long lng = 1; - float f = 3.14f; - double d = 3.14159; + boolean bool = true; + char ch = 'x'; + byte b = 47; + short s = 0xff; + int i = 999; + long lng = 1; + float f = 3.14f; + double d = 3.14159; } ///:~ diff --git a/src/initialization/Leaf.java b/src/initialization/Leaf.java index 4987136..0ca2408 100644 --- a/src/initialization/Leaf.java +++ b/src/initialization/Leaf.java @@ -2,18 +2,21 @@ package initialization;//: initialization/Leaf.java // Simple use of the "this" keyword. public class Leaf { - int i = 0; - Leaf increment() { - i++; - return this; - } - void print() { - System.out.println("i = " + i); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - Leaf x = new Leaf(); - x.increment().increment().increment().print(); - } + int i = 0; + + Leaf increment() { + i++; + return this; + } + + void print() { + System.out.println("i = " + i); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + Leaf x = new Leaf(); + x.increment().increment().increment().print(); + } } /* Output: i = 3 *///:~ diff --git a/src/initialization/Measurement.java b/src/initialization/Measurement.java index 1f65046..2f2a492 100644 --- a/src/initialization/Measurement.java +++ b/src/initialization/Measurement.java @@ -1,9 +1,10 @@ package initialization; //: initialization/Measurement.java -class Depth {} +class Depth { +} public class Measurement { - Depth d = new Depth(); - // ... + Depth d = new Depth(); + // ... } ///:~ diff --git a/src/initialization/MethodInit.java b/src/initialization/MethodInit.java index ad22969..b8c780e 100644 --- a/src/initialization/MethodInit.java +++ b/src/initialization/MethodInit.java @@ -2,6 +2,9 @@ package initialization; //: initialization/MethodInit.java public class MethodInit { - int i = f(); - int f() { return 11; } + int i = f(); + + int f() { + return 11; + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/initialization/MethodInit2.java b/src/initialization/MethodInit2.java index 2df0bbe..b0d2873 100644 --- a/src/initialization/MethodInit2.java +++ b/src/initialization/MethodInit2.java @@ -2,8 +2,14 @@ package initialization; //: initialization/MethodInit2.java public class MethodInit2 { - int i = f(); - int j = g(i); - int f() { return 11; } - int g(int n) { return n * 10; } + int i = f(); + int j = g(i); + + int f() { + return 11; + } + + int g(int n) { + return n * 10; + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/initialization/MethodInit3.java b/src/initialization/MethodInit3.java index 74f655d..efe640d 100644 --- a/src/initialization/MethodInit3.java +++ b/src/initialization/MethodInit3.java @@ -2,8 +2,14 @@ package initialization; //: initialization/MethodInit3.java public class MethodInit3 { - //! int j = g(i); // Illegal forward reference - int i = f(); - int f() { return 11; } - int g(int n) { return n * 10; } + //! int j = g(i); // Illegal forward reference + int i = f(); + + int f() { + return 11; + } + + int g(int n) { + return n * 10; + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/initialization/Mugs.java b/src/initialization/Mugs.java index 58daec7..973b8e0 100644 --- a/src/initialization/Mugs.java +++ b/src/initialization/Mugs.java @@ -1,37 +1,43 @@ package initialization;//: initialization/Mugs.java // Java "Instance Initialization." + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; class Mug { - Mug(int marker) { - print("Mug(" + marker + ")"); - } - void f(int marker) { - print("f(" + marker + ")"); - } + Mug(int marker) { + print("Mug(" + marker + ")"); + } + + void f(int marker) { + print("f(" + marker + ")"); + } } public class Mugs { - Mug mug1; - Mug mug2; - { - mug1 = new Mug(1); - mug2 = new Mug(2); - print("mug1 & mug2 initialized"); - } - Mugs() { - print("Mugs()"); - } - Mugs(int i) { - print("Mugs(int)"); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - print("Inside main()"); - new Mugs(); - print("new Mugs() completed"); - new Mugs(1); - print("new Mugs(1) completed"); - } + Mug mug1; + Mug mug2; + + { + mug1 = new Mug(1); + mug2 = new Mug(2); + print("mug1 & mug2 initialized"); + } + + Mugs() { + print("Mugs()"); + } + + Mugs(int i) { + print("Mugs(int)"); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + print("Inside main()"); + new Mugs(); + print("new Mugs() completed"); + new Mugs(1); + print("new Mugs(1) completed"); + } } /* Output: Inside main() Mug(1) diff --git a/src/initialization/NewVarArgs.java b/src/initialization/NewVarArgs.java index 256c0ae..463ec01 100644 --- a/src/initialization/NewVarArgs.java +++ b/src/initialization/NewVarArgs.java @@ -2,23 +2,24 @@ package initialization;//: initialization/NewVarArgs.java // Using array syntax to create variable argument lists. public class NewVarArgs { - static void printArray(Object... args) { - for(Object obj : args) { - System.out.print(obj + " "); + static void printArray(Object... args) { + for (Object obj : args) { + System.out.print(obj + " "); + } + System.out.println(); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + // Can take individual elements: + printArray(new Integer(47), new Float(3.14), + new Double(11.11)); + printArray(47, 3.14F, 11.11); + printArray("one", "two", "three"); + printArray(new A(), new A(), new A()); + // Or an array: + printArray((Object[]) new Integer[]{1, 2, 3, 4}); + printArray(); // Empty list is OK } - System.out.println(); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - // Can take individual elements: - printArray(new Integer(47), new Float(3.14), - new Double(11.11)); - printArray(47, 3.14F, 11.11); - printArray("one", "two", "three"); - printArray(new A(), new A(), new A()); - // Or an array: - printArray((Object[])new Integer[]{ 1, 2, 3, 4 }); - printArray(); // Empty list is OK - } } /* Output: (75% match) 47 3.14 11.11 47 3.14 11.11 diff --git a/src/initialization/NoSynthesis.java b/src/initialization/NoSynthesis.java index 8093c0c..9f5254b 100644 --- a/src/initialization/NoSynthesis.java +++ b/src/initialization/NoSynthesis.java @@ -1,14 +1,17 @@ package initialization;//: initialization/NoSynthesis.java class Bird2 { - Bird2(int i) {} - Bird2(double d) {} + Bird2(int i) { + } + + Bird2(double d) { + } } public class NoSynthesis { - public static void main(String[] args) { - //! Bird2 b = new Bird2(); // No default - Bird2 b2 = new Bird2(1); - Bird2 b3 = new Bird2(1.0); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + //! Bird2 b = new Bird2(); // No default + Bird2 b2 = new Bird2(1); + Bird2 b3 = new Bird2(1.0); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/initialization/OptionalTrailingArguments.java b/src/initialization/OptionalTrailingArguments.java index b948bb1..db71d3b 100644 --- a/src/initialization/OptionalTrailingArguments.java +++ b/src/initialization/OptionalTrailingArguments.java @@ -1,18 +1,19 @@ package initialization;//: initialization/OptionalTrailingArguments.java public class OptionalTrailingArguments { - static void f(int required, String... trailing) { - System.out.print("required: " + required + " "); - for(String s : trailing) { - System.out.print(s + " "); + static void f(int required, String... trailing) { + System.out.print("required: " + required + " "); + for (String s : trailing) { + System.out.print(s + " "); + } + System.out.println(); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + f(1, "one"); + f(2, "two", "three"); + f(0); } - System.out.println(); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - f(1, "one"); - f(2, "two", "three"); - f(0); - } } /* Output: required: 1 one required: 2 two three diff --git a/src/initialization/OrderOfInitialization.java b/src/initialization/OrderOfInitialization.java index f14ea4a..c96fd6b 100644 --- a/src/initialization/OrderOfInitialization.java +++ b/src/initialization/OrderOfInitialization.java @@ -1,30 +1,39 @@ package initialization;//: initialization/OrderOfInitialization.java // Demonstrates initialization order. + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; // When the constructor is called to create a // Window object, you'll see a message: class Window { - Window(int marker) { print("Window(" + marker + ")"); } + Window(int marker) { + print("Window(" + marker + ")"); + } } class House { - Window w1 = new Window(1); // Before constructor - House() { - // Show that we're in the constructor: - print("House()"); - w3 = new Window(33); // Reinitialize w3 - } - Window w2 = new Window(2); // After constructor - void f() { print("f()"); } - Window w3 = new Window(3); // At end + Window w1 = new Window(1); // Before constructor + + House() { + // Show that we're in the constructor: + print("House()"); + w3 = new Window(33); // Reinitialize w3 + } + + Window w2 = new Window(2); // After constructor + + void f() { + print("f()"); + } + + Window w3 = new Window(3); // At end } public class OrderOfInitialization { - public static void main(String[] args) { - House h = new House(); - h.f(); // Shows that construction is done - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + House h = new House(); + h.f(); // Shows that construction is done + } } /* Output: Window(1) Window(2) diff --git a/src/initialization/Overloading.java b/src/initialization/Overloading.java index 4558bdb..0a455b1 100644 --- a/src/initialization/Overloading.java +++ b/src/initialization/Overloading.java @@ -1,37 +1,42 @@ package initialization;//: initialization/Overloading.java // Demonstration of both constructor // and ordinary method overloading. + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; class Tree { - int height; - Tree() { - print("Planting a seedling"); - height = 0; - } - Tree(int initialHeight) { - height = initialHeight; - print("Creating new Tree that is " + - height + " feet tall"); - } - void info() { - print("Tree is " + height + " feet tall"); - } - void info(String s) { - print(s + ": Tree is " + height + " feet tall"); - } + int height; + + Tree() { + print("Planting a seedling"); + height = 0; + } + + Tree(int initialHeight) { + height = initialHeight; + print("Creating new Tree that is " + + height + " feet tall"); + } + + void info() { + print("Tree is " + height + " feet tall"); + } + + void info(String s) { + print(s + ": Tree is " + height + " feet tall"); + } } public class Overloading { - public static void main(String[] args) { - for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { - Tree t = new Tree(i); - t.info(); - t.info("overloaded method"); + public static void main(String[] args) { + for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { + Tree t = new Tree(i); + t.info(); + t.info("overloaded method"); + } + // Overloaded constructor: + new Tree(); } - // Overloaded constructor: - new Tree(); - } } /* Output: Creating new Tree that is 0 feet tall Tree is 0 feet tall diff --git a/src/initialization/OverloadingOrder.java b/src/initialization/OverloadingOrder.java index dc22bd5..d6037ce 100644 --- a/src/initialization/OverloadingOrder.java +++ b/src/initialization/OverloadingOrder.java @@ -1,18 +1,21 @@ package initialization;//: initialization/OverloadingOrder.java // Overloading based on the order of the arguments. + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class OverloadingOrder { - static void f(String s, int i) { - print("String: " + s + ", int: " + i); - } - static void f(int i, String s) { - print("int: " + i + ", String: " + s); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - f("String first", 11); - f(99, "Int first"); - } + static void f(String s, int i) { + print("String: " + s + ", int: " + i); + } + + static void f(int i, String s) { + print("int: " + i + ", String: " + s); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + f("String first", 11); + f(99, "Int first"); + } } /* Output: String: String first, int: 11 int: 99, String: Int first diff --git a/src/initialization/OverloadingVarargs.java b/src/initialization/OverloadingVarargs.java index 202b2bc..4a9da52 100644 --- a/src/initialization/OverloadingVarargs.java +++ b/src/initialization/OverloadingVarargs.java @@ -1,31 +1,34 @@ package initialization;//: initialization/OverloadingVarargs.java public class OverloadingVarargs { - static void f(Character... args) { - System.out.print("first"); - for(Character c : args) { - System.out.print(" " + c); + static void f(Character... args) { + System.out.print("first"); + for (Character c : args) { + System.out.print(" " + c); + } + System.out.println(); } - System.out.println(); - } - static void f(Integer... args) { - System.out.print("second"); - for(Integer i : args) { - System.out.print(" " + i); + + static void f(Integer... args) { + System.out.print("second"); + for (Integer i : args) { + System.out.print(" " + i); + } + System.out.println(); + } + + static void f(Long... args) { + System.out.println("third"); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + f('a', 'b', 'c'); + f(1); + f(2, 1); + f(0); + f(0L); + //! f(); // Won't compile -- ambiguous } - System.out.println(); - } - static void f(Long... args) { - System.out.println("third"); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - f('a', 'b', 'c'); - f(1); - f(2, 1); - f(0); - f(0L); - //! f(); // Won't compile -- ambiguous - } } /* Output: first a b c second 1 diff --git a/src/initialization/OverloadingVarargs2.java b/src/initialization/OverloadingVarargs2.java index 55e726b..a02b449 100644 --- a/src/initialization/OverloadingVarargs2.java +++ b/src/initialization/OverloadingVarargs2.java @@ -2,14 +2,16 @@ package initialization;//: initialization/OverloadingVarargs2.java // {CompileTimeError} (Won't compile) public class OverloadingVarargs2 { - static void f(float i, Character... args) { - System.out.println("first"); - } - static void f(Character... args) { - System.out.print("second"); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - f(1, 'a'); - f('a', 'b'); - } + static void f(float i, Character... args) { + System.out.println("first"); + } + + static void f(Character... args) { + System.out.print("second"); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + f(1, 'a'); + f('a', 'b'); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/initialization/OverloadingVarargs3.java b/src/initialization/OverloadingVarargs3.java index 8b1b092..04a908a 100644 --- a/src/initialization/OverloadingVarargs3.java +++ b/src/initialization/OverloadingVarargs3.java @@ -1,16 +1,18 @@ package initialization;//: initialization/OverloadingVarargs3.java public class OverloadingVarargs3 { - static void f(float i, Character... args) { - System.out.println("first"); - } - static void f(char c, Character... args) { - System.out.println("second"); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - f(1, 'a'); - f('a', 'b'); - } + static void f(float i, Character... args) { + System.out.println("first"); + } + + static void f(char c, Character... args) { + System.out.println("second"); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + f(1, 'a'); + f('a', 'b'); + } } /* Output: first second diff --git a/src/initialization/PassingThis.java b/src/initialization/PassingThis.java index 457bdaa..046fe89 100644 --- a/src/initialization/PassingThis.java +++ b/src/initialization/PassingThis.java @@ -1,27 +1,29 @@ package initialization;//: initialization/PassingThis.java class Person { - public void eat(Apple apple) { - Apple peeled = apple.getPeeled(); - System.out.println("Yummy"); - } + public void eat(Apple apple) { + Apple peeled = apple.getPeeled(); + System.out.println("Yummy"); + } } class Peeler { - static Apple peel(Apple apple) { - // ... remove peel - return apple; // Peeled - } + static Apple peel(Apple apple) { + // ... remove peel + return apple; // Peeled + } } class Apple { - Apple getPeeled() { return Peeler.peel(this); } + Apple getPeeled() { + return Peeler.peel(this); + } } public class PassingThis { - public static void main(String[] args) { - new Person().eat(new Apple()); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + new Person().eat(new Apple()); + } } /* Output: Yummy *///:~ diff --git a/src/initialization/PrimitiveOverloading.java b/src/initialization/PrimitiveOverloading.java index 94359c4..468d18e 100644 --- a/src/initialization/PrimitiveOverloading.java +++ b/src/initialization/PrimitiveOverloading.java @@ -1,94 +1,236 @@ package initialization;//: initialization/PrimitiveOverloading.java // Promotion of primitives and overloading. + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class PrimitiveOverloading { - void f1(char x) { printnb("f1(char) "); } - void f1(byte x) { printnb("f1(byte) "); } - void f1(short x) { printnb("f1(short) "); } - void f1(int x) { printnb("f1(int) "); } - void f1(long x) { printnb("f1(long) "); } - void f1(float x) { printnb("f1(float) "); } - void f1(double x) { printnb("f1(double) "); } + void f1(char x) { + printnb("f1(char) "); + } - void f2(byte x) { printnb("f2(byte) "); } - void f2(short x) { printnb("f2(short) "); } - void f2(int x) { printnb("f2(int) "); } - void f2(long x) { printnb("f2(long) "); } - void f2(float x) { printnb("f2(float) "); } - void f2(double x) { printnb("f2(double) "); } + void f1(byte x) { + printnb("f1(byte) "); + } - void f3(short x) { printnb("f3(short) "); } - void f3(int x) { printnb("f3(int) "); } - void f3(long x) { printnb("f3(long) "); } - void f3(float x) { printnb("f3(float) "); } - void f3(double x) { printnb("f3(double) "); } + void f1(short x) { + printnb("f1(short) "); + } - void f4(int x) { printnb("f4(int) "); } - void f4(long x) { printnb("f4(long) "); } - void f4(float x) { printnb("f4(float) "); } - void f4(double x) { printnb("f4(double) "); } + void f1(int x) { + printnb("f1(int) "); + } - void f5(long x) { printnb("f5(long) "); } - void f5(float x) { printnb("f5(float) "); } - void f5(double x) { printnb("f5(double) "); } + void f1(long x) { + printnb("f1(long) "); + } - void f6(float x) { printnb("f6(float) "); } - void f6(double x) { printnb("f6(double) "); } + void f1(float x) { + printnb("f1(float) "); + } - void f7(double x) { printnb("f7(double) "); } + void f1(double x) { + printnb("f1(double) "); + } - void testConstVal() { - printnb("5: "); - f1(5);f2(5);f3(5);f4(5);f5(5);f6(5);f7(5); print(); - } - void testChar() { - char x = 'x'; - printnb("char: "); - f1(x);f2(x);f3(x);f4(x);f5(x);f6(x);f7(x); print(); - } - void testByte() { - byte x = 0; - printnb("byte: "); - f1(x);f2(x);f3(x);f4(x);f5(x);f6(x);f7(x); print(); - } - void testShort() { - short x = 0; - printnb("short: "); - f1(x);f2(x);f3(x);f4(x);f5(x);f6(x);f7(x); print(); - } - void testInt() { - int x = 0; - printnb("int: "); - f1(x);f2(x);f3(x);f4(x);f5(x);f6(x);f7(x); print(); - } - void testLong() { - long x = 0; - printnb("long: "); - f1(x);f2(x);f3(x);f4(x);f5(x);f6(x);f7(x); print(); - } - void testFloat() { - float x = 0; - printnb("float: "); - f1(x);f2(x);f3(x);f4(x);f5(x);f6(x);f7(x); print(); - } - void testDouble() { - double x = 0; - printnb("double: "); - f1(x);f2(x);f3(x);f4(x);f5(x);f6(x);f7(x); print(); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - PrimitiveOverloading p = - new PrimitiveOverloading(); - p.testConstVal(); - p.testChar(); - p.testByte(); - p.testShort(); - p.testInt(); - p.testLong(); - p.testFloat(); - p.testDouble(); - } + void f2(byte x) { + printnb("f2(byte) "); + } + + void f2(short x) { + printnb("f2(short) "); + } + + void f2(int x) { + printnb("f2(int) "); + } + + void f2(long x) { + printnb("f2(long) "); + } + + void f2(float x) { + printnb("f2(float) "); + } + + void f2(double x) { + printnb("f2(double) "); + } + + void f3(short x) { + printnb("f3(short) "); + } + + void f3(int x) { + printnb("f3(int) "); + } + + void f3(long x) { + printnb("f3(long) "); + } + + void f3(float x) { + printnb("f3(float) "); + } + + void f3(double x) { + printnb("f3(double) "); + } + + void f4(int x) { + printnb("f4(int) "); + } + + void f4(long x) { + printnb("f4(long) "); + } + + void f4(float x) { + printnb("f4(float) "); + } + + void f4(double x) { + printnb("f4(double) "); + } + + void f5(long x) { + printnb("f5(long) "); + } + + void f5(float x) { + printnb("f5(float) "); + } + + void f5(double x) { + printnb("f5(double) "); + } + + void f6(float x) { + printnb("f6(float) "); + } + + void f6(double x) { + printnb("f6(double) "); + } + + void f7(double x) { + printnb("f7(double) "); + } + + void testConstVal() { + printnb("5: "); + f1(5); + f2(5); + f3(5); + f4(5); + f5(5); + f6(5); + f7(5); + print(); + } + + void testChar() { + char x = 'x'; + printnb("char: "); + f1(x); + f2(x); + f3(x); + f4(x); + f5(x); + f6(x); + f7(x); + print(); + } + + void testByte() { + byte x = 0; + printnb("byte: "); + f1(x); + f2(x); + f3(x); + f4(x); + f5(x); + f6(x); + f7(x); + print(); + } + + void testShort() { + short x = 0; + printnb("short: "); + f1(x); + f2(x); + f3(x); + f4(x); + f5(x); + f6(x); + f7(x); + print(); + } + + void testInt() { + int x = 0; + printnb("int: "); + f1(x); + f2(x); + f3(x); + f4(x); + f5(x); + f6(x); + f7(x); + print(); + } + + void testLong() { + long x = 0; + printnb("long: "); + f1(x); + f2(x); + f3(x); + f4(x); + f5(x); + f6(x); + f7(x); + print(); + } + + void testFloat() { + float x = 0; + printnb("float: "); + f1(x); + f2(x); + f3(x); + f4(x); + f5(x); + f6(x); + f7(x); + print(); + } + + void testDouble() { + double x = 0; + printnb("double: "); + f1(x); + f2(x); + f3(x); + f4(x); + f5(x); + f6(x); + f7(x); + print(); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + PrimitiveOverloading p = + new PrimitiveOverloading(); + p.testConstVal(); + p.testChar(); + p.testByte(); + p.testShort(); + p.testInt(); + p.testLong(); + p.testFloat(); + p.testDouble(); + } } /* Output: 5: f1(int) f2(int) f3(int) f4(int) f5(long) f6(float) f7(double) char: f1(char) f2(int) f3(int) f4(int) f5(long) f6(float) f7(double) diff --git a/src/initialization/SimpleConstructor.java b/src/initialization/SimpleConstructor.java index ef07790..e633af3 100644 --- a/src/initialization/SimpleConstructor.java +++ b/src/initialization/SimpleConstructor.java @@ -2,17 +2,17 @@ package initialization;//: initialization/SimpleConstructor.java // Demonstration of a simple constructor. class Rock { - Rock() { // This is the constructor - System.out.print("Rock "); - } + Rock() { // This is the constructor + System.out.print("Rock "); + } } public class SimpleConstructor { - public static void main(String[] args) { - for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { - new Rock(); + public static void main(String[] args) { + for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { + new Rock(); + } } - } } /* Output: Rock Rock Rock Rock Rock Rock Rock Rock Rock Rock *///:~ diff --git a/src/initialization/SimpleConstructor2.java b/src/initialization/SimpleConstructor2.java index d8ee840..d2c9321 100644 --- a/src/initialization/SimpleConstructor2.java +++ b/src/initialization/SimpleConstructor2.java @@ -2,17 +2,17 @@ package initialization;//: initialization/SimpleConstructor2.java // Constructors can have arguments. class Rock2 { - Rock2(int i) { - System.out.print("Rock " + i + " "); - } + Rock2(int i) { + System.out.print("Rock " + i + " "); + } } public class SimpleConstructor2 { - public static void main(String[] args) { - for(int i = 0; i < 8; i++) { - new Rock2(i); + public static void main(String[] args) { + for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++) { + new Rock2(i); + } } - } } /* Output: Rock 0 Rock 1 Rock 2 Rock 3 Rock 4 Rock 5 Rock 6 Rock 7 *///:~ diff --git a/src/initialization/SimpleEnumUse.java b/src/initialization/SimpleEnumUse.java index 83f5647..de0c3e6 100644 --- a/src/initialization/SimpleEnumUse.java +++ b/src/initialization/SimpleEnumUse.java @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ package initialization;//: initialization/SimpleEnumUse.java public class SimpleEnumUse { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Spiciness howHot = Spiciness.MEDIUM; - System.out.println(howHot); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + Spiciness howHot = Spiciness.MEDIUM; + System.out.println(howHot); + } } /* Output: MEDIUM *///:~ diff --git a/src/initialization/Spiciness.java b/src/initialization/Spiciness.java index 3eef78c..01dbe0c 100644 --- a/src/initialization/Spiciness.java +++ b/src/initialization/Spiciness.java @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ package initialization;//: initialization/Spiciness.java public enum Spiciness { - NOT, MILD, MEDIUM, HOT, FLAMING + NOT, MILD, MEDIUM, HOT, FLAMING } ///:~ diff --git a/src/initialization/Spoon.java b/src/initialization/Spoon.java index bf17dda..f0b17a0 100644 --- a/src/initialization/Spoon.java +++ b/src/initialization/Spoon.java @@ -2,8 +2,9 @@ package initialization; //: initialization/Spoon.java public class Spoon { - static int i; - static { - i = 47; - } + static int i; + + static { + i = 47; + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/initialization/StaticInitialization.java b/src/initialization/StaticInitialization.java index e9a905d..20ebfde 100644 --- a/src/initialization/StaticInitialization.java +++ b/src/initialization/StaticInitialization.java @@ -1,52 +1,61 @@ package initialization;//: initialization/StaticInitialization.java // Specifying initial values in a class definition. + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; class Bowl { - Bowl(int marker) { - print("Bowl(" + marker + ")"); - } - void f1(int marker) { - print("f1(" + marker + ")"); - } + Bowl(int marker) { + print("Bowl(" + marker + ")"); + } + + void f1(int marker) { + print("f1(" + marker + ")"); + } } class Table { - static Bowl bowl1 = new Bowl(1); - Table() { - print("Table()"); - bowl2.f1(1); - } - void f2(int marker) { - print("f2(" + marker + ")"); - } - static Bowl bowl2 = new Bowl(2); + static Bowl bowl1 = new Bowl(1); + + Table() { + print("Table()"); + bowl2.f1(1); + } + + void f2(int marker) { + print("f2(" + marker + ")"); + } + + static Bowl bowl2 = new Bowl(2); } class Cupboard { - Bowl bowl3 = new Bowl(3); - static Bowl bowl4 = new Bowl(4); - Cupboard() { - print("Cupboard()"); - bowl4.f1(2); - } - void f3(int marker) { - print("f3(" + marker + ")"); - } - static Bowl bowl5 = new Bowl(5); + Bowl bowl3 = new Bowl(3); + static Bowl bowl4 = new Bowl(4); + + Cupboard() { + print("Cupboard()"); + bowl4.f1(2); + } + + void f3(int marker) { + print("f3(" + marker + ")"); + } + + static Bowl bowl5 = new Bowl(5); } public class StaticInitialization { - public static void main(String[] args) { - print("Creating new Cupboard() in main"); - new Cupboard(); - print("Creating new Cupboard() in main"); - new Cupboard(); - table.f2(1); - cupboard.f3(1); - } - static Table table = new Table(); - static Cupboard cupboard = new Cupboard(); + public static void main(String[] args) { + print("Creating new Cupboard() in main"); + new Cupboard(); + print("Creating new Cupboard() in main"); + new Cupboard(); + table.f2(1); + cupboard.f3(1); + } + + static Table table = new Table(); + static Cupboard cupboard = new Cupboard(); } /* Output: Bowl(1) Bowl(2) diff --git a/src/initialization/TerminationCondition.java b/src/initialization/TerminationCondition.java index f36aa66..f5123f7 100644 --- a/src/initialization/TerminationCondition.java +++ b/src/initialization/TerminationCondition.java @@ -3,32 +3,36 @@ package initialization;//: initialization/TerminationCondition.java // hasn't been properly cleaned up. class Book { - boolean checkedOut = false; - Book(boolean checkOut) { - checkedOut = checkOut; - } - void checkIn() { - checkedOut = false; - } - protected void finalize() { - if(checkedOut) { - System.out.println("Error: checked out"); + boolean checkedOut = false; + + Book(boolean checkOut) { + checkedOut = checkOut; + } + + void checkIn() { + checkedOut = false; + } + + @Override + protected void finalize() { + if (checkedOut) { + System.out.println("Error: checked out"); + } + // Normally, you'll also do this: + // super.finalize(); // Call the base-class version } - // Normally, you'll also do this: - // super.finalize(); // Call the base-class version - } } public class TerminationCondition { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Book novel = new Book(true); - // Proper cleanup: - novel.checkIn(); - // Drop the reference, forget to clean up: - new Book(true); - // Force garbage collection & finalization: - System.gc(); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + Book novel = new Book(true); + // Proper cleanup: + novel.checkIn(); + // Drop the reference, forget to clean up: + new Book(true); + // Force garbage collection & finalization: + System.gc(); + } } /* Output: Error: checked out *///:~ diff --git a/src/initialization/VarArgs.java b/src/initialization/VarArgs.java index c3504d3..7cbd5a9 100644 --- a/src/initialization/VarArgs.java +++ b/src/initialization/VarArgs.java @@ -1,22 +1,24 @@ package initialization;//: initialization/VarArgs.java // Using array syntax to create variable argument lists. -class A {} +class A { +} public class VarArgs { - static void printArray(Object[] args) { - for(Object obj : args) { - System.out.print(obj + " "); + static void printArray(Object[] args) { + for (Object obj : args) { + System.out.print(obj + " "); + } + System.out.println(); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + printArray(new Object[]{ + new Integer(47), new Float(3.14), new Double(11.11) + }); + printArray(new Object[]{"one", "two", "three"}); + printArray(new Object[]{new A(), new A(), new A()}); } - System.out.println(); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - printArray(new Object[]{ - new Integer(47), new Float(3.14), new Double(11.11) - }); - printArray(new Object[]{"one", "two", "three" }); - printArray(new Object[]{new A(), new A(), new A()}); - } } /* Output: (Sample) 47 3.14 11.11 one two three diff --git a/src/initialization/VarargType.java b/src/initialization/VarargType.java index a1cec0f..919d635 100644 --- a/src/initialization/VarargType.java +++ b/src/initialization/VarargType.java @@ -1,21 +1,23 @@ package initialization;//: initialization/VarargType.java public class VarargType { - static void f(Character... args) { - System.out.print(args.getClass()); - System.out.println(" length " + args.length); - } - static void g(int... args) { - System.out.print(args.getClass()); - System.out.println(" length " + args.length); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - f('a'); - f(); - g(1); - g(); - System.out.println("int[]: " + new int[0].getClass()); - } + static void f(Character... args) { + System.out.print(args.getClass()); + System.out.println(" length " + args.length); + } + + static void g(int... args) { + System.out.print(args.getClass()); + System.out.println(" length " + args.length); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + f('a'); + f(); + g(1); + g(); + System.out.println("int[]: " + new int[0].getClass()); + } } /* Output: class [Ljava.lang.Character; length 1 class [Ljava.lang.Character; length 0 diff --git a/src/initialization/build.xml b/src/initialization/build.xml index 31fd42c..f6c41ce 100644 --- a/src/initialization/build.xml +++ b/src/initialization/build.xml @@ -1,400 +1,400 @@ + basedir="." + default="run" + name="Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel (chapter: initialization)"> - - build.xml for the source code for the initialization chapter of - Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel - Source code available at http://www.MindView.net - See copyright notice in CopyRight.txt + + build.xml for the source code for the initialization chapter of + Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel + Source code available at http://www.MindView.net + See copyright notice in CopyRight.txt - Ant available from: http://jakarta.apache.org/ant + Ant available from: http://jakarta.apache.org/ant - To see options, type: ant -p + To see options, type: ant -p - This file was automatically generated by AntBuilder - + This file was automatically generated by AntBuilder + - - - + + + - - - - - - + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/src/innerclasses/AnonymousConstructor.java b/src/innerclasses/AnonymousConstructor.java index 49671d3..bd93a96 100644 --- a/src/innerclasses/AnonymousConstructor.java +++ b/src/innerclasses/AnonymousConstructor.java @@ -1,27 +1,33 @@ package innerclasses;//: innerclasses/AnonymousConstructor.java // Creating a constructor for an anonymous inner class. + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; abstract class Base { - public Base(int i) { - print("Base constructor, i = " + i); - } - public abstract void f(); -} + public Base(int i) { + print("Base constructor, i = " + i); + } + + public abstract void f(); +} public class AnonymousConstructor { - public static Base getBase(int i) { - return new Base(i) { - { print("Inside instance initializer"); } - public void f() { - print("In anonymous f()"); - } - }; - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - Base base = getBase(47); - base.f(); - } + public static Base getBase(int i) { + return new Base(i) { + { + print("Inside instance initializer"); + } + + public void f() { + print("In anonymous f()"); + } + }; + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + Base base = getBase(47); + base.f(); + } } /* Output: Base constructor, i = 47 Inside instance initializer diff --git a/src/innerclasses/BigEgg.java b/src/innerclasses/BigEgg.java index be235ad..d5fcc5e 100644 --- a/src/innerclasses/BigEgg.java +++ b/src/innerclasses/BigEgg.java @@ -1,25 +1,33 @@ package innerclasses;//: innerclasses/BigEgg.java // An inner class cannot be overriden like a method. + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; class Egg { - private Yolk y; - protected class Yolk { - public Yolk() { print("Egg.Yolk()"); } - } - public Egg() { - print("New Egg()"); - y = new Yolk(); - } -} + private Yolk y; + + protected class Yolk { + public Yolk() { + print("Egg.Yolk()"); + } + } + + public Egg() { + print("New Egg()"); + y = new Yolk(); + } +} public class BigEgg extends Egg { - public class Yolk { - public Yolk() { print("BigEgg.Yolk()"); } - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - new BigEgg(); - } + public class Yolk { + public Yolk() { + print("BigEgg.Yolk()"); + } + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + new BigEgg(); + } } /* Output: New Egg() Egg.Yolk() diff --git a/src/innerclasses/BigEgg2.java b/src/innerclasses/BigEgg2.java index 3285512..d1ea466 100644 --- a/src/innerclasses/BigEgg2.java +++ b/src/innerclasses/BigEgg2.java @@ -1,28 +1,54 @@ package innerclasses;//: innerclasses/BigEgg2.java // Proper inheritance of an inner class. + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; class Egg2 { - protected class Yolk { - public Yolk() { print("Egg2.Yolk()"); } - public void f() { print("Egg2.Yolk.f()");} - } - private Yolk y = new Yolk(); - public Egg2() { print("New Egg2()"); } - public void insertYolk(Yolk yy) { y = yy; } - public void g() { y.f(); } -} + protected class Yolk { + public Yolk() { + print("Egg2.Yolk()"); + } + + public void f() { + print("Egg2.Yolk.f()"); + } + } + + private Yolk y = new Yolk(); + + public Egg2() { + print("New Egg2()"); + } + + public void insertYolk(Yolk yy) { + y = yy; + } + + public void g() { + y.f(); + } +} public class BigEgg2 extends Egg2 { - public class Yolk extends Egg2.Yolk { - public Yolk() { print("BigEgg2.Yolk()"); } - public void f() { print("BigEgg2.Yolk.f()"); } - } - public BigEgg2() { insertYolk(new Yolk()); } - public static void main(String[] args) { - Egg2 e2 = new BigEgg2(); - e2.g(); - } + public class Yolk extends Egg2.Yolk { + public Yolk() { + print("BigEgg2.Yolk()"); + } + + @Override + public void f() { + print("BigEgg2.Yolk.f()"); + } + } + + public BigEgg2() { + insertYolk(new Yolk()); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + Egg2 e2 = new BigEgg2(); + e2.g(); + } } /* Output: Egg2.Yolk() New Egg2() diff --git a/src/innerclasses/Callbacks.java b/src/innerclasses/Callbacks.java index b982cd5..0a6882b 100644 --- a/src/innerclasses/Callbacks.java +++ b/src/innerclasses/Callbacks.java @@ -1,65 +1,84 @@ //: innerclasses/Callbacks.java // Using inner classes for callbacks package innerclasses; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; interface Incrementable { - void increment(); + void increment(); } // Very simple to just implement the interface: class Callee1 implements Incrementable { - private int i = 0; - public void increment() { - i++; - print(i); - } -} + private int i = 0; + + @Override + public void increment() { + i++; + print(i); + } +} class MyIncrement { - public void increment() { print("Other operation"); } - static void f(MyIncrement mi) { mi.increment(); } -} + public void increment() { + print("Other operation"); + } + + static void f(MyIncrement mi) { + mi.increment(); + } +} // If your class must implement increment() in // some other way, you must use an inner class: class Callee2 extends MyIncrement { - private int i = 0; - public void increment() { - super.increment(); - i++; - print(i); - } - private class Closure implements Incrementable { + private int i = 0; + + @Override public void increment() { - // Specify outer-class method, otherwise - // you'd get an infinite recursion: - Callee2.this.increment(); + super.increment(); + i++; + print(i); } - } - Incrementable getCallbackReference() { - return new Closure(); - } -} + + private class Closure implements Incrementable { + @Override + public void increment() { + // Specify outer-class method, otherwise + // you'd get an infinite recursion: + Callee2.this.increment(); + } + } + + Incrementable getCallbackReference() { + return new Closure(); + } +} class Caller { - private Incrementable callbackReference; - Caller(Incrementable cbh) { callbackReference = cbh; } - void go() { callbackReference.increment(); } + private Incrementable callbackReference; + + Caller(Incrementable cbh) { + callbackReference = cbh; + } + + void go() { + callbackReference.increment(); + } } public class Callbacks { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Callee1 c1 = new Callee1(); - Callee2 c2 = new Callee2(); - MyIncrement.f(c2); - Caller caller1 = new Caller(c1); - Caller caller2 = new Caller(c2.getCallbackReference()); - caller1.go(); - caller1.go(); - caller2.go(); - caller2.go(); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + Callee1 c1 = new Callee1(); + Callee2 c2 = new Callee2(); + MyIncrement.f(c2); + Caller caller1 = new Caller(c1); + Caller caller2 = new Caller(c2.getCallbackReference()); + caller1.go(); + caller1.go(); + caller2.go(); + caller2.go(); + } } /* Output: Other operation 1 diff --git a/src/innerclasses/ClassInInterface.java b/src/innerclasses/ClassInInterface.java index e86f148..08f950c 100644 --- a/src/innerclasses/ClassInInterface.java +++ b/src/innerclasses/ClassInInterface.java @@ -2,15 +2,18 @@ package innerclasses;//: innerclasses/ClassInInterface.java // {main: ClassInInterface$Test} public interface ClassInInterface { - void howdy(); - class Test implements ClassInInterface { - public void howdy() { - System.out.println("Howdy!"); + void howdy(); + + class Test implements ClassInInterface { + @Override + public void howdy() { + System.out.println("Howdy!"); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + new Test().howdy(); + } } - public static void main(String[] args) { - new Test().howdy(); - } - } } /* Output: Howdy! *///:~ diff --git a/src/innerclasses/Contents.java b/src/innerclasses/Contents.java index 8db0bd0..296e580 100644 --- a/src/innerclasses/Contents.java +++ b/src/innerclasses/Contents.java @@ -2,5 +2,5 @@ package innerclasses; //: innerclasses/Contents.java public interface Contents { - int value(); + int value(); } ///:~ diff --git a/src/innerclasses/Destination.java b/src/innerclasses/Destination.java index 09f2836..24b3899 100644 --- a/src/innerclasses/Destination.java +++ b/src/innerclasses/Destination.java @@ -2,5 +2,5 @@ package innerclasses; //: innerclasses/Destination.java public interface Destination { - String readLabel(); + String readLabel(); } ///:~ diff --git a/src/innerclasses/DotNew.java b/src/innerclasses/DotNew.java index 39d7910..41f09f4 100644 --- a/src/innerclasses/DotNew.java +++ b/src/innerclasses/DotNew.java @@ -2,9 +2,11 @@ package innerclasses;//: innerclasses/DotNew.java // Creating an inner class directly using the .new syntax. public class DotNew { - public class Inner {} - public static void main(String[] args) { - DotNew dn = new DotNew(); - DotNew.Inner dni = dn.new Inner(); - } + public class Inner { + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + DotNew dn = new DotNew(); + DotNew.Inner dni = dn.new Inner(); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/innerclasses/DotThis.java b/src/innerclasses/DotThis.java index f74c937..95f559d 100644 --- a/src/innerclasses/DotThis.java +++ b/src/innerclasses/DotThis.java @@ -2,19 +2,26 @@ package innerclasses;//: innerclasses/DotThis.java // Qualifying access to the outer-class object. public class DotThis { - void f() { System.out.println("DotThis.f()"); } - public class Inner { - public DotThis outer() { - return DotThis.this; - // A plain "this" would be Inner's "this" + void f() { + System.out.println("DotThis.f()"); + } + + public class Inner { + public DotThis outer() { + return DotThis.this; + // A plain "this" would be Inner's "this" + } + } + + public Inner inner() { + return new Inner(); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + DotThis dt = new DotThis(); + DotThis.Inner dti = dt.inner(); + dti.outer().f(); } - } - public Inner inner() { return new Inner(); } - public static void main(String[] args) { - DotThis dt = new DotThis(); - DotThis.Inner dti = dt.inner(); - dti.outer().f(); - } } /* Output: DotThis.f() *///:~ diff --git a/src/innerclasses/Factories.java b/src/innerclasses/Factories.java index a61f46b..cfb0289 100644 --- a/src/innerclasses/Factories.java +++ b/src/innerclasses/Factories.java @@ -1,50 +1,75 @@ package innerclasses;//: innerclasses/Factories.java + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; interface Service { - void method1(); - void method2(); + void method1(); + + void method2(); } interface ServiceFactory { - Service getService(); -} + Service getService(); +} class Implementation1 implements Service { - private Implementation1() {} - public void method1() {print("Implementation1 method1");} - public void method2() {print("Implementation1 method2");} - public static ServiceFactory factory = - new ServiceFactory() { - public Service getService() { - return new Implementation1(); - } - }; -} + private Implementation1() { + } + + @Override + public void method1() { + print("Implementation1 method1"); + } + + @Override + public void method2() { + print("Implementation1 method2"); + } + + public static ServiceFactory factory = + new ServiceFactory() { + @Override + public Service getService() { + return new Implementation1(); + } + }; +} class Implementation2 implements Service { - private Implementation2() {} - public void method1() {print("Implementation2 method1");} - public void method2() {print("Implementation2 method2");} - public static ServiceFactory factory = - new ServiceFactory() { - public Service getService() { - return new Implementation2(); - } - }; -} + private Implementation2() { + } + + @Override + public void method1() { + print("Implementation2 method1"); + } + + @Override + public void method2() { + print("Implementation2 method2"); + } + + public static ServiceFactory factory = + new ServiceFactory() { + @Override + public Service getService() { + return new Implementation2(); + } + }; +} public class Factories { - public static void serviceConsumer(ServiceFactory fact) { - Service s = fact.getService(); - s.method1(); - s.method2(); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - serviceConsumer(Implementation1.factory); - // Implementations are completely interchangeable: - serviceConsumer(Implementation2.factory); - } + public static void serviceConsumer(ServiceFactory fact) { + Service s = fact.getService(); + s.method1(); + s.method2(); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + serviceConsumer(Implementation1.factory); + // Implementations are completely interchangeable: + serviceConsumer(Implementation2.factory); + } } /* Output: Implementation1 method1 Implementation1 method2 diff --git a/src/innerclasses/Games.java b/src/innerclasses/Games.java index 1ac9f91..d154d26 100644 --- a/src/innerclasses/Games.java +++ b/src/innerclasses/Games.java @@ -1,46 +1,67 @@ package innerclasses;//: innerclasses/Games.java // Using anonymous inner classes with the Game framework. + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; -interface Game { boolean move(); } -interface GameFactory { Game getGame(); } +interface Game { + boolean move(); +} + +interface GameFactory { + Game getGame(); +} class Checkers implements Game { - private Checkers() {} - private int moves = 0; - private static final int MOVES = 3; - public boolean move() { - print("Checkers move " + moves); - return ++moves != MOVES; - } - public static GameFactory factory = new GameFactory() { - public Game getGame() { return new Checkers(); } - }; -} + private Checkers() { + } + + private int moves = 0; + private static final int MOVES = 3; + + public boolean move() { + print("Checkers move " + moves); + return ++moves != MOVES; + } + + public static GameFactory factory = new GameFactory() { + @Override + public Game getGame() { + return new Checkers(); + } + }; +} class Chess implements Game { - private Chess() {} - private int moves = 0; - private static final int MOVES = 4; - public boolean move() { - print("Chess move " + moves); - return ++moves != MOVES; - } - public static GameFactory factory = new GameFactory() { - public Game getGame() { return new Chess(); } - }; -} + private Chess() { + } + + private int moves = 0; + private static final int MOVES = 4; + + public boolean move() { + print("Chess move " + moves); + return ++moves != MOVES; + } + + public static GameFactory factory = new GameFactory() { + @Override + public Game getGame() { + return new Chess(); + } + }; +} public class Games { - public static void playGame(GameFactory factory) { - Game s = factory.getGame(); - while(s.move()) { + public static void playGame(GameFactory factory) { + Game s = factory.getGame(); + while (s.move()) { + } + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + playGame(Checkers.factory); + playGame(Chess.factory); } - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - playGame(Checkers.factory); - playGame(Chess.factory); - } } /* Output: Checkers move 0 Checkers move 1 diff --git a/src/innerclasses/GreenhouseController.java b/src/innerclasses/GreenhouseController.java index 1adad69..73d4835 100644 --- a/src/innerclasses/GreenhouseController.java +++ b/src/innerclasses/GreenhouseController.java @@ -1,30 +1,31 @@ package innerclasses;//: innerclasses/GreenhouseController.java // Configure and execute the greenhouse system. // {Args: 5000} + import innerclasses.controller.*; public class GreenhouseController { - public static void main(String[] args) { - GreenhouseControls gc = new GreenhouseControls(); - // Instead of hard-wiring, you could parse - // configuration information from a text file here: - gc.addEvent(gc.new Bell(900)); - Event[] eventList = { - gc.new ThermostatNight(0), - gc.new LightOn(200), - gc.new LightOff(400), - gc.new WaterOn(600), - gc.new WaterOff(800), - gc.new ThermostatDay(1400) - }; - gc.addEvent(gc.new Restart(2000, eventList)); - if(args.length == 1) { - gc.addEvent( - new GreenhouseControls.Terminate( - new Integer(args[0]))); + public static void main(String[] args) { + GreenhouseControls gc = new GreenhouseControls(); + // Instead of hard-wiring, you could parse + // configuration information from a text file here: + gc.addEvent(gc.new Bell(900)); + Event[] eventList = { + gc.new ThermostatNight(0), + gc.new LightOn(200), + gc.new LightOff(400), + gc.new WaterOn(600), + gc.new WaterOff(800), + gc.new ThermostatDay(1400) + }; + gc.addEvent(gc.new Restart(2000, eventList)); + if (args.length == 1) { + gc.addEvent( + new GreenhouseControls.Terminate( + new Integer(args[0]))); + } + gc.run(); } - gc.run(); - } } /* Output: Bing! Thermostat on night setting diff --git a/src/innerclasses/GreenhouseControls.java b/src/innerclasses/GreenhouseControls.java index 386c6d6..0e3f3d8 100644 --- a/src/innerclasses/GreenhouseControls.java +++ b/src/innerclasses/GreenhouseControls.java @@ -3,107 +3,178 @@ package innerclasses;//: innerclasses/GreenhouseControls.java // control system, all in a single class. Inner // classes allow you to encapsulate different // functionality for each type of event. + import innerclasses.controller.*; public class GreenhouseControls extends Controller { - private boolean light = false; - public class LightOn extends Event { - public LightOn(long delayTime) { super(delayTime); } - public void action() { - // Put hardware control code here to - // physically turn on the light. - light = true; + private boolean light = false; + + public class LightOn extends Event { + public LightOn(long delayTime) { + super(delayTime); + } + + @Override + public void action() { + // Put hardware control code here to + // physically turn on the light. + light = true; + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return "Light is on"; + } } - public String toString() { return "Light is on"; } - } - public class LightOff extends Event { - public LightOff(long delayTime) { super(delayTime); } - public void action() { - // Put hardware control code here to - // physically turn off the light. - light = false; + + public class LightOff extends Event { + public LightOff(long delayTime) { + super(delayTime); + } + + @Override + public void action() { + // Put hardware control code here to + // physically turn off the light. + light = false; + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return "Light is off"; + } } - public String toString() { return "Light is off"; } - } - private boolean water = false; - public class WaterOn extends Event { - public WaterOn(long delayTime) { super(delayTime); } - public void action() { - // Put hardware control code here. - water = true; + + private boolean water = false; + + public class WaterOn extends Event { + public WaterOn(long delayTime) { + super(delayTime); + } + + @Override + public void action() { + // Put hardware control code here. + water = true; + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return "Greenhouse water is on"; + } } - public String toString() { - return "Greenhouse water is on"; + + public class WaterOff extends Event { + public WaterOff(long delayTime) { + super(delayTime); + } + + @Override + public void action() { + // Put hardware control code here. + water = false; + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return "Greenhouse water is off"; + } } - } - public class WaterOff extends Event { - public WaterOff(long delayTime) { super(delayTime); } - public void action() { - // Put hardware control code here. - water = false; + + private String thermostat = "Day"; + + public class ThermostatNight extends Event { + public ThermostatNight(long delayTime) { + super(delayTime); + } + + @Override + public void action() { + // Put hardware control code here. + thermostat = "Night"; + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return "Thermostat on night setting"; + } } - public String toString() { - return "Greenhouse water is off"; + + public class ThermostatDay extends Event { + public ThermostatDay(long delayTime) { + super(delayTime); + } + + @Override + public void action() { + // Put hardware control code here. + thermostat = "Day"; + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return "Thermostat on day setting"; + } } - } - private String thermostat = "Day"; - public class ThermostatNight extends Event { - public ThermostatNight(long delayTime) { - super(delayTime); + + // An example of an action() that inserts a + // new one of itself into the event list: + public class Bell extends Event { + public Bell(long delayTime) { + super(delayTime); + } + + @Override + public void action() { + addEvent(new Bell(delayTime)); + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return "Bing!"; + } } - public void action() { - // Put hardware control code here. - thermostat = "Night"; + + public class Restart extends Event { + private Event[] eventList; + + public Restart(long delayTime, Event[] eventList) { + super(delayTime); + this.eventList = eventList; + for (Event e : eventList) { + addEvent(e); + } + } + + @Override + public void action() { + for (Event e : eventList) { + e.start(); // Rerun each event + addEvent(e); + } + start(); // Rerun this Event + addEvent(this); + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return "Restarting system"; + } } - public String toString() { - return "Thermostat on night setting"; + + public static class Terminate extends Event { + public Terminate(long delayTime) { + super(delayTime); + } + + @Override + public void action() { + System.exit(0); + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return "Terminating"; + } } - } - public class ThermostatDay extends Event { - public ThermostatDay(long delayTime) { - super(delayTime); - } - public void action() { - // Put hardware control code here. - thermostat = "Day"; - } - public String toString() { - return "Thermostat on day setting"; - } - } - // An example of an action() that inserts a - // new one of itself into the event list: - public class Bell extends Event { - public Bell(long delayTime) { super(delayTime); } - public void action() { - addEvent(new Bell(delayTime)); - } - public String toString() { return "Bing!"; } - } - public class Restart extends Event { - private Event[] eventList; - public Restart(long delayTime, Event[] eventList) { - super(delayTime); - this.eventList = eventList; - for(Event e : eventList) { - addEvent(e); - } - } - public void action() { - for(Event e : eventList) { - e.start(); // Rerun each event - addEvent(e); - } - start(); // Rerun this Event - addEvent(this); - } - public String toString() { - return "Restarting system"; - } - } - public static class Terminate extends Event { - public Terminate(long delayTime) { super(delayTime); } - public void action() { System.exit(0); } - public String toString() { return "Terminating"; } - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/innerclasses/InheritInner.java b/src/innerclasses/InheritInner.java index a8d35c9..a0d036b 100644 --- a/src/innerclasses/InheritInner.java +++ b/src/innerclasses/InheritInner.java @@ -2,16 +2,18 @@ package innerclasses;//: innerclasses/InheritInner.java // Inheriting an inner class. class WithInner { - class Inner {} + class Inner { + } } public class InheritInner extends WithInner.Inner { - //! InheritInner() {} // Won't compile - InheritInner(WithInner wi) { - wi.super(); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - WithInner wi = new WithInner(); - InheritInner ii = new InheritInner(wi); - } + //! InheritInner() {} // Won't compile + InheritInner(WithInner wi) { + wi.super(); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + WithInner wi = new WithInner(); + InheritInner ii = new InheritInner(wi); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/innerclasses/LocalInnerClass.java b/src/innerclasses/LocalInnerClass.java index adc6e24..a0923bb 100644 --- a/src/innerclasses/LocalInnerClass.java +++ b/src/innerclasses/LocalInnerClass.java @@ -1,53 +1,59 @@ package innerclasses;//: innerclasses/LocalInnerClass.java // Holds a sequence of Objects. + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; interface Counter { - int next(); -} + int next(); +} public class LocalInnerClass { - private int count = 0; - Counter getCounter(final String name) { - // A local inner class: - class LocalCounter implements Counter { - public LocalCounter() { - // Local inner class can have a constructor - print("LocalCounter()"); - } - public int next() { - printnb(name); // Access local final - return count++; - } + private int count = 0; + + Counter getCounter(final String name) { + // A local inner class: + class LocalCounter implements Counter { + public LocalCounter() { + // Local inner class can have a constructor + print("LocalCounter()"); + } + + public int next() { + printnb(name); // Access local final + return count++; + } + } + return new LocalCounter(); } - return new LocalCounter(); - } - // The same thing with an anonymous inner class: - Counter getCounter2(final String name) { - return new Counter() { - // Anonymous inner class cannot have a named - // constructor, only an instance initializer: - { - print("Counter()"); - } - public int next() { - printnb(name); // Access local final - return count++; - } - }; - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - LocalInnerClass lic = new LocalInnerClass(); - Counter - c1 = lic.getCounter("Local inner "), - c2 = lic.getCounter2("Anonymous inner "); - for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { - print(c1.next()); + + // The same thing with an anonymous inner class: + Counter getCounter2(final String name) { + return new Counter() { + // Anonymous inner class cannot have a named + // constructor, only an instance initializer: + { + print("Counter()"); + } + + public int next() { + printnb(name); // Access local final + return count++; + } + }; } - for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { - print(c2.next()); + + public static void main(String[] args) { + LocalInnerClass lic = new LocalInnerClass(); + Counter + c1 = lic.getCounter("Local inner "), + c2 = lic.getCounter2("Anonymous inner "); + for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { + print(c1.next()); + } + for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { + print(c2.next()); + } } - } } /* Output: LocalCounter() Counter() diff --git a/src/innerclasses/MultiImplementation.java b/src/innerclasses/MultiImplementation.java index fe067a9..8ba67d1 100644 --- a/src/innerclasses/MultiImplementation.java +++ b/src/innerclasses/MultiImplementation.java @@ -4,19 +4,29 @@ // of "multiple implementation inheritance." package innerclasses; -class D {} -abstract class E {} +class D { +} + +abstract class E { +} class Z extends D { - E makeE() { return new E() {}; } + E makeE() { + return new E() { + }; + } } public class MultiImplementation { - static void takesD(D d) {} - static void takesE(E e) {} - public static void main(String[] args) { - Z z = new Z(); - takesD(z); - takesE(z.makeE()); - } + static void takesD(D d) { + } + + static void takesE(E e) { + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + Z z = new Z(); + takesD(z); + takesE(z.makeE()); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/innerclasses/MultiInterfaces.java b/src/innerclasses/MultiInterfaces.java index f6a170a..4b5edbf 100644 --- a/src/innerclasses/MultiInterfaces.java +++ b/src/innerclasses/MultiInterfaces.java @@ -2,27 +2,36 @@ // Two ways that a class can implement multiple interfaces. package innerclasses; -interface A {} -interface B {} +interface A { +} -class X implements A, B {} +interface B { +} + +class X implements A, B { +} class Y implements A { - B makeB() { - // Anonymous inner class: - return new B() {}; - } + B makeB() { + // Anonymous inner class: + return new B() { + }; + } } public class MultiInterfaces { - static void takesA(A a) {} - static void takesB(B b) {} - public static void main(String[] args) { - X x = new X(); - Y y = new Y(); - takesA(x); - takesA(y); - takesB(x); - takesB(y.makeB()); - } + static void takesA(A a) { + } + + static void takesB(B b) { + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + X x = new X(); + Y y = new Y(); + takesA(x); + takesA(y); + takesB(x); + takesB(y.makeB()); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/innerclasses/MultiNestingAccess.java b/src/innerclasses/MultiNestingAccess.java index a802d58..0a6d458 100644 --- a/src/innerclasses/MultiNestingAccess.java +++ b/src/innerclasses/MultiNestingAccess.java @@ -3,23 +3,27 @@ package innerclasses;//: innerclasses/MultiNestingAccess.java // levels of the classes they are nested within. class MNA { - private void f() {} - class A { - private void g() {} - public class B { - void h() { - g(); - f(); - } + private void f() { } - } -} + + class A { + private void g() { + } + + public class B { + void h() { + g(); + f(); + } + } + } +} public class MultiNestingAccess { - public static void main(String[] args) { - MNA mna = new MNA(); - MNA.A mnaa = mna.new A(); - MNA.A.B mnaab = mnaa.new B(); - mnaab.h(); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + MNA mna = new MNA(); + MNA.A mnaa = mna.new A(); + MNA.A.B mnaab = mnaa.new B(); + mnaab.h(); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/innerclasses/Parcel1.java b/src/innerclasses/Parcel1.java index 73d21b0..927b9bb 100644 --- a/src/innerclasses/Parcel1.java +++ b/src/innerclasses/Parcel1.java @@ -2,28 +2,38 @@ package innerclasses;//: innerclasses/Parcel1.java // Creating inner classes. public class Parcel1 { - class Contents { - private int i = 11; - public int value() { return i; } - } - class Destination { - private String label; - Destination(String whereTo) { - label = whereTo; + class Contents { + private int i = 11; + + public int value() { + return i; + } + } + + class Destination { + private String label; + + Destination(String whereTo) { + label = whereTo; + } + + String readLabel() { + return label; + } + } + + // Using inner classes looks just like + // using any other class, within Parcel1: + public void ship(String dest) { + Contents c = new Contents(); + Destination d = new Destination(dest); + System.out.println(d.readLabel()); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + Parcel1 p = new Parcel1(); + p.ship("Tasmania"); } - String readLabel() { return label; } - } - // Using inner classes looks just like - // using any other class, within Parcel1: - public void ship(String dest) { - Contents c = new Contents(); - Destination d = new Destination(dest); - System.out.println(d.readLabel()); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - Parcel1 p = new Parcel1(); - p.ship("Tasmania"); - } } /* Output: Tasmania *///:~ diff --git a/src/innerclasses/Parcel10.java b/src/innerclasses/Parcel10.java index a27c748..7e2b452 100644 --- a/src/innerclasses/Parcel10.java +++ b/src/innerclasses/Parcel10.java @@ -3,25 +3,32 @@ package innerclasses;//: innerclasses/Parcel10.java // construction on an anonymous inner class. public class Parcel10 { - public Destination - destination(final String dest, final float price) { - return new Destination() { - private int cost; - // Instance initialization for each object: - { - cost = Math.round(price); - if(cost > 100) { - System.out.println("Over budget!"); - } - } - private String label = dest; - public String readLabel() { return label; } - }; - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - Parcel10 p = new Parcel10(); - Destination d = p.destination("Tasmania", 101.395F); - } + public Destination + destination(final String dest, final float price) { + return new Destination() { + private int cost; + + // Instance initialization for each object: + { + cost = Math.round(price); + if (cost > 100) { + System.out.println("Over budget!"); + } + } + + private String label = dest; + + @Override + public String readLabel() { + return label; + } + }; + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + Parcel10 p = new Parcel10(); + Destination d = p.destination("Tasmania", 101.395F); + } } /* Output: Over budget! *///:~ diff --git a/src/innerclasses/Parcel11.java b/src/innerclasses/Parcel11.java index 8c2fdb2..83a98f3 100644 --- a/src/innerclasses/Parcel11.java +++ b/src/innerclasses/Parcel11.java @@ -2,33 +2,52 @@ package innerclasses;//: innerclasses/Parcel11.java // Nested classes (static inner classes). public class Parcel11 { - private static class ParcelContents implements Contents { - private int i = 11; - public int value() { return i; } - } - protected static class ParcelDestination - implements Destination { - private String label; - private ParcelDestination(String whereTo) { - label = whereTo; + private static class ParcelContents implements Contents { + private int i = 11; + + @Override + public int value() { + return i; + } } - public String readLabel() { return label; } - // Nested classes can contain other static elements: - public static void f() {} - static int x = 10; - static class AnotherLevel { - public static void f() {} - static int x = 10; + + protected static class ParcelDestination + implements Destination { + private String label; + + private ParcelDestination(String whereTo) { + label = whereTo; + } + + @Override + public String readLabel() { + return label; + } + + // Nested classes can contain other static elements: + public static void f() { + } + + static int x = 10; + + static class AnotherLevel { + public static void f() { + } + + static int x = 10; + } + } + + public static Destination destination(String s) { + return new ParcelDestination(s); + } + + public static Contents contents() { + return new ParcelContents(); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + Contents c = contents(); + Destination d = destination("Tasmania"); } - } - public static Destination destination(String s) { - return new ParcelDestination(s); - } - public static Contents contents() { - return new ParcelContents(); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - Contents c = contents(); - Destination d = destination("Tasmania"); - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/innerclasses/Parcel2.java b/src/innerclasses/Parcel2.java index 6697376..d81317d 100644 --- a/src/innerclasses/Parcel2.java +++ b/src/innerclasses/Parcel2.java @@ -2,36 +2,48 @@ package innerclasses;//: innerclasses/Parcel2.java // Returning a reference to an inner class. public class Parcel2 { - class Contents { - private int i = 11; - public int value() { return i; } - } - class Destination { - private String label; - Destination(String whereTo) { - label = whereTo; + class Contents { + private int i = 11; + + public int value() { + return i; + } + } + + class Destination { + private String label; + + Destination(String whereTo) { + label = whereTo; + } + + String readLabel() { + return label; + } + } + + public Destination to(String s) { + return new Destination(s); + } + + public Contents contents() { + return new Contents(); + } + + public void ship(String dest) { + Contents c = contents(); + Destination d = to(dest); + System.out.println(d.readLabel()); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + Parcel2 p = new Parcel2(); + p.ship("Tasmania"); + Parcel2 q = new Parcel2(); + // Defining references to inner classes: + Parcel2.Contents c = q.contents(); + Parcel2.Destination d = q.to("Borneo"); } - String readLabel() { return label; } - } - public Destination to(String s) { - return new Destination(s); - } - public Contents contents() { - return new Contents(); - } - public void ship(String dest) { - Contents c = contents(); - Destination d = to(dest); - System.out.println(d.readLabel()); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - Parcel2 p = new Parcel2(); - p.ship("Tasmania"); - Parcel2 q = new Parcel2(); - // Defining references to inner classes: - Parcel2.Contents c = q.contents(); - Parcel2.Destination d = q.to("Borneo"); - } } /* Output: Tasmania *///:~ diff --git a/src/innerclasses/Parcel3.java b/src/innerclasses/Parcel3.java index 2757c21..20667c2 100644 --- a/src/innerclasses/Parcel3.java +++ b/src/innerclasses/Parcel3.java @@ -2,20 +2,31 @@ package innerclasses;//: innerclasses/Parcel3.java // Using .new to create instances of inner classes. public class Parcel3 { - class Contents { - private int i = 11; - public int value() { return i; } - } - class Destination { - private String label; - Destination(String whereTo) { label = whereTo; } - String readLabel() { return label; } - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - Parcel3 p = new Parcel3(); - // Must use instance of outer class - // to create an instance of the inner class: - Parcel3.Contents c = p.new Contents(); - Parcel3.Destination d = p.new Destination("Tasmania"); - } + class Contents { + private int i = 11; + + public int value() { + return i; + } + } + + class Destination { + private String label; + + Destination(String whereTo) { + label = whereTo; + } + + String readLabel() { + return label; + } + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + Parcel3 p = new Parcel3(); + // Must use instance of outer class + // to create an instance of the inner class: + Parcel3.Contents c = p.new Contents(); + Parcel3.Destination d = p.new Destination("Tasmania"); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/innerclasses/Parcel5.java b/src/innerclasses/Parcel5.java index 0669ba2..6c630c6 100644 --- a/src/innerclasses/Parcel5.java +++ b/src/innerclasses/Parcel5.java @@ -2,18 +2,24 @@ package innerclasses;//: innerclasses/Parcel5.java // Nesting a class within a method. public class Parcel5 { - public Destination destination(String s) { - class PDestination implements Destination { - private String label; - private PDestination(String whereTo) { - label = whereTo; - } - public String readLabel() { return label; } + public Destination destination(String s) { + class PDestination implements Destination { + private String label; + + private PDestination(String whereTo) { + label = whereTo; + } + + @Override + public String readLabel() { + return label; + } + } + return new PDestination(s); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + Parcel5 p = new Parcel5(); + Destination d = p.destination("Tasmania"); } - return new PDestination(s); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - Parcel5 p = new Parcel5(); - Destination d = p.destination("Tasmania"); - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/innerclasses/Parcel6.java b/src/innerclasses/Parcel6.java index 77f41c4..6106636 100644 --- a/src/innerclasses/Parcel6.java +++ b/src/innerclasses/Parcel6.java @@ -2,24 +2,32 @@ package innerclasses;//: innerclasses/Parcel6.java // Nesting a class within a scope. public class Parcel6 { - private void internalTracking(boolean b) { - if(b) { - class TrackingSlip { - private String id; - TrackingSlip(String s) { - id = s; + private void internalTracking(boolean b) { + if (b) { + class TrackingSlip { + private String id; + + TrackingSlip(String s) { + id = s; + } + + String getSlip() { + return id; + } + } + TrackingSlip ts = new TrackingSlip("slip"); + String s = ts.getSlip(); } - String getSlip() { return id; } - } - TrackingSlip ts = new TrackingSlip("slip"); - String s = ts.getSlip(); + // Can't use it here! Out of scope: + //! TrackingSlip ts = new TrackingSlip("x"); + } + + public void track() { + internalTracking(true); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + Parcel6 p = new Parcel6(); + p.track(); } - // Can't use it here! Out of scope: - //! TrackingSlip ts = new TrackingSlip("x"); - } - public void track() { internalTracking(true); } - public static void main(String[] args) { - Parcel6 p = new Parcel6(); - p.track(); - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/innerclasses/Parcel7.java b/src/innerclasses/Parcel7.java index 43eed71..3699ebf 100644 --- a/src/innerclasses/Parcel7.java +++ b/src/innerclasses/Parcel7.java @@ -2,14 +2,19 @@ package innerclasses;//: innerclasses/Parcel7.java // Returning an instance of an anonymous inner class. public class Parcel7 { - public Contents contents() { - return new Contents() { // Insert a class definition - private int i = 11; - public int value() { return i; } - }; // Semicolon required in this case - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - Parcel7 p = new Parcel7(); - Contents c = p.contents(); - } + public Contents contents() { + return new Contents() { // Insert a class definition + private int i = 11; + + @Override + public int value() { + return i; + } + }; // Semicolon required in this case + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + Parcel7 p = new Parcel7(); + Contents c = p.contents(); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/innerclasses/Parcel7b.java b/src/innerclasses/Parcel7b.java index 2210741..0d0e825 100644 --- a/src/innerclasses/Parcel7b.java +++ b/src/innerclasses/Parcel7b.java @@ -2,13 +2,21 @@ package innerclasses;//: innerclasses/Parcel7b.java // Expanded version of Parcel7.java public class Parcel7b { - class MyContents implements Contents { - private int i = 11; - public int value() { return i; } - } - public Contents contents() { return new MyContents(); } - public static void main(String[] args) { - Parcel7b p = new Parcel7b(); - Contents c = p.contents(); - } + class MyContents implements Contents { + private int i = 11; + + @Override + public int value() { + return i; + } + } + + public Contents contents() { + return new MyContents(); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + Parcel7b p = new Parcel7b(); + Contents c = p.contents(); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/innerclasses/Parcel8.java b/src/innerclasses/Parcel8.java index dad8ce2..cba02ae 100644 --- a/src/innerclasses/Parcel8.java +++ b/src/innerclasses/Parcel8.java @@ -2,16 +2,18 @@ package innerclasses;//: innerclasses/Parcel8.java // Calling the base-class constructor. public class Parcel8 { - public Wrapping wrapping(int x) { - // Base constructor call: - return new Wrapping(x) { // Pass constructor argument. - public int value() { - return super.value() * 47; - } - }; // Semicolon required - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - Parcel8 p = new Parcel8(); - Wrapping w = p.wrapping(10); - } + public Wrapping wrapping(int x) { + // Base constructor call: + return new Wrapping(x) { // Pass constructor argument. + @Override + public int value() { + return super.value() * 47; + } + }; // Semicolon required + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + Parcel8 p = new Parcel8(); + Wrapping w = p.wrapping(10); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/innerclasses/Parcel9.java b/src/innerclasses/Parcel9.java index fbcf6a0..a39a3cb 100644 --- a/src/innerclasses/Parcel9.java +++ b/src/innerclasses/Parcel9.java @@ -3,16 +3,21 @@ package innerclasses;//: innerclasses/Parcel9.java // initialization. A briefer version of Parcel5.java. public class Parcel9 { - // Argument must be final to use inside - // anonymous inner class: - public Destination destination(final String dest) { - return new Destination() { - private String label = dest; - public String readLabel() { return label; } - }; - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - Parcel9 p = new Parcel9(); - Destination d = p.destination("Tasmania"); - } + // Argument must be final to use inside + // anonymous inner class: + public Destination destination(final String dest) { + return new Destination() { + private String label = dest; + + @Override + public String readLabel() { + return label; + } + }; + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + Parcel9 p = new Parcel9(); + Destination d = p.destination("Tasmania"); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/innerclasses/Sequence.java b/src/innerclasses/Sequence.java index f4a7bb3..5147d22 100644 --- a/src/innerclasses/Sequence.java +++ b/src/innerclasses/Sequence.java @@ -2,43 +2,63 @@ package innerclasses;//: innerclasses/Sequence.java // Holds a sequence of Objects. interface Selector { - boolean end(); - Object current(); - void next(); -} + boolean end(); + + Object current(); + + void next(); +} public class Sequence { - private Object[] items; - private int next = 0; - public Sequence(int size) { items = new Object[size]; } - public void add(Object x) { - if(next < items.length) { - items[next++] = x; + private Object[] items; + private int next = 0; + + public Sequence(int size) { + items = new Object[size]; } - } - private class SequenceSelector implements Selector { - private int i = 0; - public boolean end() { return i == items.length; } - public Object current() { return items[i]; } - public void next() { if(i < items.length) { - i++; + + public void add(Object x) { + if (next < items.length) { + items[next++] = x; + } } + + private class SequenceSelector implements Selector { + private int i = 0; + + @Override + public boolean end() { + return i == items.length; + } + + @Override + public Object current() { + return items[i]; + } + + @Override + public void next() { + if (i < items.length) { + i++; + } + } } - } - public Selector selector() { - return new SequenceSelector(); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - Sequence sequence = new Sequence(10); - for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { - sequence.add(Integer.toString(i)); + + public Selector selector() { + return new SequenceSelector(); } - Selector selector = sequence.selector(); - while(!selector.end()) { - System.out.print(selector.current() + " "); - selector.next(); + + public static void main(String[] args) { + Sequence sequence = new Sequence(10); + for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { + sequence.add(Integer.toString(i)); + } + Selector selector = sequence.selector(); + while (!selector.end()) { + System.out.print(selector.current() + " "); + selector.next(); + } } - } } /* Output: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 *///:~ diff --git a/src/innerclasses/TestBed.java b/src/innerclasses/TestBed.java index a0fa163..2cf5c13 100644 --- a/src/innerclasses/TestBed.java +++ b/src/innerclasses/TestBed.java @@ -3,13 +3,16 @@ package innerclasses;//: innerclasses/TestBed.java // {main: TestBed$Tester} public class TestBed { - public void f() { System.out.println("f()"); } - public static class Tester { - public static void main(String[] args) { - TestBed t = new TestBed(); - t.f(); + public void f() { + System.out.println("f()"); + } + + public static class Tester { + public static void main(String[] args) { + TestBed t = new TestBed(); + t.f(); + } } - } } /* Output: f() *///:~ diff --git a/src/innerclasses/TestParcel.java b/src/innerclasses/TestParcel.java index 38e24d4..29adcf9 100644 --- a/src/innerclasses/TestParcel.java +++ b/src/innerclasses/TestParcel.java @@ -1,31 +1,43 @@ package innerclasses;//: innerclasses/TestParcel.java class Parcel4 { - private class PContents implements Contents { - private int i = 11; - public int value() { return i; } - } - protected class PDestination implements Destination { - private String label; - private PDestination(String whereTo) { - label = whereTo; + private class PContents implements Contents { + private int i = 11; + + @Override + public int value() { + return i; + } + } + + protected class PDestination implements Destination { + private String label; + + private PDestination(String whereTo) { + label = whereTo; + } + + @Override + public String readLabel() { + return label; + } + } + + public Destination destination(String s) { + return new PDestination(s); + } + + public Contents contents() { + return new PContents(); } - public String readLabel() { return label; } - } - public Destination destination(String s) { - return new PDestination(s); - } - public Contents contents() { - return new PContents(); - } } public class TestParcel { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Parcel4 p = new Parcel4(); - Contents c = p.contents(); - Destination d = p.destination("Tasmania"); - // Illegal -- can't access private class: - //! Parcel4.PContents pc = p.new PContents(); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + Parcel4 p = new Parcel4(); + Contents c = p.contents(); + Destination d = p.destination("Tasmania"); + // Illegal -- can't access private class: + //! Parcel4.PContents pc = p.new PContents(); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/innerclasses/Wrapping.java b/src/innerclasses/Wrapping.java index f16bef1..c017496 100644 --- a/src/innerclasses/Wrapping.java +++ b/src/innerclasses/Wrapping.java @@ -2,7 +2,13 @@ package innerclasses; //: innerclasses/Wrapping.java public class Wrapping { - private int i; - public Wrapping(int x) { i = x; } - public int value() { return i; } + private int i; + + public Wrapping(int x) { + i = x; + } + + public int value() { + return i; + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/innerclasses/build.xml b/src/innerclasses/build.xml index 7a93d22..50b2e2c 100644 --- a/src/innerclasses/build.xml +++ b/src/innerclasses/build.xml @@ -1,361 +1,361 @@ + basedir="." + default="run" + name="Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel (chapter: innerclasses)"> - - build.xml for the source code for the innerclasses chapter of - Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel - Source code available at http://www.MindView.net - See copyright notice in CopyRight.txt + + build.xml for the source code for the innerclasses chapter of + Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel + Source code available at http://www.MindView.net + See copyright notice in CopyRight.txt - Ant available from: http://jakarta.apache.org/ant + Ant available from: http://jakarta.apache.org/ant - To see options, type: ant -p + To see options, type: ant -p - This file was automatically generated by AntBuilder - + This file was automatically generated by AntBuilder + - - - + + + - - - - - - + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - - - + + + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/src/innerclasses/controller/Controller.java b/src/innerclasses/controller/Controller.java index 885235d..d35288e 100644 --- a/src/innerclasses/controller/Controller.java +++ b/src/innerclasses/controller/Controller.java @@ -1,24 +1,29 @@ //: innerclasses/controller/Controller.java // The reusable framework for control systems. package innerclasses.controller; + import java.util.*; public class Controller { - // A class from java.util to hold Event objects: - private List eventList = new ArrayList(); - public void addEvent(Event c) { eventList.add(c); } - public void run() { - while(eventList.size() > 0) - // Make a copy so you're not modifying the list - // while you're selecting the elements in it: - { - for(Event e : new ArrayList(eventList)) { - if (e.ready()) { - System.out.println(e); - e.action(); - eventList.remove(e); + // A class from java.util to hold Event objects: + private List eventList = new ArrayList(); + + public void addEvent(Event c) { + eventList.add(c); + } + + public void run() { + while (eventList.size() > 0) + // Make a copy so you're not modifying the list + // while you're selecting the elements in it: + { + for (Event e : new ArrayList(eventList)) { + if (e.ready()) { + System.out.println(e); + e.action(); + eventList.remove(e); + } } } } - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/innerclasses/controller/Event.java b/src/innerclasses/controller/Event.java index 93a5ad9..d503e21 100644 --- a/src/innerclasses/controller/Event.java +++ b/src/innerclasses/controller/Event.java @@ -3,17 +3,21 @@ package innerclasses.controller; public abstract class Event { - private long eventTime; - protected final long delayTime; - public Event(long delayTime) { - this.delayTime = delayTime; - start(); - } - public void start() { // Allows restarting - eventTime = System.nanoTime() + delayTime; - } - public boolean ready() { - return System.nanoTime() >= eventTime; - } - public abstract void action(); + private long eventTime; + protected final long delayTime; + + public Event(long delayTime) { + this.delayTime = delayTime; + start(); + } + + public void start() { // Allows restarting + eventTime = System.nanoTime() + delayTime; + } + + public boolean ready() { + return System.nanoTime() >= eventTime; + } + + public abstract void action(); } ///:~ diff --git a/src/interfaces/AdaptedRandomDoubles.java b/src/interfaces/AdaptedRandomDoubles.java index 8429cd8..4053476 100644 --- a/src/interfaces/AdaptedRandomDoubles.java +++ b/src/interfaces/AdaptedRandomDoubles.java @@ -1,28 +1,33 @@ package interfaces;//: interfaces/AdaptedRandomDoubles.java // Creating an adapter with inheritance. + import java.nio.*; import java.util.*; public class AdaptedRandomDoubles extends RandomDoubles -implements Readable { - private int count; - public AdaptedRandomDoubles(int count) { - this.count = count; - } - public int read(CharBuffer cb) { - if(count-- == 0) { - return -1; + implements Readable { + private int count; + + public AdaptedRandomDoubles(int count) { + this.count = count; } - String result = Double.toString(next()) + " "; - cb.append(result); - return result.length(); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - Scanner s = new Scanner(new AdaptedRandomDoubles(7)); - while(s.hasNextDouble()) { - System.out.print(s.nextDouble() + " "); + + @Override + public int read(CharBuffer cb) { + if (count-- == 0) { + return -1; + } + String result = Double.toString(next()) + " "; + cb.append(result); + return result.length(); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + Scanner s = new Scanner(new AdaptedRandomDoubles(7)); + while (s.hasNextDouble()) { + System.out.print(s.nextDouble() + " "); + } } - } } /* Output: 0.7271157860730044 0.5309454508634242 0.16020656493302599 0.18847866977771732 0.5166020801268457 0.2678662084200585 0.2613610344283964 *///:~ diff --git a/src/interfaces/Adventure.java b/src/interfaces/Adventure.java index 12d425c..1748cfb 100644 --- a/src/interfaces/Adventure.java +++ b/src/interfaces/Adventure.java @@ -2,37 +2,55 @@ package interfaces;//: interfaces/Adventure.java // Multiple interfaces. interface CanFight { - void fight(); + void fight(); } interface CanSwim { - void swim(); + void swim(); } interface CanFly { - void fly(); + void fly(); } class ActionCharacter { - public void fight() {} -} + public void fight() { + } +} class Hero extends ActionCharacter - implements CanFight, CanSwim, CanFly { - public void swim() {} - public void fly() {} + implements CanFight, CanSwim, CanFly { + @Override + public void swim() { + } + + @Override + public void fly() { + } } public class Adventure { - public static void t(CanFight x) { x.fight(); } - public static void u(CanSwim x) { x.swim(); } - public static void v(CanFly x) { x.fly(); } - public static void w(ActionCharacter x) { x.fight(); } - public static void main(String[] args) { - Hero h = new Hero(); - t(h); // Treat it as a CanFight - u(h); // Treat it as a CanSwim - v(h); // Treat it as a CanFly - w(h); // Treat it as an ActionCharacter - } + public static void t(CanFight x) { + x.fight(); + } + + public static void u(CanSwim x) { + x.swim(); + } + + public static void v(CanFly x) { + x.fly(); + } + + public static void w(ActionCharacter x) { + x.fight(); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + Hero h = new Hero(); + t(h); // Treat it as a CanFight + u(h); // Treat it as a CanSwim + v(h); // Treat it as a CanFly + w(h); // Treat it as an ActionCharacter + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/interfaces/Factories.java b/src/interfaces/Factories.java index a1d27d0..81c034c 100644 --- a/src/interfaces/Factories.java +++ b/src/interfaces/Factories.java @@ -1,50 +1,73 @@ package interfaces;//: interfaces/Factories.java + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; interface Service { - void method1(); - void method2(); + void method1(); + + void method2(); } interface ServiceFactory { - Service getService(); + Service getService(); } class Implementation1 implements Service { - Implementation1() {} // Package access - public void method1() {print("Implementation1 method1");} - public void method2() {print("Implementation1 method2");} -} + Implementation1() { + } // Package access + + @Override + public void method1() { + print("Implementation1 method1"); + } + + @Override + public void method2() { + print("Implementation1 method2"); + } +} class Implementation1Factory implements ServiceFactory { - public Service getService() { - return new Implementation1(); - } + @Override + public Service getService() { + return new Implementation1(); + } } class Implementation2 implements Service { - Implementation2() {} // Package access - public void method1() {print("Implementation2 method1");} - public void method2() {print("Implementation2 method2");} + Implementation2() { + } // Package access + + @Override + public void method1() { + print("Implementation2 method1"); + } + + @Override + public void method2() { + print("Implementation2 method2"); + } } class Implementation2Factory implements ServiceFactory { - public Service getService() { - return new Implementation2(); - } -} + @Override + public Service getService() { + return new Implementation2(); + } +} public class Factories { - public static void serviceConsumer(ServiceFactory fact) { - Service s = fact.getService(); - s.method1(); - s.method2(); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - serviceConsumer(new Implementation1Factory()); - // Implementations are completely interchangeable: - serviceConsumer(new Implementation2Factory()); - } + public static void serviceConsumer(ServiceFactory fact) { + Service s = fact.getService(); + s.method1(); + s.method2(); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + serviceConsumer(new Implementation1Factory()); + // Implementations are completely interchangeable: + serviceConsumer(new Implementation2Factory()); + } } /* Output: Implementation1 method1 Implementation1 method2 diff --git a/src/interfaces/Games.java b/src/interfaces/Games.java index bfed80d..eeda744 100644 --- a/src/interfaces/Games.java +++ b/src/interfaces/Games.java @@ -1,46 +1,61 @@ package interfaces;//: interfaces/Games.java // A Game framework using Factory Methods. + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; -interface Game { boolean move(); } -interface GameFactory { Game getGame(); } +interface Game { + boolean move(); +} + +interface GameFactory { + Game getGame(); +} class Checkers implements Game { - private int moves = 0; - private static final int MOVES = 3; - public boolean move() { - print("Checkers move " + moves); - return ++moves != MOVES; - } + private int moves = 0; + private static final int MOVES = 3; + + public boolean move() { + print("Checkers move " + moves); + return ++moves != MOVES; + } } class CheckersFactory implements GameFactory { - public Game getGame() { return new Checkers(); } -} + @Override + public Game getGame() { + return new Checkers(); + } +} class Chess implements Game { - private int moves = 0; - private static final int MOVES = 4; - public boolean move() { - print("Chess move " + moves); - return ++moves != MOVES; - } + private int moves = 0; + private static final int MOVES = 4; + + public boolean move() { + print("Chess move " + moves); + return ++moves != MOVES; + } } class ChessFactory implements GameFactory { - public Game getGame() { return new Chess(); } -} + @Override + public Game getGame() { + return new Chess(); + } +} public class Games { - public static void playGame(GameFactory factory) { - Game s = factory.getGame(); - while(s.move()) { + public static void playGame(GameFactory factory) { + Game s = factory.getGame(); + while (s.move()) { + } + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + playGame(new CheckersFactory()); + playGame(new ChessFactory()); } - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - playGame(new CheckersFactory()); - playGame(new ChessFactory()); - } } /* Output: Checkers move 0 Checkers move 1 diff --git a/src/interfaces/HorrorShow.java b/src/interfaces/HorrorShow.java index fb0149e..f67de57 100644 --- a/src/interfaces/HorrorShow.java +++ b/src/interfaces/HorrorShow.java @@ -2,47 +2,70 @@ package interfaces;//: interfaces/HorrorShow.java // Extending an interface with inheritance. interface Monster { - void menace(); + void menace(); } interface DangerousMonster extends Monster { - void destroy(); + void destroy(); } interface Lethal { - void kill(); + void kill(); } class DragonZilla implements DangerousMonster { - public void menace() {} - public void destroy() {} -} + @Override + public void menace() { + } + + @Override + public void destroy() { + } +} interface Vampire extends DangerousMonster, Lethal { - void drinkBlood(); + void drinkBlood(); } class VeryBadVampire implements Vampire { - public void menace() {} - public void destroy() {} - public void kill() {} - public void drinkBlood() {} -} + @Override + public void menace() { + } + + @Override + public void destroy() { + } + + @Override + public void kill() { + } + + @Override + public void drinkBlood() { + } +} public class HorrorShow { - static void u(Monster b) { b.menace(); } - static void v(DangerousMonster d) { - d.menace(); - d.destroy(); - } - static void w(Lethal l) { l.kill(); } - public static void main(String[] args) { - DangerousMonster barney = new DragonZilla(); - u(barney); - v(barney); - Vampire vlad = new VeryBadVampire(); - u(vlad); - v(vlad); - w(vlad); - } + static void u(Monster b) { + b.menace(); + } + + static void v(DangerousMonster d) { + d.menace(); + d.destroy(); + } + + static void w(Lethal l) { + l.kill(); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + DangerousMonster barney = new DragonZilla(); + u(barney); + v(barney); + Vampire vlad = new VeryBadVampire(); + u(vlad); + v(vlad); + w(vlad); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/interfaces/InterfaceCollision.java b/src/interfaces/InterfaceCollision.java index d9a9e1e..3ab0637 100644 --- a/src/interfaces/InterfaceCollision.java +++ b/src/interfaces/InterfaceCollision.java @@ -1,23 +1,48 @@ //: interfaces/InterfaceCollision.java package interfaces; -interface I1 { void f(); } -interface I2 { int f(int i); } -interface I3 { int f(); } -class C { public int f() { return 1; } } +interface I1 { + void f(); +} + +interface I2 { + int f(int i); +} + +interface I3 { + int f(); +} + +class C { + public int f() { + return 1; + } +} class C2 implements I1, I2 { - public void f() {} - public int f(int i) { return 1; } // overloaded + @Override + public void f() { + } + + @Override + public int f(int i) { + return 1; + } // overloaded } class C3 extends C implements I2 { - public int f(int i) { return 1; } // overloaded + @Override + public int f(int i) { + return 1; + } // overloaded } class C4 extends C implements I3 { - // Identical, no problem: - public int f() { return 1; } + // Identical, no problem: + @Override + public int f() { + return 1; + } } // Methods differ only by return type: diff --git a/src/interfaces/Months.java b/src/interfaces/Months.java index ac53864..41e233a 100644 --- a/src/interfaces/Months.java +++ b/src/interfaces/Months.java @@ -3,9 +3,9 @@ package interfaces; public interface Months { - int - JANUARY = 1, FEBRUARY = 2, MARCH = 3, - APRIL = 4, MAY = 5, JUNE = 6, JULY = 7, - AUGUST = 8, SEPTEMBER = 9, OCTOBER = 10, - NOVEMBER = 11, DECEMBER = 12; + int + JANUARY = 1, FEBRUARY = 2, MARCH = 3, + APRIL = 4, MAY = 5, JUNE = 6, JULY = 7, + AUGUST = 8, SEPTEMBER = 9, OCTOBER = 10, + NOVEMBER = 11, DECEMBER = 12; } ///:~ diff --git a/src/interfaces/RandVals.java b/src/interfaces/RandVals.java index aa480fc..d4c754a 100644 --- a/src/interfaces/RandVals.java +++ b/src/interfaces/RandVals.java @@ -1,12 +1,13 @@ package interfaces;//: interfaces/RandVals.java // Initializing interface fields with // non-constant initializers. + import java.util.*; public interface RandVals { - Random RAND = new Random(47); - int RANDOM_INT = RAND.nextInt(10); - long RANDOM_LONG = RAND.nextLong() * 10; - float RANDOM_FLOAT = RAND.nextLong() * 10; - double RANDOM_DOUBLE = RAND.nextDouble() * 10; + Random RAND = new Random(47); + int RANDOM_INT = RAND.nextInt(10); + long RANDOM_LONG = RAND.nextLong() * 10; + float RANDOM_FLOAT = RAND.nextLong() * 10; + double RANDOM_DOUBLE = RAND.nextDouble() * 10; } ///:~ diff --git a/src/interfaces/RandomDoubles.java b/src/interfaces/RandomDoubles.java index d5bddf8..3d92f63 100644 --- a/src/interfaces/RandomDoubles.java +++ b/src/interfaces/RandomDoubles.java @@ -1,15 +1,20 @@ package interfaces;//: interfaces/RandomDoubles.java + import java.util.*; public class RandomDoubles { - private static Random rand = new Random(47); - public double next() { return rand.nextDouble(); } - public static void main(String[] args) { - RandomDoubles rd = new RandomDoubles(); - for(int i = 0; i < 7; i ++) { - System.out.print(rd.next() + " "); + private static Random rand = new Random(47); + + public double next() { + return rand.nextDouble(); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + RandomDoubles rd = new RandomDoubles(); + for (int i = 0; i < 7; i++) { + System.out.print(rd.next() + " "); + } } - } } /* Output: 0.7271157860730044 0.5309454508634242 0.16020656493302599 0.18847866977771732 0.5166020801268457 0.2678662084200585 0.2613610344283964 *///:~ diff --git a/src/interfaces/RandomWords.java b/src/interfaces/RandomWords.java index 4dd71be..e33ee83 100644 --- a/src/interfaces/RandomWords.java +++ b/src/interfaces/RandomWords.java @@ -1,36 +1,43 @@ package interfaces;//: interfaces/RandomWords.java // Implementing an interface to conform to a method. + import java.nio.*; import java.util.*; public class RandomWords implements Readable { - private static Random rand = new Random(47); - private static final char[] capitals = - "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ".toCharArray(); - private static final char[] lowers = - "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz".toCharArray(); - private static final char[] vowels = - "aeiou".toCharArray(); - private int count; - public RandomWords(int count) { this.count = count; } - public int read(CharBuffer cb) { - if(count-- == 0) { - return -1; // Indicates end of input + private static Random rand = new Random(47); + private static final char[] capitals = + "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ".toCharArray(); + private static final char[] lowers = + "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz".toCharArray(); + private static final char[] vowels = + "aeiou".toCharArray(); + private int count; + + public RandomWords(int count) { + this.count = count; } - cb.append(capitals[rand.nextInt(capitals.length)]); - for(int i = 0; i < 4; i++) { - cb.append(vowels[rand.nextInt(vowels.length)]); - cb.append(lowers[rand.nextInt(lowers.length)]); + + @Override + public int read(CharBuffer cb) { + if (count-- == 0) { + return -1; // Indicates end of input + } + cb.append(capitals[rand.nextInt(capitals.length)]); + for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) { + cb.append(vowels[rand.nextInt(vowels.length)]); + cb.append(lowers[rand.nextInt(lowers.length)]); + } + cb.append(" "); + return 10; // Number of characters appended } - cb.append(" "); - return 10; // Number of characters appended - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - Scanner s = new Scanner(new RandomWords(10)); - while(s.hasNext()) { - System.out.println(s.next()); + + public static void main(String[] args) { + Scanner s = new Scanner(new RandomWords(10)); + while (s.hasNext()) { + System.out.println(s.next()); + } } - } } /* Output: Yazeruyac Fowenucor diff --git a/src/interfaces/TestRandVals.java b/src/interfaces/TestRandVals.java index e2f2fd8..b3452cc 100644 --- a/src/interfaces/TestRandVals.java +++ b/src/interfaces/TestRandVals.java @@ -1,13 +1,14 @@ package interfaces;//: interfaces/TestRandVals.java + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class TestRandVals { - public static void main(String[] args) { - print(RandVals.RANDOM_INT); - print(RandVals.RANDOM_LONG); - print(RandVals.RANDOM_FLOAT); - print(RandVals.RANDOM_DOUBLE); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + print(RandVals.RANDOM_INT); + print(RandVals.RANDOM_LONG); + print(RandVals.RANDOM_FLOAT); + print(RandVals.RANDOM_DOUBLE); + } } /* Output: 8 -32032247016559954 diff --git a/src/interfaces/build.xml b/src/interfaces/build.xml index 2bd67a1..375e18b 100644 --- a/src/interfaces/build.xml +++ b/src/interfaces/build.xml @@ -1,218 +1,218 @@ + basedir="." + default="run" + name="Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel (chapter: interfaces)"> - - build.xml for the source code for the interfaces chapter of - Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel - Source code available at http://www.MindView.net - See copyright notice in CopyRight.txt + + build.xml for the source code for the interfaces chapter of + Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel + Source code available at http://www.MindView.net + See copyright notice in CopyRight.txt - Ant available from: http://jakarta.apache.org/ant + Ant available from: http://jakarta.apache.org/ant - To see options, type: ant -p + To see options, type: ant -p - This file was automatically generated by AntBuilder - + This file was automatically generated by AntBuilder + - - - + + + - - - - - - + + + + + + - - - - - - + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/src/interfaces/classprocessor/Apply.java b/src/interfaces/classprocessor/Apply.java index 0b6609e..c3c5788 100644 --- a/src/interfaces/classprocessor/Apply.java +++ b/src/interfaces/classprocessor/Apply.java @@ -1,46 +1,56 @@ //: interfaces/classprocessor/Apply.java package interfaces.classprocessor; + import java.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; class Processor { - public String name() { - return getClass().getSimpleName(); - } - Object process(Object input) { return input; } -} + public String name() { + return getClass().getSimpleName(); + } + + Object process(Object input) { + return input; + } +} class Upcase extends Processor { - String process(Object input) { // Covariant return - return ((String)input).toUpperCase(); - } + @Override + String process(Object input) { // Covariant return + return ((String) input).toUpperCase(); + } } class Downcase extends Processor { - String process(Object input) { - return ((String)input).toLowerCase(); - } + @Override + String process(Object input) { + return ((String) input).toLowerCase(); + } } class Splitter extends Processor { - String process(Object input) { - // The split() argument divides a String into pieces: - return Arrays.toString(((String)input).split(" ")); - } -} + @Override + String process(Object input) { + // The split() argument divides a String into pieces: + return Arrays.toString(((String) input).split(" ")); + } +} public class Apply { - public static void process(Processor p, Object s) { - print("Using Processor " + p.name()); - print(p.process(s)); - } - public static String s = - "Disagreement with beliefs is by definition incorrect"; - public static void main(String[] args) { - process(new Upcase(), s); - process(new Downcase(), s); - process(new Splitter(), s); - } + public static void process(Processor p, Object s) { + print("Using Processor " + p.name()); + print(p.process(s)); + } + + public static String s = + "Disagreement with beliefs is by definition incorrect"; + + public static void main(String[] args) { + process(new Upcase(), s); + process(new Downcase(), s); + process(new Splitter(), s); + } } /* Output: Using Processor Upcase DISAGREEMENT WITH BELIEFS IS BY DEFINITION INCORRECT diff --git a/src/interfaces/filters/BandPass.java b/src/interfaces/filters/BandPass.java index b949b1f..cb09567 100644 --- a/src/interfaces/filters/BandPass.java +++ b/src/interfaces/filters/BandPass.java @@ -2,10 +2,15 @@ package interfaces.filters; public class BandPass extends Filter { - double lowCutoff, highCutoff; - public BandPass(double lowCut, double highCut) { - lowCutoff = lowCut; - highCutoff = highCut; - } - public Waveform process(Waveform input) { return input; } + double lowCutoff, highCutoff; + + public BandPass(double lowCut, double highCut) { + lowCutoff = lowCut; + highCutoff = highCut; + } + + @Override + public Waveform process(Waveform input) { + return input; + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/interfaces/filters/Filter.java b/src/interfaces/filters/Filter.java index 5a0bcba..b5d0c12 100644 --- a/src/interfaces/filters/Filter.java +++ b/src/interfaces/filters/Filter.java @@ -2,8 +2,11 @@ package interfaces.filters; public class Filter { - public String name() { - return getClass().getSimpleName(); - } - public Waveform process(Waveform input) { return input; } + public String name() { + return getClass().getSimpleName(); + } + + public Waveform process(Waveform input) { + return input; + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/interfaces/filters/HighPass.java b/src/interfaces/filters/HighPass.java index b4983ae..d4cb9e7 100644 --- a/src/interfaces/filters/HighPass.java +++ b/src/interfaces/filters/HighPass.java @@ -2,7 +2,14 @@ package interfaces.filters; public class HighPass extends Filter { - double cutoff; - public HighPass(double cutoff) { this.cutoff = cutoff; } - public Waveform process(Waveform input) { return input; } + double cutoff; + + public HighPass(double cutoff) { + this.cutoff = cutoff; + } + + @Override + public Waveform process(Waveform input) { + return input; + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/interfaces/filters/LowPass.java b/src/interfaces/filters/LowPass.java index 00d671e..2c082b2 100644 --- a/src/interfaces/filters/LowPass.java +++ b/src/interfaces/filters/LowPass.java @@ -2,9 +2,14 @@ package interfaces.filters; public class LowPass extends Filter { - double cutoff; - public LowPass(double cutoff) { this.cutoff = cutoff; } - public Waveform process(Waveform input) { - return input; // Dummy processing - } + double cutoff; + + public LowPass(double cutoff) { + this.cutoff = cutoff; + } + + @Override + public Waveform process(Waveform input) { + return input; // Dummy processing + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/interfaces/filters/Waveform.java b/src/interfaces/filters/Waveform.java index adccc4d..ba59708 100644 --- a/src/interfaces/filters/Waveform.java +++ b/src/interfaces/filters/Waveform.java @@ -2,7 +2,11 @@ package interfaces.filters; public class Waveform { - private static long counter; - private final long id = counter++; - public String toString() { return "Waveform " + id; } + private static long counter; + private final long id = counter++; + + @Override + public String toString() { + return "Waveform " + id; + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/interfaces/interfaceprocessor/Apply.java b/src/interfaces/interfaceprocessor/Apply.java index 11fc922..7eed9f5 100644 --- a/src/interfaces/interfaceprocessor/Apply.java +++ b/src/interfaces/interfaceprocessor/Apply.java @@ -1,10 +1,11 @@ //: interfaces/interfaceprocessor/Apply.java package interfaces.interfaceprocessor; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class Apply { - public static void process(Processor p, Object s) { - print("Using Processor " + p.name()); - print(p.process(s)); - } + public static void process(Processor p, Object s) { + print("Using Processor " + p.name()); + print(p.process(s)); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/interfaces/interfaceprocessor/FilterProcessor.java b/src/interfaces/interfaceprocessor/FilterProcessor.java index a2b6dc5..9fb2150 100644 --- a/src/interfaces/interfaceprocessor/FilterProcessor.java +++ b/src/interfaces/interfaceprocessor/FilterProcessor.java @@ -1,26 +1,34 @@ //: interfaces/interfaceprocessor/FilterProcessor.java package interfaces.interfaceprocessor; + import interfaces.filters.*; class FilterAdapter implements Processor { - Filter filter; - public FilterAdapter(Filter filter) { - this.filter = filter; - } - public String name() { return filter.name(); } - public Waveform process(Object input) { - return filter.process((Waveform)input); - } -} + Filter filter; + + public FilterAdapter(Filter filter) { + this.filter = filter; + } + + @Override + public String name() { + return filter.name(); + } + + @Override + public Waveform process(Object input) { + return filter.process((Waveform) input); + } +} public class FilterProcessor { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Waveform w = new Waveform(); - Apply.process(new FilterAdapter(new LowPass(1.0)), w); - Apply.process(new FilterAdapter(new HighPass(2.0)), w); - Apply.process( - new FilterAdapter(new BandPass(3.0, 4.0)), w); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + Waveform w = new Waveform(); + Apply.process(new FilterAdapter(new LowPass(1.0)), w); + Apply.process(new FilterAdapter(new HighPass(2.0)), w); + Apply.process( + new FilterAdapter(new BandPass(3.0, 4.0)), w); + } } /* Output: Using Processor LowPass Waveform 0 diff --git a/src/interfaces/interfaceprocessor/Processor.java b/src/interfaces/interfaceprocessor/Processor.java index 8787ea4..b09ba5d 100644 --- a/src/interfaces/interfaceprocessor/Processor.java +++ b/src/interfaces/interfaceprocessor/Processor.java @@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package interfaces.interfaceprocessor; public interface Processor { - String name(); - Object process(Object input); + String name(); + + Object process(Object input); } ///:~ diff --git a/src/interfaces/interfaceprocessor/StringProcessor.java b/src/interfaces/interfaceprocessor/StringProcessor.java index ff3ee08..7fb6409 100644 --- a/src/interfaces/interfaceprocessor/StringProcessor.java +++ b/src/interfaces/interfaceprocessor/StringProcessor.java @@ -1,37 +1,46 @@ //: interfaces/interfaceprocessor/StringProcessor.java package interfaces.interfaceprocessor; + import java.util.*; -public abstract class StringProcessor implements Processor{ - public String name() { - return getClass().getSimpleName(); - } - public abstract String process(Object input); - public static String s = - "If she weighs the same as a duck, she's made of wood"; - public static void main(String[] args) { - Apply.process(new Upcase(), s); - Apply.process(new Downcase(), s); - Apply.process(new Splitter(), s); - } -} +public abstract class StringProcessor implements Processor { + @Override + public String name() { + return getClass().getSimpleName(); + } + + @Override + public abstract String process(Object input); + + public static String s = + "If she weighs the same as a duck, she's made of wood"; + + public static void main(String[] args) { + Apply.process(new Upcase(), s); + Apply.process(new Downcase(), s); + Apply.process(new Splitter(), s); + } +} class Upcase extends StringProcessor { - public String process(Object input) { // Covariant return - return ((String)input).toUpperCase(); - } + @Override + public String process(Object input) { // Covariant return + return ((String) input).toUpperCase(); + } } class Downcase extends StringProcessor { - public String process(Object input) { - return ((String)input).toLowerCase(); - } + @Override + public String process(Object input) { + return ((String) input).toLowerCase(); + } } class Splitter extends StringProcessor { - public String process(Object input) { - return Arrays.toString(((String)input).split(" ")); - } + @Override + public String process(Object input) { + return Arrays.toString(((String) input).split(" ")); + } } /* Output: Using Processor Upcase IF SHE WEIGHS THE SAME AS A DUCK, SHE'S MADE OF WOOD diff --git a/src/interfaces/music4/Music4.java b/src/interfaces/music4/Music4.java index 078c2df..7f32c05 100644 --- a/src/interfaces/music4/Music4.java +++ b/src/interfaces/music4/Music4.java @@ -1,77 +1,120 @@ //: interfaces/music4/Music4.java // Abstract classes and methods. package interfaces.music4; + import polymorphism.music.Note; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; abstract class Instrument { - private int i; // Storage allocated for each - public abstract void play(Note n); - public String what() { return "Instrument"; } - public abstract void adjust(); + private int i; // Storage allocated for each + + public abstract void play(Note n); + + public String what() { + return "Instrument"; + } + + public abstract void adjust(); } class Wind extends Instrument { - public void play(Note n) { - print("Wind.play() " + n); - } - public String what() { return "Wind"; } - public void adjust() {} + @Override + public void play(Note n) { + print("Wind.play() " + n); + } + + @Override + public String what() { + return "Wind"; + } + + @Override + public void adjust() { + } } class Percussion extends Instrument { - public void play(Note n) { - print("Percussion.play() " + n); - } - public String what() { return "Percussion"; } - public void adjust() {} + @Override + public void play(Note n) { + print("Percussion.play() " + n); + } + + @Override + public String what() { + return "Percussion"; + } + + @Override + public void adjust() { + } } class Stringed extends Instrument { - public void play(Note n) { - print("Stringed.play() " + n); - } - public String what() { return "Stringed"; } - public void adjust() {} -} + @Override + public void play(Note n) { + print("Stringed.play() " + n); + } + + @Override + public String what() { + return "Stringed"; + } + + @Override + public void adjust() { + } +} class Brass extends Wind { - public void play(Note n) { - print("Brass.play() " + n); - } - public void adjust() { print("Brass.adjust()"); } + @Override + public void play(Note n) { + print("Brass.play() " + n); + } + + @Override + public void adjust() { + print("Brass.adjust()"); + } } class Woodwind extends Wind { - public void play(Note n) { - print("Woodwind.play() " + n); - } - public String what() { return "Woodwind"; } -} + @Override + public void play(Note n) { + print("Woodwind.play() " + n); + } + + @Override + public String what() { + return "Woodwind"; + } +} public class Music4 { - // Doesn't care about type, so new types - // added to the system still work right: - static void tune(Instrument i) { - // ... - i.play(Note.MIDDLE_C); - } - static void tuneAll(Instrument[] e) { - for(Instrument i : e) { - tune(i); + // Doesn't care about type, so new types + // added to the system still work right: + static void tune(Instrument i) { + // ... + i.play(Note.MIDDLE_C); + } + + static void tuneAll(Instrument[] e) { + for (Instrument i : e) { + tune(i); + } + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + // Upcasting during addition to the array: + Instrument[] orchestra = { + new Wind(), + new Percussion(), + new Stringed(), + new Brass(), + new Woodwind() + }; + tuneAll(orchestra); } - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - // Upcasting during addition to the array: - Instrument[] orchestra = { - new Wind(), - new Percussion(), - new Stringed(), - new Brass(), - new Woodwind() - }; - tuneAll(orchestra); - } } /* Output: Wind.play() MIDDLE_C Percussion.play() MIDDLE_C diff --git a/src/interfaces/music5/Music5.java b/src/interfaces/music5/Music5.java index 67a036f..e19bbac 100644 --- a/src/interfaces/music5/Music5.java +++ b/src/interfaces/music5/Music5.java @@ -1,72 +1,111 @@ //: interfaces/music5/Music5.java // Interfaces. package interfaces.music5; + import polymorphism.music.Note; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; interface Instrument { - // Compile-time constant: - int VALUE = 5; // static & final - // Cannot have method definitions: - void play(Note n); // Automatically public - void adjust(); + // Compile-time constant: + int VALUE = 5; // static & final + + // Cannot have method definitions: + void play(Note n); // Automatically public + + void adjust(); } class Wind implements Instrument { - public void play(Note n) { - print(this + ".play() " + n); - } - public String toString() { return "Wind"; } - public void adjust() { print(this + ".adjust()"); } + @Override + public void play(Note n) { + print(this + ".play() " + n); + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return "Wind"; + } + + @Override + public void adjust() { + print(this + ".adjust()"); + } } class Percussion implements Instrument { - public void play(Note n) { - print(this + ".play() " + n); - } - public String toString() { return "Percussion"; } - public void adjust() { print(this + ".adjust()"); } + @Override + public void play(Note n) { + print(this + ".play() " + n); + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return "Percussion"; + } + + @Override + public void adjust() { + print(this + ".adjust()"); + } } class Stringed implements Instrument { - public void play(Note n) { - print(this + ".play() " + n); - } - public String toString() { return "Stringed"; } - public void adjust() { print(this + ".adjust()"); } + @Override + public void play(Note n) { + print(this + ".play() " + n); + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return "Stringed"; + } + + @Override + public void adjust() { + print(this + ".adjust()"); + } } class Brass extends Wind { - public String toString() { return "Brass"; } -} + @Override + public String toString() { + return "Brass"; + } +} class Woodwind extends Wind { - public String toString() { return "Woodwind"; } + @Override + public String toString() { + return "Woodwind"; + } } public class Music5 { - // Doesn't care about type, so new types - // added to the system still work right: - static void tune(Instrument i) { - // ... - i.play(Note.MIDDLE_C); - } - static void tuneAll(Instrument[] e) { - for(Instrument i : e) { - tune(i); + // Doesn't care about type, so new types + // added to the system still work right: + static void tune(Instrument i) { + // ... + i.play(Note.MIDDLE_C); + } + + static void tuneAll(Instrument[] e) { + for (Instrument i : e) { + tune(i); + } + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + // Upcasting during addition to the array: + Instrument[] orchestra = { + new Wind(), + new Percussion(), + new Stringed(), + new Brass(), + new Woodwind() + }; + tuneAll(orchestra); } - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - // Upcasting during addition to the array: - Instrument[] orchestra = { - new Wind(), - new Percussion(), - new Stringed(), - new Brass(), - new Woodwind() - }; - tuneAll(orchestra); - } } /* Output: Wind.play() MIDDLE_C Percussion.play() MIDDLE_C diff --git a/src/interfaces/nesting/NestingInterfaces.java b/src/interfaces/nesting/NestingInterfaces.java index 121a9c9..cd8df52 100644 --- a/src/interfaces/nesting/NestingInterfaces.java +++ b/src/interfaces/nesting/NestingInterfaces.java @@ -2,88 +2,133 @@ package interfaces.nesting; class A { - interface B { - void f(); - } - public class BImp implements B { - public void f() {} - } - private class BImp2 implements B { - public void f() {} - } - public interface C { - void f(); - } - class CImp implements C { - public void f() {} - } - private class CImp2 implements C { - public void f() {} - } - private interface D { - void f(); - } - private class DImp implements D { - public void f() {} - } - public class DImp2 implements D { - public void f() {} - } - public D getD() { return new DImp2(); } - private D dRef; - public void receiveD(D d) { - dRef = d; - dRef.f(); - } -} + interface B { + void f(); + } + + public class BImp implements B { + @Override + public void f() { + } + } + + private class BImp2 implements B { + @Override + public void f() { + } + } + + public interface C { + void f(); + } + + class CImp implements C { + @Override + public void f() { + } + } + + private class CImp2 implements C { + @Override + public void f() { + } + } + + private interface D { + void f(); + } + + private class DImp implements D { + @Override + public void f() { + } + } + + public class DImp2 implements D { + @Override + public void f() { + } + } + + public D getD() { + return new DImp2(); + } + + private D dRef; + + public void receiveD(D d) { + dRef = d; + dRef.f(); + } +} interface E { - interface G { - void f(); - } - // Redundant "public": - public interface H { - void f(); - } - void g(); - // Cannot be private within an interface: - //! private interface I {} -} + interface G { + void f(); + } + + // Redundant "public": + public interface H { + void f(); + } + + void g(); + // Cannot be private within an interface: + //! private interface I {} +} public class NestingInterfaces { - public class BImp implements A.B { - public void f() {} - } - class CImp implements A.C { - public void f() {} - } - // Cannot implement a private interface except - // within that interface's defining class: - //! class DImp implements A.D { - //! public void f() {} - //! } - class EImp implements E { - public void g() {} - } - class EGImp implements E.G { - public void f() {} - } - class EImp2 implements E { - public void g() {} - class EG implements E.G { - public void f() {} + public class BImp implements A.B { + @Override + public void f() { + } + } + + class CImp implements A.C { + @Override + public void f() { + } + } + + // Cannot implement a private interface except + // within that interface's defining class: + //! class DImp implements A.D { + //! public void f() {} + //! } + class EImp implements E { + @Override + public void g() { + } + } + + class EGImp implements E.G { + @Override + public void f() { + } + } + + class EImp2 implements E { + @Override + public void g() { + } + + class EG implements E.G { + @Override + public void f() { + } + } + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + A a = new A(); + // Can't access A.D: + //! A.D ad = a.getD(); + // Doesn't return anything but A.D: + //! A.DImp2 di2 = a.getD(); + // Cannot access a member of the interface: + //! a.getD().f(); + // Only another A can do anything with getD(): + A a2 = new A(); + a2.receiveD(a.getD()); } - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - A a = new A(); - // Can't access A.D: - //! A.D ad = a.getD(); - // Doesn't return anything but A.D: - //! A.DImp2 di2 = a.getD(); - // Cannot access a member of the interface: - //! a.getD().f(); - // Only another A can do anything with getD(): - A a2 = new A(); - a2.receiveD(a.getD()); - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/io/Alien.java b/src/io/Alien.java index 5a84044..0e6fd20 100644 --- a/src/io/Alien.java +++ b/src/io/Alien.java @@ -1,4 +1,7 @@ package io;//: io/Alien.java // A serializable class. + import java.io.*; -public class Alien implements Serializable {} ///:~ + +public class Alien implements Serializable { +} ///:~ diff --git a/src/io/AvailableCharSets.java b/src/io/AvailableCharSets.java index 46aba7f..59698c4 100644 --- a/src/io/AvailableCharSets.java +++ b/src/io/AvailableCharSets.java @@ -1,31 +1,33 @@ package io;//: io/AvailableCharSets.java // Displays Charsets and aliases + import java.nio.charset.*; import java.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class AvailableCharSets { - public static void main(String[] args) { - SortedMap charSets = - Charset.availableCharsets(); - Iterator it = charSets.keySet().iterator(); - while(it.hasNext()) { - String csName = it.next(); - printnb(csName); - Iterator aliases = - charSets.get(csName).aliases().iterator(); - if(aliases.hasNext()) { - printnb(": "); - } - while(aliases.hasNext()) { - printnb(aliases.next()); - if(aliases.hasNext()) { - printnb(", "); + public static void main(String[] args) { + SortedMap charSets = + Charset.availableCharsets(); + Iterator it = charSets.keySet().iterator(); + while (it.hasNext()) { + String csName = it.next(); + printnb(csName); + Iterator aliases = + charSets.get(csName).aliases().iterator(); + if (aliases.hasNext()) { + printnb(": "); + } + while (aliases.hasNext()) { + printnb(aliases.next()); + if (aliases.hasNext()) { + printnb(", "); + } + } + print(); } - } - print(); } - } } /* Output: Big5: csBig5 Big5-HKSCS: big5-hkscs, big5hk, big5-hkscs:unicode3.0, big5hkscs, Big5_HKSCS diff --git a/src/io/BasicFileOutput.java b/src/io/BasicFileOutput.java index 9971609..7f378d2 100644 --- a/src/io/BasicFileOutput.java +++ b/src/io/BasicFileOutput.java @@ -1,22 +1,24 @@ package io;//: io/BasicFileOutput.java + import java.io.*; public class BasicFileOutput { - static String file = "BasicFileOutput.out"; - public static void main(String[] args) - throws IOException { - BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader( - new StringReader( - BufferedInputFile.read("BasicFileOutput.java"))); - PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter( - new BufferedWriter(new FileWriter(file))); - int lineCount = 1; - String s; - while((s = in.readLine()) != null ) { - out.println(lineCount++ + ": " + s); + static String file = "BasicFileOutput.out"; + + public static void main(String[] args) + throws IOException { + BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader( + new StringReader( + BufferedInputFile.read("BasicFileOutput.java"))); + PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter( + new BufferedWriter(new FileWriter(file))); + int lineCount = 1; + String s; + while ((s = in.readLine()) != null) { + out.println(lineCount++ + ": " + s); + } + out.close(); + // Show the stored file: + System.out.println(BufferedInputFile.read(file)); } - out.close(); - // Show the stored file: - System.out.println(BufferedInputFile.read(file)); - } } /* (Execute to see output) *///:~ diff --git a/src/io/Blip3.java b/src/io/Blip3.java index ee0ffac..2ea62c5 100644 --- a/src/io/Blip3.java +++ b/src/io/Blip3.java @@ -1,53 +1,66 @@ package io;//: io/Blip3.java // Reconstructing an externalizable object. + import java.io.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class Blip3 implements Externalizable { - private int i; - private String s; // No initialization - public Blip3() { - print("Blip3 Constructor"); - // s, i not initialized - } - public Blip3(String x, int a) { - print("Blip3(String x, int a)"); - s = x; - i = a; - // s & i initialized only in non-default constructor. - } - public String toString() { return s + i; } - public void writeExternal(ObjectOutput out) - throws IOException { - print("Blip3.writeExternal"); - // You must do this: - out.writeObject(s); - out.writeInt(i); - } - public void readExternal(ObjectInput in) - throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException { - print("Blip3.readExternal"); - // You must do this: - s = (String)in.readObject(); - i = in.readInt(); - } - public static void main(String[] args) - throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException { - print("Constructing objects:"); - Blip3 b3 = new Blip3("A String ", 47); - print(b3); - ObjectOutputStream o = new ObjectOutputStream( - new FileOutputStream("Blip3.out")); - print("Saving object:"); - o.writeObject(b3); - o.close(); - // Now get it back: - ObjectInputStream in = new ObjectInputStream( - new FileInputStream("Blip3.out")); - print("Recovering b3:"); - b3 = (Blip3)in.readObject(); - print(b3); - } + private int i; + private String s; // No initialization + + public Blip3() { + print("Blip3 Constructor"); + // s, i not initialized + } + + public Blip3(String x, int a) { + print("Blip3(String x, int a)"); + s = x; + i = a; + // s & i initialized only in non-default constructor. + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return s + i; + } + + @Override + public void writeExternal(ObjectOutput out) + throws IOException { + print("Blip3.writeExternal"); + // You must do this: + out.writeObject(s); + out.writeInt(i); + } + + @Override + public void readExternal(ObjectInput in) + throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException { + print("Blip3.readExternal"); + // You must do this: + s = (String) in.readObject(); + i = in.readInt(); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) + throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException { + print("Constructing objects:"); + Blip3 b3 = new Blip3("A String ", 47); + print(b3); + ObjectOutputStream o = new ObjectOutputStream( + new FileOutputStream("Blip3.out")); + print("Saving object:"); + o.writeObject(b3); + o.close(); + // Now get it back: + ObjectInputStream in = new ObjectInputStream( + new FileInputStream("Blip3.out")); + print("Recovering b3:"); + b3 = (Blip3) in.readObject(); + print(b3); + } } /* Output: Constructing objects: Blip3(String x, int a) diff --git a/src/io/Blips.java b/src/io/Blips.java index 3e2fcb9..b0f3adc 100644 --- a/src/io/Blips.java +++ b/src/io/Blips.java @@ -1,57 +1,67 @@ package io;//: io/Blips.java // Simple use of Externalizable & a pitfall. + import java.io.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; class Blip1 implements Externalizable { - public Blip1() { - print("Blip1 Constructor"); - } - public void writeExternal(ObjectOutput out) - throws IOException { - print("Blip1.writeExternal"); - } - public void readExternal(ObjectInput in) - throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException { - print("Blip1.readExternal"); - } + public Blip1() { + print("Blip1 Constructor"); + } + + @Override + public void writeExternal(ObjectOutput out) + throws IOException { + print("Blip1.writeExternal"); + } + + @Override + public void readExternal(ObjectInput in) + throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException { + print("Blip1.readExternal"); + } } class Blip2 implements Externalizable { - Blip2() { - print("Blip2 Constructor"); - } - public void writeExternal(ObjectOutput out) - throws IOException { - print("Blip2.writeExternal"); - } - public void readExternal(ObjectInput in) - throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException { - print("Blip2.readExternal"); - } + Blip2() { + print("Blip2 Constructor"); + } + + @Override + public void writeExternal(ObjectOutput out) + throws IOException { + print("Blip2.writeExternal"); + } + + @Override + public void readExternal(ObjectInput in) + throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException { + print("Blip2.readExternal"); + } } public class Blips { - public static void main(String[] args) - throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException { - print("Constructing objects:"); - Blip1 b1 = new Blip1(); - Blip2 b2 = new Blip2(); - ObjectOutputStream o = new ObjectOutputStream( - new FileOutputStream("Blips.out")); - print("Saving objects:"); - o.writeObject(b1); - o.writeObject(b2); - o.close(); - // Now get them back: - ObjectInputStream in = new ObjectInputStream( - new FileInputStream("Blips.out")); - print("Recovering b1:"); - b1 = (Blip1)in.readObject(); - // OOPS! Throws an exception: + public static void main(String[] args) + throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException { + print("Constructing objects:"); + Blip1 b1 = new Blip1(); + Blip2 b2 = new Blip2(); + ObjectOutputStream o = new ObjectOutputStream( + new FileOutputStream("Blips.out")); + print("Saving objects:"); + o.writeObject(b1); + o.writeObject(b2); + o.close(); + // Now get them back: + ObjectInputStream in = new ObjectInputStream( + new FileInputStream("Blips.out")); + print("Recovering b1:"); + b1 = (Blip1) in.readObject(); + // OOPS! Throws an exception: //! print("Recovering b2:"); //! b2 = (Blip2)in.readObject(); - } + } } /* Output: Constructing objects: Blip1 Constructor diff --git a/src/io/BufferToText.java b/src/io/BufferToText.java index 6adcd63..1dcebd3 100644 --- a/src/io/BufferToText.java +++ b/src/io/BufferToText.java @@ -1,52 +1,54 @@ package io;//: io/BufferToText.java // Converting text to and from ByteBuffers + import java.nio.*; import java.nio.channels.*; import java.nio.charset.*; import java.io.*; public class BufferToText { - private static final int BSIZE = 1024; - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - FileChannel fc = - new FileOutputStream("data2.txt").getChannel(); - fc.write(ByteBuffer.wrap("Some text".getBytes())); - fc.close(); - fc = new FileInputStream("data2.txt").getChannel(); - ByteBuffer buff = ByteBuffer.allocate(BSIZE); - fc.read(buff); - buff.flip(); - // Doesn't work: - System.out.println(buff.asCharBuffer()); - // Decode using this system's default Charset: - buff.rewind(); - String encoding = System.getProperty("file.encoding"); - System.out.println("Decoded using " + encoding + ": " - + Charset.forName(encoding).decode(buff)); - // Or, we could encode with something that will print: - fc = new FileOutputStream("data2.txt").getChannel(); - fc.write(ByteBuffer.wrap( - "Some text".getBytes("UTF-16BE"))); - fc.close(); - // Now try reading again: - fc = new FileInputStream("data2.txt").getChannel(); - buff.clear(); - fc.read(buff); - buff.flip(); - System.out.println(buff.asCharBuffer()); - // Use a CharBuffer to write through: - fc = new FileOutputStream("data2.txt").getChannel(); - buff = ByteBuffer.allocate(24); // More than needed - buff.asCharBuffer().put("Some text"); - fc.write(buff); - fc.close(); - // Read and display: - fc = new FileInputStream("data2.txt").getChannel(); - buff.clear(); - fc.read(buff); - buff.flip(); - System.out.println(buff.asCharBuffer()); - } + private static final int BSIZE = 1024; + + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + FileChannel fc = + new FileOutputStream("data2.txt").getChannel(); + fc.write(ByteBuffer.wrap("Some text".getBytes())); + fc.close(); + fc = new FileInputStream("data2.txt").getChannel(); + ByteBuffer buff = ByteBuffer.allocate(BSIZE); + fc.read(buff); + buff.flip(); + // Doesn't work: + System.out.println(buff.asCharBuffer()); + // Decode using this system's default Charset: + buff.rewind(); + String encoding = System.getProperty("file.encoding"); + System.out.println("Decoded using " + encoding + ": " + + Charset.forName(encoding).decode(buff)); + // Or, we could encode with something that will print: + fc = new FileOutputStream("data2.txt").getChannel(); + fc.write(ByteBuffer.wrap( + "Some text".getBytes("UTF-16BE"))); + fc.close(); + // Now try reading again: + fc = new FileInputStream("data2.txt").getChannel(); + buff.clear(); + fc.read(buff); + buff.flip(); + System.out.println(buff.asCharBuffer()); + // Use a CharBuffer to write through: + fc = new FileOutputStream("data2.txt").getChannel(); + buff = ByteBuffer.allocate(24); // More than needed + buff.asCharBuffer().put("Some text"); + fc.write(buff); + fc.close(); + // Read and display: + fc = new FileInputStream("data2.txt").getChannel(); + buff.clear(); + fc.read(buff); + buff.flip(); + System.out.println(buff.asCharBuffer()); + } } /* Output: ???? Decoded using Cp1252: Some text diff --git a/src/io/BufferedInputFile.java b/src/io/BufferedInputFile.java index ce23341..f37a8ae 100644 --- a/src/io/BufferedInputFile.java +++ b/src/io/BufferedInputFile.java @@ -1,23 +1,25 @@ package io;//: io/BufferedInputFile.java + import java.io.*; public class BufferedInputFile { - // Throw exceptions to console: - public static String - read(String filename) throws IOException { - // Reading input by lines: - BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader( - new FileReader(filename)); - String s; - StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(); - while((s = in.readLine())!= null) { - sb.append(s + "\n"); + // Throw exceptions to console: + public static String + read(String filename) throws IOException { + // Reading input by lines: + BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader( + new FileReader(filename)); + String s; + StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(); + while ((s = in.readLine()) != null) { + sb.append(s + "\n"); + } + in.close(); + return sb.toString(); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) + throws IOException { + System.out.print(read("BufferedInputFile.java")); } - in.close(); - return sb.toString(); - } - public static void main(String[] args) - throws IOException { - System.out.print(read("BufferedInputFile.java")); - } } /* (Execute to see output) *///:~ diff --git a/src/io/ChangeSystemOut.java b/src/io/ChangeSystemOut.java index 1eeec88..fd17b2e 100644 --- a/src/io/ChangeSystemOut.java +++ b/src/io/ChangeSystemOut.java @@ -1,12 +1,13 @@ package io;//: io/ChangeSystemOut.java // Turn System.out into a PrintWriter. + import java.io.*; public class ChangeSystemOut { - public static void main(String[] args) { - PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(System.out, true); - out.println("Hello, world"); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(System.out, true); + out.println("Hello, world"); + } } /* Output: Hello, world *///:~ diff --git a/src/io/ChannelCopy.java b/src/io/ChannelCopy.java index c5519a1..d3202cc 100644 --- a/src/io/ChannelCopy.java +++ b/src/io/ChannelCopy.java @@ -1,25 +1,27 @@ package io;//: io/ChannelCopy.java // Copying a file using channels and buffers // {Args: ChannelCopy.java test.txt} + import java.nio.*; import java.nio.channels.*; import java.io.*; public class ChannelCopy { - private static final int BSIZE = 1024; - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - if(args.length != 2) { - System.out.println("arguments: sourcefile destfile"); - System.exit(1); + private static final int BSIZE = 1024; + + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + if (args.length != 2) { + System.out.println("arguments: sourcefile destfile"); + System.exit(1); + } + FileChannel + in = new FileInputStream(args[0]).getChannel(), + out = new FileOutputStream(args[1]).getChannel(); + ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(BSIZE); + while (in.read(buffer) != -1) { + buffer.flip(); // Prepare for writing + out.write(buffer); + buffer.clear(); // Prepare for reading + } } - FileChannel - in = new FileInputStream(args[0]).getChannel(), - out = new FileOutputStream(args[1]).getChannel(); - ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(BSIZE); - while(in.read(buffer) != -1) { - buffer.flip(); // Prepare for writing - out.write(buffer); - buffer.clear(); // Prepare for reading - } - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/io/DirList.java b/src/io/DirList.java index 0635323..560111f 100644 --- a/src/io/DirList.java +++ b/src/io/DirList.java @@ -1,34 +1,38 @@ package io;//: io/DirList.java // Display a directory listing using regular expressions. // {Args: "D.*\.java"} + import java.util.regex.*; import java.io.*; import java.util.*; public class DirList { - public static void main(String[] args) { - File path = new File("."); - String[] list; - if(args.length == 0) { - list = path.list(); - } else { - list = path.list(new DirFilter(args[0])); + public static void main(String[] args) { + File path = new File("."); + String[] list; + if (args.length == 0) { + list = path.list(); + } else { + list = path.list(new DirFilter(args[0])); + } + Arrays.sort(list, String.CASE_INSENSITIVE_ORDER); + for (String dirItem : list) { + System.out.println(dirItem); + } } - Arrays.sort(list, String.CASE_INSENSITIVE_ORDER); - for(String dirItem : list) { - System.out.println(dirItem); - } - } } class DirFilter implements FilenameFilter { - private Pattern pattern; - public DirFilter(String regex) { - pattern = Pattern.compile(regex); - } - public boolean accept(File dir, String name) { - return pattern.matcher(name).matches(); - } + private Pattern pattern; + + public DirFilter(String regex) { + pattern = Pattern.compile(regex); + } + + @Override + public boolean accept(File dir, String name) { + return pattern.matcher(name).matches(); + } } /* Output: DirectoryDemo.java DirList.java diff --git a/src/io/DirList2.java b/src/io/DirList2.java index bc5b35c..edb7170 100644 --- a/src/io/DirList2.java +++ b/src/io/DirList2.java @@ -1,33 +1,37 @@ package io;//: io/DirList2.java // Uses anonymous inner classes. // {Args: "D.*\.java"} + import java.util.regex.*; import java.io.*; import java.util.*; public class DirList2 { - public static FilenameFilter filter(final String regex) { - // Creation of anonymous inner class: - return new FilenameFilter() { - private Pattern pattern = Pattern.compile(regex); - public boolean accept(File dir, String name) { - return pattern.matcher(name).matches(); - } - }; // End of anonymous inner class - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - File path = new File("."); - String[] list; - if(args.length == 0) { - list = path.list(); - } else { - list = path.list(filter(args[0])); + public static FilenameFilter filter(final String regex) { + // Creation of anonymous inner class: + return new FilenameFilter() { + private Pattern pattern = Pattern.compile(regex); + + @Override + public boolean accept(File dir, String name) { + return pattern.matcher(name).matches(); + } + }; // End of anonymous inner class } - Arrays.sort(list, String.CASE_INSENSITIVE_ORDER); - for(String dirItem : list) { - System.out.println(dirItem); + + public static void main(String[] args) { + File path = new File("."); + String[] list; + if (args.length == 0) { + list = path.list(); + } else { + list = path.list(filter(args[0])); + } + Arrays.sort(list, String.CASE_INSENSITIVE_ORDER); + for (String dirItem : list) { + System.out.println(dirItem); + } } - } } /* Output: DirectoryDemo.java DirList.java diff --git a/src/io/DirList3.java b/src/io/DirList3.java index bdba2bb..6ac5b22 100644 --- a/src/io/DirList3.java +++ b/src/io/DirList3.java @@ -1,29 +1,32 @@ package io;//: io/DirList3.java // Building the anonymous inner class "in-place." // {Args: "D.*\.java"} + import java.util.regex.*; import java.io.*; import java.util.*; public class DirList3 { - public static void main(final String[] args) { - File path = new File("."); - String[] list; - if(args.length == 0) { - list = path.list(); - } else { - list = path.list(new FilenameFilter() { - private Pattern pattern = Pattern.compile(args[0]); - public boolean accept(File dir, String name) { - return pattern.matcher(name).matches(); - } - }); + public static void main(final String[] args) { + File path = new File("."); + String[] list; + if (args.length == 0) { + list = path.list(); + } else { + list = path.list(new FilenameFilter() { + private Pattern pattern = Pattern.compile(args[0]); + + @Override + public boolean accept(File dir, String name) { + return pattern.matcher(name).matches(); + } + }); + } + Arrays.sort(list, String.CASE_INSENSITIVE_ORDER); + for (String dirItem : list) { + System.out.println(dirItem); + } } - Arrays.sort(list, String.CASE_INSENSITIVE_ORDER); - for(String dirItem : list) { - System.out.println(dirItem); - } - } } /* Output: DirectoryDemo.java DirList.java diff --git a/src/io/DirectoryDemo.java b/src/io/DirectoryDemo.java index d6b31fe..4d93614 100644 --- a/src/io/DirectoryDemo.java +++ b/src/io/DirectoryDemo.java @@ -1,28 +1,31 @@ package io;//: io/DirectoryDemo.java // Sample use of Directory utilities. + import java.io.*; + import net.mindview.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class DirectoryDemo { - public static void main(String[] args) { - // All directories: - PPrint.pprint(Directory.walk(".").dirs); - // All files beginning with 'T' - for(File file : Directory.local(".", "T.*")) { - print(file); + public static void main(String[] args) { + // All directories: + PPrint.pprint(Directory.walk(".").dirs); + // All files beginning with 'T' + for (File file : Directory.local(".", "T.*")) { + print(file); + } + print("----------------------"); + // All Java files beginning with 'T': + for (File file : Directory.walk(".", "T.*\\.java")) { + print(file); + } + print("======================"); + // Class files containing "Z" or "z": + for (File file : Directory.walk(".", ".*[Zz].*\\.class")) { + print(file); + } } - print("----------------------"); - // All Java files beginning with 'T': - for(File file : Directory.walk(".", "T.*\\.java")) { - print(file); - } - print("======================"); - // Class files containing "Z" or "z": - for(File file : Directory.walk(".",".*[Zz].*\\.class")) { - print(file); - } - } } /* Output: (Sample) [.\xfiles] .\TestEOF.class diff --git a/src/io/Echo.java b/src/io/Echo.java index 9f2f499..85f5769 100644 --- a/src/io/Echo.java +++ b/src/io/Echo.java @@ -1,17 +1,18 @@ package io;//: io/Echo.java // How to read from standard input. // {RunByHand} + import java.io.*; public class Echo { - public static void main(String[] args) - throws IOException { - BufferedReader stdin = new BufferedReader( - new InputStreamReader(System.in)); - String s; - while((s = stdin.readLine()) != null && s.length()!= 0) { - System.out.println(s); + public static void main(String[] args) + throws IOException { + BufferedReader stdin = new BufferedReader( + new InputStreamReader(System.in)); + String s; + while ((s = stdin.readLine()) != null && s.length() != 0) { + System.out.println(s); + } + // An empty line or Ctrl-Z terminates the program } - // An empty line or Ctrl-Z terminates the program - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/io/Endians.java b/src/io/Endians.java index 4523188..c0564ba 100644 --- a/src/io/Endians.java +++ b/src/io/Endians.java @@ -1,23 +1,25 @@ package io;//: io/Endians.java // Endian differences and data storage. + import java.nio.*; import java.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class Endians { - public static void main(String[] args) { - ByteBuffer bb = ByteBuffer.wrap(new byte[12]); - bb.asCharBuffer().put("abcdef"); - print(Arrays.toString(bb.array())); - bb.rewind(); - bb.order(ByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN); - bb.asCharBuffer().put("abcdef"); - print(Arrays.toString(bb.array())); - bb.rewind(); - bb.order(ByteOrder.LITTLE_ENDIAN); - bb.asCharBuffer().put("abcdef"); - print(Arrays.toString(bb.array())); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + ByteBuffer bb = ByteBuffer.wrap(new byte[12]); + bb.asCharBuffer().put("abcdef"); + print(Arrays.toString(bb.array())); + bb.rewind(); + bb.order(ByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN); + bb.asCharBuffer().put("abcdef"); + print(Arrays.toString(bb.array())); + bb.rewind(); + bb.order(ByteOrder.LITTLE_ENDIAN); + bb.asCharBuffer().put("abcdef"); + print(Arrays.toString(bb.array())); + } } /* Output: [0, 97, 0, 98, 0, 99, 0, 100, 0, 101, 0, 102] [0, 97, 0, 98, 0, 99, 0, 100, 0, 101, 0, 102] diff --git a/src/io/FileLocking.java b/src/io/FileLocking.java index 6132767..c88423a 100644 --- a/src/io/FileLocking.java +++ b/src/io/FileLocking.java @@ -1,20 +1,21 @@ package io;//: io/FileLocking.java + import java.nio.channels.*; import java.util.concurrent.*; import java.io.*; public class FileLocking { - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - FileOutputStream fos= new FileOutputStream("file.txt"); - FileLock fl = fos.getChannel().tryLock(); - if(fl != null) { - System.out.println("Locked File"); - TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(100); - fl.release(); - System.out.println("Released Lock"); + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream("file.txt"); + FileLock fl = fos.getChannel().tryLock(); + if (fl != null) { + System.out.println("Locked File"); + TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(100); + fl.release(); + System.out.println("Released Lock"); + } + fos.close(); } - fos.close(); - } } /* Output: Locked File Released Lock diff --git a/src/io/FileOutputShortcut.java b/src/io/FileOutputShortcut.java index 297e78b..3c99a95 100644 --- a/src/io/FileOutputShortcut.java +++ b/src/io/FileOutputShortcut.java @@ -1,22 +1,24 @@ package io;//: io/FileOutputShortcut.java + import java.io.*; public class FileOutputShortcut { - static String file = "FileOutputShortcut.out"; - public static void main(String[] args) - throws IOException { - BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader( - new StringReader( - BufferedInputFile.read("FileOutputShortcut.java"))); - // Here's the shortcut: - PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(file); - int lineCount = 1; - String s; - while((s = in.readLine()) != null ) { - out.println(lineCount++ + ": " + s); + static String file = "FileOutputShortcut.out"; + + public static void main(String[] args) + throws IOException { + BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader( + new StringReader( + BufferedInputFile.read("FileOutputShortcut.java"))); + // Here's the shortcut: + PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(file); + int lineCount = 1; + String s; + while ((s = in.readLine()) != null) { + out.println(lineCount++ + ": " + s); + } + out.close(); + // Show the stored file: + System.out.println(BufferedInputFile.read(file)); } - out.close(); - // Show the stored file: - System.out.println(BufferedInputFile.read(file)); - } } /* (Execute to see output) *///:~ diff --git a/src/io/FormattedMemoryInput.java b/src/io/FormattedMemoryInput.java index 38fcb85..d85b413 100644 --- a/src/io/FormattedMemoryInput.java +++ b/src/io/FormattedMemoryInput.java @@ -1,19 +1,20 @@ package io;//: io/FormattedMemoryInput.java + import java.io.*; public class FormattedMemoryInput { - public static void main(String[] args) - throws IOException { - try { - DataInputStream in = new DataInputStream( - new ByteArrayInputStream( - BufferedInputFile.read( - "FormattedMemoryInput.java").getBytes())); - while(true) { - System.out.print((char)in.readByte()); - } - } catch(EOFException e) { - System.err.println("End of stream"); + public static void main(String[] args) + throws IOException { + try { + DataInputStream in = new DataInputStream( + new ByteArrayInputStream( + BufferedInputFile.read( + "FormattedMemoryInput.java").getBytes())); + while (true) { + System.out.print((char) in.readByte()); + } + } catch (EOFException e) { + System.err.println("End of stream"); + } } - } } /* (Execute to see output) *///:~ diff --git a/src/io/FreezeAlien.java b/src/io/FreezeAlien.java index e09dee6..1721c65 100644 --- a/src/io/FreezeAlien.java +++ b/src/io/FreezeAlien.java @@ -1,12 +1,13 @@ package io;//: io/FreezeAlien.java // Create a serialized output file. + import java.io.*; public class FreezeAlien { - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - ObjectOutput out = new ObjectOutputStream( - new FileOutputStream("X.file")); - Alien quellek = new Alien(); - out.writeObject(quellek); - } + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + ObjectOutput out = new ObjectOutputStream( + new FileOutputStream("X.file")); + Alien quellek = new Alien(); + out.writeObject(quellek); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/io/GZIPcompress.java b/src/io/GZIPcompress.java index 2de64da..2af0da3 100644 --- a/src/io/GZIPcompress.java +++ b/src/io/GZIPcompress.java @@ -1,37 +1,38 @@ package io;//: io/GZIPcompress.java // {Args: GZIPcompress.java} + import java.util.zip.*; import java.io.*; public class GZIPcompress { - public static void main(String[] args) - throws IOException { - if(args.length == 0) { - System.out.println( - "Usage: \nGZIPcompress file\n" + - "\tUses GZIP compression to compress " + - "the file to test.gz"); - System.exit(1); + public static void main(String[] args) + throws IOException { + if (args.length == 0) { + System.out.println( + "Usage: \nGZIPcompress file\n" + + "\tUses GZIP compression to compress " + + "the file to test.gz"); + System.exit(1); + } + BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader( + new FileReader(args[0])); + BufferedOutputStream out = new BufferedOutputStream( + new GZIPOutputStream( + new FileOutputStream("test.gz"))); + System.out.println("Writing file"); + int c; + while ((c = in.read()) != -1) { + out.write(c); + } + in.close(); + out.close(); + System.out.println("Reading file"); + BufferedReader in2 = new BufferedReader( + new InputStreamReader(new GZIPInputStream( + new FileInputStream("test.gz")))); + String s; + while ((s = in2.readLine()) != null) { + System.out.println(s); + } } - BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader( - new FileReader(args[0])); - BufferedOutputStream out = new BufferedOutputStream( - new GZIPOutputStream( - new FileOutputStream("test.gz"))); - System.out.println("Writing file"); - int c; - while((c = in.read()) != -1) { - out.write(c); - } - in.close(); - out.close(); - System.out.println("Reading file"); - BufferedReader in2 = new BufferedReader( - new InputStreamReader(new GZIPInputStream( - new FileInputStream("test.gz")))); - String s; - while((s = in2.readLine()) != null) { - System.out.println(s); - } - } } /* (Execute to see output) *///:~ diff --git a/src/io/GetChannel.java b/src/io/GetChannel.java index 1c072f9..0d7d80e 100644 --- a/src/io/GetChannel.java +++ b/src/io/GetChannel.java @@ -1,32 +1,34 @@ package io;//: io/GetChannel.java // Getting channels from streams + import java.nio.*; import java.nio.channels.*; import java.io.*; public class GetChannel { - private static final int BSIZE = 1024; - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - // Write a file: - FileChannel fc = - new FileOutputStream("data.txt").getChannel(); - fc.write(ByteBuffer.wrap("Some text ".getBytes())); - fc.close(); - // Add to the end of the file: - fc = - new RandomAccessFile("data.txt", "rw").getChannel(); - fc.position(fc.size()); // Move to the end - fc.write(ByteBuffer.wrap("Some more".getBytes())); - fc.close(); - // Read the file: - fc = new FileInputStream("data.txt").getChannel(); - ByteBuffer buff = ByteBuffer.allocate(BSIZE); - fc.read(buff); - buff.flip(); - while(buff.hasRemaining()) { - System.out.print((char)buff.get()); + private static final int BSIZE = 1024; + + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + // Write a file: + FileChannel fc = + new FileOutputStream("data.txt").getChannel(); + fc.write(ByteBuffer.wrap("Some text ".getBytes())); + fc.close(); + // Add to the end of the file: + fc = + new RandomAccessFile("data.txt", "rw").getChannel(); + fc.position(fc.size()); // Move to the end + fc.write(ByteBuffer.wrap("Some more".getBytes())); + fc.close(); + // Read the file: + fc = new FileInputStream("data.txt").getChannel(); + ByteBuffer buff = ByteBuffer.allocate(BSIZE); + fc.read(buff); + buff.flip(); + while (buff.hasRemaining()) { + System.out.print((char) buff.get()); + } } - } } /* Output: Some text Some more *///:~ diff --git a/src/io/GetData.java b/src/io/GetData.java index 1a94ee4..efe77c9 100644 --- a/src/io/GetData.java +++ b/src/io/GetData.java @@ -1,50 +1,53 @@ package io;//: io/GetData.java // Getting different representations from a ByteBuffer + import java.nio.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class GetData { - private static final int BSIZE = 1024; - public static void main(String[] args) { - ByteBuffer bb = ByteBuffer.allocate(BSIZE); - // Allocation automatically zeroes the ByteBuffer: - int i = 0; - while(i++ < bb.limit()) { - if(bb.get() != 0) { - print("nonzero"); + private static final int BSIZE = 1024; + + public static void main(String[] args) { + ByteBuffer bb = ByteBuffer.allocate(BSIZE); + // Allocation automatically zeroes the ByteBuffer: + int i = 0; + while (i++ < bb.limit()) { + if (bb.get() != 0) { + print("nonzero"); + } } + print("i = " + i); + bb.rewind(); + // Store and read a char array: + bb.asCharBuffer().put("Howdy!"); + char c; + while ((c = bb.getChar()) != 0) { + printnb(c + " "); + } + print(); + bb.rewind(); + // Store and read a short: + bb.asShortBuffer().put((short) 471142); + print(bb.getShort()); + bb.rewind(); + // Store and read an int: + bb.asIntBuffer().put(99471142); + print(bb.getInt()); + bb.rewind(); + // Store and read a long: + bb.asLongBuffer().put(99471142); + print(bb.getLong()); + bb.rewind(); + // Store and read a float: + bb.asFloatBuffer().put(99471142); + print(bb.getFloat()); + bb.rewind(); + // Store and read a double: + bb.asDoubleBuffer().put(99471142); + print(bb.getDouble()); + bb.rewind(); } - print("i = " + i); - bb.rewind(); - // Store and read a char array: - bb.asCharBuffer().put("Howdy!"); - char c; - while((c = bb.getChar()) != 0) { - printnb(c + " "); - } - print(); - bb.rewind(); - // Store and read a short: - bb.asShortBuffer().put((short)471142); - print(bb.getShort()); - bb.rewind(); - // Store and read an int: - bb.asIntBuffer().put(99471142); - print(bb.getInt()); - bb.rewind(); - // Store and read a long: - bb.asLongBuffer().put(99471142); - print(bb.getLong()); - bb.rewind(); - // Store and read a float: - bb.asFloatBuffer().put(99471142); - print(bb.getFloat()); - bb.rewind(); - // Store and read a double: - bb.asDoubleBuffer().put(99471142); - print(bb.getDouble()); - bb.rewind(); - } } /* Output: i = 1025 H o w d y ! diff --git a/src/io/IntBufferDemo.java b/src/io/IntBufferDemo.java index f95d5ea..44556ae 100644 --- a/src/io/IntBufferDemo.java +++ b/src/io/IntBufferDemo.java @@ -1,24 +1,26 @@ package io;//: io/IntBufferDemo.java // Manipulating ints in a ByteBuffer with an IntBuffer + import java.nio.*; public class IntBufferDemo { - private static final int BSIZE = 1024; - public static void main(String[] args) { - ByteBuffer bb = ByteBuffer.allocate(BSIZE); - IntBuffer ib = bb.asIntBuffer(); - // Store an array of int: - ib.put(new int[]{ 11, 42, 47, 99, 143, 811, 1016 }); - // Absolute location read and write: - System.out.println(ib.get(3)); - ib.put(3, 1811); - // Setting a new limit before rewinding the buffer. - ib.flip(); - while(ib.hasRemaining()) { - int i = ib.get(); - System.out.println(i); + private static final int BSIZE = 1024; + + public static void main(String[] args) { + ByteBuffer bb = ByteBuffer.allocate(BSIZE); + IntBuffer ib = bb.asIntBuffer(); + // Store an array of int: + ib.put(new int[]{11, 42, 47, 99, 143, 811, 1016}); + // Absolute location read and write: + System.out.println(ib.get(3)); + ib.put(3, 1811); + // Setting a new limit before rewinding the buffer. + ib.flip(); + while (ib.hasRemaining()) { + int i = ib.get(); + System.out.println(i); + } } - } } /* Output: 99 11 diff --git a/src/io/LargeMappedFiles.java b/src/io/LargeMappedFiles.java index 527fcf8..708074d 100644 --- a/src/io/LargeMappedFiles.java +++ b/src/io/LargeMappedFiles.java @@ -1,23 +1,26 @@ package io;//: io/LargeMappedFiles.java // Creating a very large file using mapping. // {RunByHand} + import java.nio.*; import java.nio.channels.*; import java.io.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class LargeMappedFiles { - static int length = 0x8FFFFFF; // 128 MB - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - MappedByteBuffer out = - new RandomAccessFile("test.dat", "rw").getChannel() - .map(FileChannel.MapMode.READ_WRITE, 0, length); - for(int i = 0; i < length; i++) { - out.put((byte)'x'); + static int length = 0x8FFFFFF; // 128 MB + + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + MappedByteBuffer out = + new RandomAccessFile("test.dat", "rw").getChannel() + .map(FileChannel.MapMode.READ_WRITE, 0, length); + for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) { + out.put((byte) 'x'); + } + print("Finished writing"); + for (int i = length / 2; i < length / 2 + 6; i++) { + printnb((char) out.get(i)); + } } - print("Finished writing"); - for(int i = length/2; i < length/2 + 6; i++) { - printnb((char)out.get(i)); - } - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/io/LockingMappedFiles.java b/src/io/LockingMappedFiles.java index cc14804..aef013e 100644 --- a/src/io/LockingMappedFiles.java +++ b/src/io/LockingMappedFiles.java @@ -1,49 +1,55 @@ package io;//: io/LockingMappedFiles.java // Locking portions of a mapped file. // {RunByHand} + import java.nio.*; import java.nio.channels.*; import java.io.*; public class LockingMappedFiles { - static final int LENGTH = 0x8FFFFFF; // 128 MB - static FileChannel fc; - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - fc = - new RandomAccessFile("test.dat", "rw").getChannel(); - MappedByteBuffer out = - fc.map(FileChannel.MapMode.READ_WRITE, 0, LENGTH); - for(int i = 0; i < LENGTH; i++) { - out.put((byte)'x'); - } - new LockAndModify(out, 0, 0 + LENGTH/3); - new LockAndModify(out, LENGTH/2, LENGTH/2 + LENGTH/4); - } - private static class LockAndModify extends Thread { - private ByteBuffer buff; - private int start, end; - LockAndModify(ByteBuffer mbb, int start, int end) { - this.start = start; - this.end = end; - mbb.limit(end); - mbb.position(start); - buff = mbb.slice(); - start(); - } - public void run() { - try { - // Exclusive lock with no overlap: - FileLock fl = fc.lock(start, end, false); - System.out.println("Locked: "+ start +" to "+ end); - // Perform modification: - while(buff.position() < buff.limit() - 1) { - buff.put((byte)(buff.get() + 1)); + static final int LENGTH = 0x8FFFFFF; // 128 MB + static FileChannel fc; + + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + fc = + new RandomAccessFile("test.dat", "rw").getChannel(); + MappedByteBuffer out = + fc.map(FileChannel.MapMode.READ_WRITE, 0, LENGTH); + for (int i = 0; i < LENGTH; i++) { + out.put((byte) 'x'); + } + new LockAndModify(out, 0, 0 + LENGTH / 3); + new LockAndModify(out, LENGTH / 2, LENGTH / 2 + LENGTH / 4); + } + + private static class LockAndModify extends Thread { + private ByteBuffer buff; + private int start, end; + + LockAndModify(ByteBuffer mbb, int start, int end) { + this.start = start; + this.end = end; + mbb.limit(end); + mbb.position(start); + buff = mbb.slice(); + start(); + } + + @Override + public void run() { + try { + // Exclusive lock with no overlap: + FileLock fl = fc.lock(start, end, false); + System.out.println("Locked: " + start + " to " + end); + // Perform modification: + while (buff.position() < buff.limit() - 1) { + buff.put((byte) (buff.get() + 1)); + } + fl.release(); + System.out.println("Released: " + start + " to " + end); + } catch (IOException e) { + throw new RuntimeException(e); + } } - fl.release(); - System.out.println("Released: "+start+" to "+ end); - } catch(IOException e) { - throw new RuntimeException(e); - } } - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/io/Logon.java b/src/io/Logon.java index 234ffea..9c4e29a 100644 --- a/src/io/Logon.java +++ b/src/io/Logon.java @@ -1,37 +1,43 @@ package io;//: io/Logon.java // Demonstrates the "transient" keyword. + import java.util.concurrent.*; import java.io.*; import java.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class Logon implements Serializable { - private Date date = new Date(); - private String username; - private transient String password; - public Logon(String name, String pwd) { - username = name; - password = pwd; - } - public String toString() { - return "logon info: \n username: " + username + - "\n date: " + date + "\n password: " + password; - } - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - Logon a = new Logon("Hulk", "myLittlePony"); - print("logon a = " + a); - ObjectOutputStream o = new ObjectOutputStream( - new FileOutputStream("Logon.out")); - o.writeObject(a); - o.close(); - TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1); // Delay - // Now get them back: - ObjectInputStream in = new ObjectInputStream( - new FileInputStream("Logon.out")); - print("Recovering object at " + new Date()); - a = (Logon)in.readObject(); - print("logon a = " + a); - } + private Date date = new Date(); + private String username; + private transient String password; + + public Logon(String name, String pwd) { + username = name; + password = pwd; + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return "logon info: \n username: " + username + + "\n date: " + date + "\n password: " + password; + } + + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + Logon a = new Logon("Hulk", "myLittlePony"); + print("logon a = " + a); + ObjectOutputStream o = new ObjectOutputStream( + new FileOutputStream("Logon.out")); + o.writeObject(a); + o.close(); + TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1); // Delay + // Now get them back: + ObjectInputStream in = new ObjectInputStream( + new FileInputStream("Logon.out")); + print("Recovering object at " + new Date()); + a = (Logon) in.readObject(); + print("logon a = " + a); + } } /* Output: (Sample) logon a = logon info: username: Hulk diff --git a/src/io/MakeDirectories.java b/src/io/MakeDirectories.java index db8f0bb..027b9fc 100644 --- a/src/io/MakeDirectories.java +++ b/src/io/MakeDirectories.java @@ -2,76 +2,78 @@ package io;//: io/MakeDirectories.java // Demonstrates the use of the File class to // create directories and manipulate files. // {Args: MakeDirectoriesTest} + import java.io.*; public class MakeDirectories { - private static void usage() { - System.err.println( - "Usage:MakeDirectories path1 ...\n" + - "Creates each path\n" + - "Usage:MakeDirectories -d path1 ...\n" + - "Deletes each path\n" + - "Usage:MakeDirectories -r path1 path2\n" + - "Renames from path1 to path2"); - System.exit(1); - } - private static void fileData(File f) { - System.out.println( - "Absolute path: " + f.getAbsolutePath() + - "\n Can read: " + f.canRead() + - "\n Can write: " + f.canWrite() + - "\n getName: " + f.getName() + - "\n getParent: " + f.getParent() + - "\n getPath: " + f.getPath() + - "\n length: " + f.length() + - "\n lastModified: " + f.lastModified()); - if(f.isFile()) { - System.out.println("It's a file"); - } else if(f.isDirectory()) { - System.out.println("It's a directory"); + private static void usage() { + System.err.println( + "Usage:MakeDirectories path1 ...\n" + + "Creates each path\n" + + "Usage:MakeDirectories -d path1 ...\n" + + "Deletes each path\n" + + "Usage:MakeDirectories -r path1 path2\n" + + "Renames from path1 to path2"); + System.exit(1); } - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - if(args.length < 1) { - usage(); - } - if(args[0].equals("-r")) { - if(args.length != 3) { - usage(); - } - File - old = new File(args[1]), - rname = new File(args[2]); - old.renameTo(rname); - fileData(old); - fileData(rname); - return; // Exit main - } - int count = 0; - boolean del = false; - if(args[0].equals("-d")) { - count++; - del = true; - } - count--; - while(++count < args.length) { - File f = new File(args[count]); - if(f.exists()) { - System.out.println(f + " exists"); - if(del) { - System.out.println("deleting..." + f); - f.delete(); + + private static void fileData(File f) { + System.out.println( + "Absolute path: " + f.getAbsolutePath() + + "\n Can read: " + f.canRead() + + "\n Can write: " + f.canWrite() + + "\n getName: " + f.getName() + + "\n getParent: " + f.getParent() + + "\n getPath: " + f.getPath() + + "\n length: " + f.length() + + "\n lastModified: " + f.lastModified()); + if (f.isFile()) { + System.out.println("It's a file"); + } else if (f.isDirectory()) { + System.out.println("It's a directory"); + } + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + if (args.length < 1) { + usage(); + } + if (args[0].equals("-r")) { + if (args.length != 3) { + usage(); + } + File + old = new File(args[1]), + rname = new File(args[2]); + old.renameTo(rname); + fileData(old); + fileData(rname); + return; // Exit main + } + int count = 0; + boolean del = false; + if (args[0].equals("-d")) { + count++; + del = true; + } + count--; + while (++count < args.length) { + File f = new File(args[count]); + if (f.exists()) { + System.out.println(f + " exists"); + if (del) { + System.out.println("deleting..." + f); + f.delete(); + } + } else { // Doesn't exist + if (!del) { + f.mkdirs(); + System.out.println("created " + f); + } + } + fileData(f); } - } - else { // Doesn't exist - if(!del) { - f.mkdirs(); - System.out.println("created " + f); - } - } - fileData(f); } - } } /* Output: (80% match) created MakeDirectoriesTest Absolute path: d:\aaa-TIJ4\code\io\MakeDirectoriesTest diff --git a/src/io/MappedIO.java b/src/io/MappedIO.java index e5296f8..f54f672 100644 --- a/src/io/MappedIO.java +++ b/src/io/MappedIO.java @@ -1,109 +1,124 @@ package io;//: io/MappedIO.java + import java.nio.*; import java.nio.channels.*; import java.io.*; public class MappedIO { - private static int numOfInts = 4000000; - private static int numOfUbuffInts = 200000; - private abstract static class Tester { - private String name; - public Tester(String name) { this.name = name; } - public void runTest() { - System.out.print(name + ": "); - try { - long start = System.nanoTime(); - test(); - double duration = System.nanoTime() - start; - System.out.format("%.2f\n", duration/1.0e9); - } catch(IOException e) { - throw new RuntimeException(e); - } + private static int numOfInts = 4000000; + private static int numOfUbuffInts = 200000; + + private abstract static class Tester { + private String name; + + public Tester(String name) { + this.name = name; + } + + public void runTest() { + System.out.print(name + ": "); + try { + long start = System.nanoTime(); + test(); + double duration = System.nanoTime() - start; + System.out.format("%.2f\n", duration / 1.0e9); + } catch (IOException e) { + throw new RuntimeException(e); + } + } + + public abstract void test() throws IOException; } - public abstract void test() throws IOException; - } - private static Tester[] tests = { - new Tester("Stream Write") { - public void test() throws IOException { - DataOutputStream dos = new DataOutputStream( - new BufferedOutputStream( - new FileOutputStream(new File("temp.tmp")))); - for(int i = 0; i < numOfInts; i++) { - dos.writeInt(i); + + private static Tester[] tests = { + new Tester("Stream Write") { + @Override + public void test() throws IOException { + DataOutputStream dos = new DataOutputStream( + new BufferedOutputStream( + new FileOutputStream(new File("temp.tmp")))); + for (int i = 0; i < numOfInts; i++) { + dos.writeInt(i); + } + dos.close(); + } + }, + new Tester("Mapped Write") { + @Override + public void test() throws IOException { + FileChannel fc = + new RandomAccessFile("temp.tmp", "rw") + .getChannel(); + IntBuffer ib = fc.map( + FileChannel.MapMode.READ_WRITE, 0, fc.size()) + .asIntBuffer(); + for (int i = 0; i < numOfInts; i++) { + ib.put(i); + } + fc.close(); + } + }, + new Tester("Stream Read") { + @Override + public void test() throws IOException { + DataInputStream dis = new DataInputStream( + new BufferedInputStream( + new FileInputStream("temp.tmp"))); + for (int i = 0; i < numOfInts; i++) { + dis.readInt(); + } + dis.close(); + } + }, + new Tester("Mapped Read") { + @Override + public void test() throws IOException { + FileChannel fc = new FileInputStream( + new File("temp.tmp")).getChannel(); + IntBuffer ib = fc.map( + FileChannel.MapMode.READ_ONLY, 0, fc.size()) + .asIntBuffer(); + while (ib.hasRemaining()) { + ib.get(); + } + fc.close(); + } + }, + new Tester("Stream Read/Write") { + @Override + public void test() throws IOException { + RandomAccessFile raf = new RandomAccessFile( + new File("temp.tmp"), "rw"); + raf.writeInt(1); + for (int i = 0; i < numOfUbuffInts; i++) { + raf.seek(raf.length() - 4); + raf.writeInt(raf.readInt()); + } + raf.close(); + } + }, + new Tester("Mapped Read/Write") { + @Override + public void test() throws IOException { + FileChannel fc = new RandomAccessFile( + new File("temp.tmp"), "rw").getChannel(); + IntBuffer ib = fc.map( + FileChannel.MapMode.READ_WRITE, 0, fc.size()) + .asIntBuffer(); + ib.put(0); + for (int i = 1; i < numOfUbuffInts; i++) { + ib.put(ib.get(i - 1)); + } + fc.close(); + } + } + }; + + public static void main(String[] args) { + for (Tester test : tests) { + test.runTest(); } - dos.close(); - } - }, - new Tester("Mapped Write") { - public void test() throws IOException { - FileChannel fc = - new RandomAccessFile("temp.tmp", "rw") - .getChannel(); - IntBuffer ib = fc.map( - FileChannel.MapMode.READ_WRITE, 0, fc.size()) - .asIntBuffer(); - for(int i = 0; i < numOfInts; i++) { - ib.put(i); - } - fc.close(); - } - }, - new Tester("Stream Read") { - public void test() throws IOException { - DataInputStream dis = new DataInputStream( - new BufferedInputStream( - new FileInputStream("temp.tmp"))); - for(int i = 0; i < numOfInts; i++) { - dis.readInt(); - } - dis.close(); - } - }, - new Tester("Mapped Read") { - public void test() throws IOException { - FileChannel fc = new FileInputStream( - new File("temp.tmp")).getChannel(); - IntBuffer ib = fc.map( - FileChannel.MapMode.READ_ONLY, 0, fc.size()) - .asIntBuffer(); - while(ib.hasRemaining()) { - ib.get(); - } - fc.close(); - } - }, - new Tester("Stream Read/Write") { - public void test() throws IOException { - RandomAccessFile raf = new RandomAccessFile( - new File("temp.tmp"), "rw"); - raf.writeInt(1); - for(int i = 0; i < numOfUbuffInts; i++) { - raf.seek(raf.length() - 4); - raf.writeInt(raf.readInt()); - } - raf.close(); - } - }, - new Tester("Mapped Read/Write") { - public void test() throws IOException { - FileChannel fc = new RandomAccessFile( - new File("temp.tmp"), "rw").getChannel(); - IntBuffer ib = fc.map( - FileChannel.MapMode.READ_WRITE, 0, fc.size()) - .asIntBuffer(); - ib.put(0); - for(int i = 1; i < numOfUbuffInts; i++) { - ib.put(ib.get(i - 1)); - } - fc.close(); - } } - }; - public static void main(String[] args) { - for(Tester test : tests) { - test.runTest(); - } - } } /* Output: (90% match) Stream Write: 0.56 Mapped Write: 0.12 diff --git a/src/io/MemoryInput.java b/src/io/MemoryInput.java index a9e7687..939cdfd 100644 --- a/src/io/MemoryInput.java +++ b/src/io/MemoryInput.java @@ -1,14 +1,15 @@ package io;//: io/MemoryInput.java + import java.io.*; public class MemoryInput { - public static void main(String[] args) - throws IOException { - StringReader in = new StringReader( - BufferedInputFile.read("MemoryInput.java")); - int c; - while((c = in.read()) != -1) { - System.out.print((char)c); + public static void main(String[] args) + throws IOException { + StringReader in = new StringReader( + BufferedInputFile.read("MemoryInput.java")); + int c; + while ((c = in.read()) != -1) { + System.out.print((char) c); + } } - } } /* (Execute to see output) *///:~ diff --git a/src/io/MyWorld.java b/src/io/MyWorld.java index 9925f65..6770049 100644 --- a/src/io/MyWorld.java +++ b/src/io/MyWorld.java @@ -1,55 +1,61 @@ package io;//: io/MyWorld.java + import java.io.*; import java.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; -class House implements Serializable {} +class House implements Serializable { +} class Animal implements Serializable { - private String name; - private House preferredHouse; - Animal(String nm, House h) { - name = nm; - preferredHouse = h; - } - public String toString() { - return name + "[" + super.toString() + - "], " + preferredHouse + "\n"; - } + private String name; + private House preferredHouse; + + Animal(String nm, House h) { + name = nm; + preferredHouse = h; + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return name + "[" + super.toString() + + "], " + preferredHouse + "\n"; + } } public class MyWorld { - public static void main(String[] args) - throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException { - House house = new House(); - List animals = new ArrayList(); - animals.add(new Animal("Bosco the dog", house)); - animals.add(new Animal("Ralph the hamster", house)); - animals.add(new Animal("Molly the cat", house)); - print("animals: " + animals); - ByteArrayOutputStream buf1 = - new ByteArrayOutputStream(); - ObjectOutputStream o1 = new ObjectOutputStream(buf1); - o1.writeObject(animals); - o1.writeObject(animals); // Write a 2nd set - // Write to a different stream: - ByteArrayOutputStream buf2 = - new ByteArrayOutputStream(); - ObjectOutputStream o2 = new ObjectOutputStream(buf2); - o2.writeObject(animals); - // Now get them back: - ObjectInputStream in1 = new ObjectInputStream( - new ByteArrayInputStream(buf1.toByteArray())); - ObjectInputStream in2 = new ObjectInputStream( - new ByteArrayInputStream(buf2.toByteArray())); - List - animals1 = (List)in1.readObject(), - animals2 = (List)in1.readObject(), - animals3 = (List)in2.readObject(); - print("animals1: " + animals1); - print("animals2: " + animals2); - print("animals3: " + animals3); - } + public static void main(String[] args) + throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException { + House house = new House(); + List animals = new ArrayList(); + animals.add(new Animal("Bosco the dog", house)); + animals.add(new Animal("Ralph the hamster", house)); + animals.add(new Animal("Molly the cat", house)); + print("animals: " + animals); + ByteArrayOutputStream buf1 = + new ByteArrayOutputStream(); + ObjectOutputStream o1 = new ObjectOutputStream(buf1); + o1.writeObject(animals); + o1.writeObject(animals); // Write a 2nd set + // Write to a different stream: + ByteArrayOutputStream buf2 = + new ByteArrayOutputStream(); + ObjectOutputStream o2 = new ObjectOutputStream(buf2); + o2.writeObject(animals); + // Now get them back: + ObjectInputStream in1 = new ObjectInputStream( + new ByteArrayInputStream(buf1.toByteArray())); + ObjectInputStream in2 = new ObjectInputStream( + new ByteArrayInputStream(buf2.toByteArray())); + List + animals1 = (List) in1.readObject(), + animals2 = (List) in1.readObject(), + animals3 = (List) in2.readObject(); + print("animals1: " + animals1); + print("animals2: " + animals2); + print("animals3: " + animals3); + } } /* Output: (Sample) animals: [Bosco the dog[Animal@addbf1], House@42e816 , Ralph the hamster[Animal@9304b1], House@42e816 diff --git a/src/io/OSExecuteDemo.java b/src/io/OSExecuteDemo.java index bb33217..a304c85 100644 --- a/src/io/OSExecuteDemo.java +++ b/src/io/OSExecuteDemo.java @@ -1,11 +1,12 @@ package io;//: io/OSExecuteDemo.java // Demonstrates standard I/O redirection. + import net.mindview.util.*; public class OSExecuteDemo { - public static void main(String[] args) { - OSExecute.command("javap OSExecuteDemo"); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + OSExecute.command("javap OSExecuteDemo"); + } } /* Output: Compiled from "OSExecuteDemo.java" public class OSExecuteDemo extends java.lang.Object{ diff --git a/src/io/PreferencesDemo.java b/src/io/PreferencesDemo.java index 9a9fa61..c5de87c 100644 --- a/src/io/PreferencesDemo.java +++ b/src/io/PreferencesDemo.java @@ -1,25 +1,27 @@ package io;//: io/PreferencesDemo.java + import java.util.prefs.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class PreferencesDemo { - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - Preferences prefs = Preferences - .userNodeForPackage(PreferencesDemo.class); - prefs.put("Location", "Oz"); - prefs.put("Footwear", "Ruby Slippers"); - prefs.putInt("Companions", 4); - prefs.putBoolean("Are there witches?", true); - int usageCount = prefs.getInt("UsageCount", 0); - usageCount++; - prefs.putInt("UsageCount", usageCount); - for(String key : prefs.keys()) { - print(key + ": "+ prefs.get(key, null)); + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + Preferences prefs = Preferences + .userNodeForPackage(PreferencesDemo.class); + prefs.put("Location", "Oz"); + prefs.put("Footwear", "Ruby Slippers"); + prefs.putInt("Companions", 4); + prefs.putBoolean("Are there witches?", true); + int usageCount = prefs.getInt("UsageCount", 0); + usageCount++; + prefs.putInt("UsageCount", usageCount); + for (String key : prefs.keys()) { + print(key + ": " + prefs.get(key, null)); + } + // You must always provide a default value: + print("How many companions does Dorothy have? " + + prefs.getInt("Companions", 0)); } - // You must always provide a default value: - print("How many companions does Dorothy have? " + - prefs.getInt("Companions", 0)); - } } /* Output: (Sample) Location: Oz Footwear: Ruby Slippers diff --git a/src/io/RecoverCADState.java b/src/io/RecoverCADState.java index 199bd57..590f31b 100644 --- a/src/io/RecoverCADState.java +++ b/src/io/RecoverCADState.java @@ -1,21 +1,22 @@ package io;//: io/RecoverCADState.java // Restoring the state of the pretend CAD system. // {RunFirst: StoreCADState} + import java.io.*; import java.util.*; public class RecoverCADState { - @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - ObjectInputStream in = new ObjectInputStream( - new FileInputStream("CADState.out")); - // Read in the same order they were written: - List> shapeTypes = - (List>)in.readObject(); - Line.deserializeStaticState(in); - List shapes = (List)in.readObject(); - System.out.println(shapes); - } + @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + ObjectInputStream in = new ObjectInputStream( + new FileInputStream("CADState.out")); + // Read in the same order they were written: + List> shapeTypes = + (List>) in.readObject(); + Line.deserializeStaticState(in); + List shapes = (List) in.readObject(); + System.out.println(shapes); + } } /* Output: [class Circlecolor[1] xPos[58] yPos[55] dim[93] , class Squarecolor[0] xPos[61] yPos[61] dim[29] diff --git a/src/io/Redirecting.java b/src/io/Redirecting.java index 800109f..2e70198 100644 --- a/src/io/Redirecting.java +++ b/src/io/Redirecting.java @@ -1,26 +1,27 @@ package io;//: io/Redirecting.java // Demonstrates standard I/O redirection. + import java.io.*; public class Redirecting { - public static void main(String[] args) - throws IOException { - PrintStream console = System.out; - BufferedInputStream in = new BufferedInputStream( - new FileInputStream("Redirecting.java")); - PrintStream out = new PrintStream( - new BufferedOutputStream( - new FileOutputStream("test.out"))); - System.setIn(in); - System.setOut(out); - System.setErr(out); - BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader( - new InputStreamReader(System.in)); - String s; - while((s = br.readLine()) != null) { - System.out.println(s); + public static void main(String[] args) + throws IOException { + PrintStream console = System.out; + BufferedInputStream in = new BufferedInputStream( + new FileInputStream("Redirecting.java")); + PrintStream out = new PrintStream( + new BufferedOutputStream( + new FileOutputStream("test.out"))); + System.setIn(in); + System.setOut(out); + System.setErr(out); + BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader( + new InputStreamReader(System.in)); + String s; + while ((s = br.readLine()) != null) { + System.out.println(s); + } + out.close(); // Remember this! + System.setOut(console); } - out.close(); // Remember this! - System.setOut(console); - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/io/SerialCtl.java b/src/io/SerialCtl.java index a45149e..d2d4a4d 100644 --- a/src/io/SerialCtl.java +++ b/src/io/SerialCtl.java @@ -1,39 +1,48 @@ package io;//: io/SerialCtl.java // Controlling serialization by adding your own // writeObject() and readObject() methods. + import java.io.*; public class SerialCtl implements Serializable { - private String a; - private transient String b; - public SerialCtl(String aa, String bb) { - a = "Not Transient: " + aa; - b = "Transient: " + bb; - } - public String toString() { return a + "\n" + b; } - private void writeObject(ObjectOutputStream stream) - throws IOException { - stream.defaultWriteObject(); - stream.writeObject(b); - } - private void readObject(ObjectInputStream stream) - throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException { - stream.defaultReadObject(); - b = (String)stream.readObject(); - } - public static void main(String[] args) - throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException { - SerialCtl sc = new SerialCtl("Test1", "Test2"); - System.out.println("Before:\n" + sc); - ByteArrayOutputStream buf= new ByteArrayOutputStream(); - ObjectOutputStream o = new ObjectOutputStream(buf); - o.writeObject(sc); - // Now get it back: - ObjectInputStream in = new ObjectInputStream( - new ByteArrayInputStream(buf.toByteArray())); - SerialCtl sc2 = (SerialCtl)in.readObject(); - System.out.println("After:\n" + sc2); - } + private String a; + private transient String b; + + public SerialCtl(String aa, String bb) { + a = "Not Transient: " + aa; + b = "Transient: " + bb; + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return a + "\n" + b; + } + + private void writeObject(ObjectOutputStream stream) + throws IOException { + stream.defaultWriteObject(); + stream.writeObject(b); + } + + private void readObject(ObjectInputStream stream) + throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException { + stream.defaultReadObject(); + b = (String) stream.readObject(); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) + throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException { + SerialCtl sc = new SerialCtl("Test1", "Test2"); + System.out.println("Before:\n" + sc); + ByteArrayOutputStream buf = new ByteArrayOutputStream(); + ObjectOutputStream o = new ObjectOutputStream(buf); + o.writeObject(sc); + // Now get it back: + ObjectInputStream in = new ObjectInputStream( + new ByteArrayInputStream(buf.toByteArray())); + SerialCtl sc2 = (SerialCtl) in.readObject(); + System.out.println("After:\n" + sc2); + } } /* Output: Before: Not Transient: Test1 diff --git a/src/io/StoreCADState.java b/src/io/StoreCADState.java index 86831ba..ccf4629 100644 --- a/src/io/StoreCADState.java +++ b/src/io/StoreCADState.java @@ -1,98 +1,141 @@ package io;//: io/StoreCADState.java // Saving the state of a pretend CAD system. + import java.io.*; import java.util.*; abstract class Shape implements Serializable { - public static final int RED = 1, BLUE = 2, GREEN = 3; - private int xPos, yPos, dimension; - private static Random rand = new Random(47); - private static int counter = 0; - public abstract void setColor(int newColor); - public abstract int getColor(); - public Shape(int xVal, int yVal, int dim) { - xPos = xVal; - yPos = yVal; - dimension = dim; - } - public String toString() { - return getClass() + - "color[" + getColor() + "] xPos[" + xPos + - "] yPos[" + yPos + "] dim[" + dimension + "]\n"; - } - public static Shape randomFactory() { - int xVal = rand.nextInt(100); - int yVal = rand.nextInt(100); - int dim = rand.nextInt(100); - switch(counter++ % 3) { - default: - case 0: return new Circle(xVal, yVal, dim); - case 1: return new Square(xVal, yVal, dim); - case 2: return new Line(xVal, yVal, dim); + public static final int RED = 1, BLUE = 2, GREEN = 3; + private int xPos, yPos, dimension; + private static Random rand = new Random(47); + private static int counter = 0; + + public abstract void setColor(int newColor); + + public abstract int getColor(); + + public Shape(int xVal, int yVal, int dim) { + xPos = xVal; + yPos = yVal; + dimension = dim; + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return getClass() + + "color[" + getColor() + "] xPos[" + xPos + + "] yPos[" + yPos + "] dim[" + dimension + "]\n"; + } + + public static Shape randomFactory() { + int xVal = rand.nextInt(100); + int yVal = rand.nextInt(100); + int dim = rand.nextInt(100); + switch (counter++ % 3) { + default: + case 0: + return new Circle(xVal, yVal, dim); + case 1: + return new Square(xVal, yVal, dim); + case 2: + return new Line(xVal, yVal, dim); + } } - } } class Circle extends Shape { - private static int color = RED; - public Circle(int xVal, int yVal, int dim) { - super(xVal, yVal, dim); - } - public void setColor(int newColor) { color = newColor; } - public int getColor() { return color; } + private static int color = RED; + + public Circle(int xVal, int yVal, int dim) { + super(xVal, yVal, dim); + } + + @Override + public void setColor(int newColor) { + color = newColor; + } + + @Override + public int getColor() { + return color; + } } class Square extends Shape { - private static int color; - public Square(int xVal, int yVal, int dim) { - super(xVal, yVal, dim); - color = RED; - } - public void setColor(int newColor) { color = newColor; } - public int getColor() { return color; } + private static int color; + + public Square(int xVal, int yVal, int dim) { + super(xVal, yVal, dim); + color = RED; + } + + @Override + public void setColor(int newColor) { + color = newColor; + } + + @Override + public int getColor() { + return color; + } } class Line extends Shape { - private static int color = RED; - public static void - serializeStaticState(ObjectOutputStream os) - throws IOException { os.writeInt(color); } - public static void - deserializeStaticState(ObjectInputStream os) - throws IOException { color = os.readInt(); } - public Line(int xVal, int yVal, int dim) { - super(xVal, yVal, dim); - } - public void setColor(int newColor) { color = newColor; } - public int getColor() { return color; } + private static int color = RED; + + public static void + serializeStaticState(ObjectOutputStream os) + throws IOException { + os.writeInt(color); + } + + public static void + deserializeStaticState(ObjectInputStream os) + throws IOException { + color = os.readInt(); + } + + public Line(int xVal, int yVal, int dim) { + super(xVal, yVal, dim); + } + + @Override + public void setColor(int newColor) { + color = newColor; + } + + @Override + public int getColor() { + return color; + } } public class StoreCADState { - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - List> shapeTypes = - new ArrayList>(); - // Add references to the class objects: - shapeTypes.add(Circle.class); - shapeTypes.add(Square.class); - shapeTypes.add(Line.class); - List shapes = new ArrayList(); - // Make some shapes: - for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { - shapes.add(Shape.randomFactory()); + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + List> shapeTypes = + new ArrayList>(); + // Add references to the class objects: + shapeTypes.add(Circle.class); + shapeTypes.add(Square.class); + shapeTypes.add(Line.class); + List shapes = new ArrayList(); + // Make some shapes: + for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { + shapes.add(Shape.randomFactory()); + } + // Set all the static colors to GREEN: + for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { + ((Shape) shapes.get(i)).setColor(Shape.GREEN); + } + // Save the state vector: + ObjectOutputStream out = new ObjectOutputStream( + new FileOutputStream("CADState.out")); + out.writeObject(shapeTypes); + Line.serializeStaticState(out); + out.writeObject(shapes); + // Display the shapes: + System.out.println(shapes); } - // Set all the static colors to GREEN: - for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { - ((Shape)shapes.get(i)).setColor(Shape.GREEN); - } - // Save the state vector: - ObjectOutputStream out = new ObjectOutputStream( - new FileOutputStream("CADState.out")); - out.writeObject(shapeTypes); - Line.serializeStaticState(out); - out.writeObject(shapes); - // Display the shapes: - System.out.println(shapes); - } } /* Output: [class Circlecolor[3] xPos[58] yPos[55] dim[93] , class Squarecolor[3] xPos[61] yPos[61] dim[29] diff --git a/src/io/StoringAndRecoveringData.java b/src/io/StoringAndRecoveringData.java index c68a63e..7e35c86 100644 --- a/src/io/StoringAndRecoveringData.java +++ b/src/io/StoringAndRecoveringData.java @@ -1,27 +1,28 @@ package io;//: io/StoringAndRecoveringData.java + import java.io.*; public class StoringAndRecoveringData { - public static void main(String[] args) - throws IOException { - DataOutputStream out = new DataOutputStream( - new BufferedOutputStream( - new FileOutputStream("Data.txt"))); - out.writeDouble(3.14159); - out.writeUTF("That was pi"); - out.writeDouble(1.41413); - out.writeUTF("Square root of 2"); - out.close(); - DataInputStream in = new DataInputStream( - new BufferedInputStream( - new FileInputStream("Data.txt"))); - System.out.println(in.readDouble()); - // Only readUTF() will recover the - // Java-UTF String properly: - System.out.println(in.readUTF()); - System.out.println(in.readDouble()); - System.out.println(in.readUTF()); - } + public static void main(String[] args) + throws IOException { + DataOutputStream out = new DataOutputStream( + new BufferedOutputStream( + new FileOutputStream("Data.txt"))); + out.writeDouble(3.14159); + out.writeUTF("That was pi"); + out.writeDouble(1.41413); + out.writeUTF("Square root of 2"); + out.close(); + DataInputStream in = new DataInputStream( + new BufferedInputStream( + new FileInputStream("Data.txt"))); + System.out.println(in.readDouble()); + // Only readUTF() will recover the + // Java-UTF String properly: + System.out.println(in.readUTF()); + System.out.println(in.readDouble()); + System.out.println(in.readUTF()); + } } /* Output: 3.14159 That was pi diff --git a/src/io/TestEOF.java b/src/io/TestEOF.java index 86f366c..468c8a0 100644 --- a/src/io/TestEOF.java +++ b/src/io/TestEOF.java @@ -1,15 +1,16 @@ package io;//: io/TestEOF.java // Testing for end of file while reading a byte at a time. + import java.io.*; public class TestEOF { - public static void main(String[] args) - throws IOException { - DataInputStream in = new DataInputStream( - new BufferedInputStream( - new FileInputStream("TestEOF.java"))); - while(in.available() != 0) { - System.out.print((char)in.readByte()); + public static void main(String[] args) + throws IOException { + DataInputStream in = new DataInputStream( + new BufferedInputStream( + new FileInputStream("TestEOF.java"))); + while (in.available() != 0) { + System.out.print((char) in.readByte()); + } } - } } /* (Execute to see output) *///:~ diff --git a/src/io/TransferTo.java b/src/io/TransferTo.java index 9e3a40c..5aa0eb4 100644 --- a/src/io/TransferTo.java +++ b/src/io/TransferTo.java @@ -1,20 +1,21 @@ package io;//: io/TransferTo.java // Using transferTo() between channels // {Args: TransferTo.java TransferTo.txt} + import java.nio.channels.*; import java.io.*; public class TransferTo { - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - if(args.length != 2) { - System.out.println("arguments: sourcefile destfile"); - System.exit(1); + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + if (args.length != 2) { + System.out.println("arguments: sourcefile destfile"); + System.exit(1); + } + FileChannel + in = new FileInputStream(args[0]).getChannel(), + out = new FileOutputStream(args[1]).getChannel(); + in.transferTo(0, in.size(), out); + // Or: + // out.transferFrom(in, 0, in.size()); } - FileChannel - in = new FileInputStream(args[0]).getChannel(), - out = new FileOutputStream(args[1]).getChannel(); - in.transferTo(0, in.size(), out); - // Or: - // out.transferFrom(in, 0, in.size()); - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/io/UsingBuffers.java b/src/io/UsingBuffers.java index af9da28..5609f82 100644 --- a/src/io/UsingBuffers.java +++ b/src/io/UsingBuffers.java @@ -1,28 +1,31 @@ package io;//: io/UsingBuffers.java + import java.nio.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class UsingBuffers { - private static void symmetricScramble(CharBuffer buffer){ - while(buffer.hasRemaining()) { - buffer.mark(); - char c1 = buffer.get(); - char c2 = buffer.get(); - buffer.reset(); - buffer.put(c2).put(c1); + private static void symmetricScramble(CharBuffer buffer) { + while (buffer.hasRemaining()) { + buffer.mark(); + char c1 = buffer.get(); + char c2 = buffer.get(); + buffer.reset(); + buffer.put(c2).put(c1); + } + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + char[] data = "UsingBuffers".toCharArray(); + ByteBuffer bb = ByteBuffer.allocate(data.length * 2); + CharBuffer cb = bb.asCharBuffer(); + cb.put(data); + print(cb.rewind()); + symmetricScramble(cb); + print(cb.rewind()); + symmetricScramble(cb); + print(cb.rewind()); } - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - char[] data = "UsingBuffers".toCharArray(); - ByteBuffer bb = ByteBuffer.allocate(data.length * 2); - CharBuffer cb = bb.asCharBuffer(); - cb.put(data); - print(cb.rewind()); - symmetricScramble(cb); - print(cb.rewind()); - symmetricScramble(cb); - print(cb.rewind()); - } } /* Output: UsingBuffers sUniBgfuefsr diff --git a/src/io/UsingRandomAccessFile.java b/src/io/UsingRandomAccessFile.java index 27d2996..4740962 100644 --- a/src/io/UsingRandomAccessFile.java +++ b/src/io/UsingRandomAccessFile.java @@ -1,32 +1,35 @@ package io;//: io/UsingRandomAccessFile.java + import java.io.*; public class UsingRandomAccessFile { - static String file = "rtest.dat"; - static void display() throws IOException { - RandomAccessFile rf = new RandomAccessFile(file, "r"); - for(int i = 0; i < 7; i++) { - System.out.println( - "Value " + i + ": " + rf.readDouble()); + static String file = "rtest.dat"; + + static void display() throws IOException { + RandomAccessFile rf = new RandomAccessFile(file, "r"); + for (int i = 0; i < 7; i++) { + System.out.println( + "Value " + i + ": " + rf.readDouble()); + } + System.out.println(rf.readUTF()); + rf.close(); } - System.out.println(rf.readUTF()); - rf.close(); - } - public static void main(String[] args) - throws IOException { - RandomAccessFile rf = new RandomAccessFile(file, "rw"); - for(int i = 0; i < 7; i++) { - rf.writeDouble(i*1.414); + + public static void main(String[] args) + throws IOException { + RandomAccessFile rf = new RandomAccessFile(file, "rw"); + for (int i = 0; i < 7; i++) { + rf.writeDouble(i * 1.414); + } + rf.writeUTF("The end of the file"); + rf.close(); + display(); + rf = new RandomAccessFile(file, "rw"); + rf.seek(5 * 8); + rf.writeDouble(47.0001); + rf.close(); + display(); } - rf.writeUTF("The end of the file"); - rf.close(); - display(); - rf = new RandomAccessFile(file, "rw"); - rf.seek(5*8); - rf.writeDouble(47.0001); - rf.close(); - display(); - } } /* Output: Value 0: 0.0 Value 1: 1.414 diff --git a/src/io/ViewBuffers.java b/src/io/ViewBuffers.java index d7430a2..ef0a6a6 100644 --- a/src/io/ViewBuffers.java +++ b/src/io/ViewBuffers.java @@ -1,59 +1,61 @@ package io;//: io/ViewBuffers.java + import java.nio.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class ViewBuffers { - public static void main(String[] args) { - ByteBuffer bb = ByteBuffer.wrap( - new byte[]{ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 'a' }); - bb.rewind(); - printnb("Byte Buffer "); - while(bb.hasRemaining()) { - printnb(bb.position()+ " -> " + bb.get() + ", "); + public static void main(String[] args) { + ByteBuffer bb = ByteBuffer.wrap( + new byte[]{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 'a'}); + bb.rewind(); + printnb("Byte Buffer "); + while (bb.hasRemaining()) { + printnb(bb.position() + " -> " + bb.get() + ", "); + } + print(); + CharBuffer cb = + ((ByteBuffer) bb.rewind()).asCharBuffer(); + printnb("Char Buffer "); + while (cb.hasRemaining()) { + printnb(cb.position() + " -> " + cb.get() + ", "); + } + print(); + FloatBuffer fb = + ((ByteBuffer) bb.rewind()).asFloatBuffer(); + printnb("Float Buffer "); + while (fb.hasRemaining()) { + printnb(fb.position() + " -> " + fb.get() + ", "); + } + print(); + IntBuffer ib = + ((ByteBuffer) bb.rewind()).asIntBuffer(); + printnb("Int Buffer "); + while (ib.hasRemaining()) { + printnb(ib.position() + " -> " + ib.get() + ", "); + } + print(); + LongBuffer lb = + ((ByteBuffer) bb.rewind()).asLongBuffer(); + printnb("Long Buffer "); + while (lb.hasRemaining()) { + printnb(lb.position() + " -> " + lb.get() + ", "); + } + print(); + ShortBuffer sb = + ((ByteBuffer) bb.rewind()).asShortBuffer(); + printnb("Short Buffer "); + while (sb.hasRemaining()) { + printnb(sb.position() + " -> " + sb.get() + ", "); + } + print(); + DoubleBuffer db = + ((ByteBuffer) bb.rewind()).asDoubleBuffer(); + printnb("Double Buffer "); + while (db.hasRemaining()) { + printnb(db.position() + " -> " + db.get() + ", "); + } } - print(); - CharBuffer cb = - ((ByteBuffer)bb.rewind()).asCharBuffer(); - printnb("Char Buffer "); - while(cb.hasRemaining()) { - printnb(cb.position() + " -> " + cb.get() + ", "); - } - print(); - FloatBuffer fb = - ((ByteBuffer)bb.rewind()).asFloatBuffer(); - printnb("Float Buffer "); - while(fb.hasRemaining()) { - printnb(fb.position()+ " -> " + fb.get() + ", "); - } - print(); - IntBuffer ib = - ((ByteBuffer)bb.rewind()).asIntBuffer(); - printnb("Int Buffer "); - while(ib.hasRemaining()) { - printnb(ib.position()+ " -> " + ib.get() + ", "); - } - print(); - LongBuffer lb = - ((ByteBuffer)bb.rewind()).asLongBuffer(); - printnb("Long Buffer "); - while(lb.hasRemaining()) { - printnb(lb.position()+ " -> " + lb.get() + ", "); - } - print(); - ShortBuffer sb = - ((ByteBuffer)bb.rewind()).asShortBuffer(); - printnb("Short Buffer "); - while(sb.hasRemaining()) { - printnb(sb.position()+ " -> " + sb.get() + ", "); - } - print(); - DoubleBuffer db = - ((ByteBuffer)bb.rewind()).asDoubleBuffer(); - printnb("Double Buffer "); - while(db.hasRemaining()) { - printnb(db.position()+ " -> " + db.get() + ", "); - } - } } /* Output: Byte Buffer 0 -> 0, 1 -> 0, 2 -> 0, 3 -> 0, 4 -> 0, 5 -> 0, 6 -> 0, 7 -> 97, Char Buffer 0 -> , 1 -> , 2 -> , 3 -> a, diff --git a/src/io/Worm.java b/src/io/Worm.java index 28cf6ee..e9fdaa5 100644 --- a/src/io/Worm.java +++ b/src/io/Worm.java @@ -1,74 +1,88 @@ package io;//: io/Worm.java // Demonstrates object serialization. + import java.io.*; import java.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; class Data implements Serializable { - private int n; - public Data(int n) { this.n = n; } - public String toString() { return Integer.toString(n); } + private int n; + + public Data(int n) { + this.n = n; + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return Integer.toString(n); + } } public class Worm implements Serializable { - private static Random rand = new Random(47); - private Data[] d = { - new Data(rand.nextInt(10)), - new Data(rand.nextInt(10)), - new Data(rand.nextInt(10)) - }; - private Worm next; - private char c; - // Value of i == number of segments - public Worm(int i, char x) { - print("Worm constructor: " + i); - c = x; - if(--i > 0) { - next = new Worm(i, (char)(x + 1)); + private static Random rand = new Random(47); + private Data[] d = { + new Data(rand.nextInt(10)), + new Data(rand.nextInt(10)), + new Data(rand.nextInt(10)) + }; + private Worm next; + private char c; + + // Value of i == number of segments + public Worm(int i, char x) { + print("Worm constructor: " + i); + c = x; + if (--i > 0) { + next = new Worm(i, (char) (x + 1)); + } } - } - public Worm() { - print("Default constructor"); - } - public String toString() { - StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder(":"); - result.append(c); - result.append("("); - for(Data dat : d) { - result.append(dat); + + public Worm() { + print("Default constructor"); } - result.append(")"); - if(next != null) { - result.append(next); + + @Override + public String toString() { + StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder(":"); + result.append(c); + result.append("("); + for (Data dat : d) { + result.append(dat); + } + result.append(")"); + if (next != null) { + result.append(next); + } + return result.toString(); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) + throws ClassNotFoundException, IOException { + Worm w = new Worm(6, 'a'); + print("w = " + w); + ObjectOutputStream out = new ObjectOutputStream( + new FileOutputStream("worm.out")); + out.writeObject("Worm storage\n"); + out.writeObject(w); + out.close(); // Also flushes output + ObjectInputStream in = new ObjectInputStream( + new FileInputStream("worm.out")); + String s = (String) in.readObject(); + Worm w2 = (Worm) in.readObject(); + print(s + "w2 = " + w2); + ByteArrayOutputStream bout = + new ByteArrayOutputStream(); + ObjectOutputStream out2 = new ObjectOutputStream(bout); + out2.writeObject("Worm storage\n"); + out2.writeObject(w); + out2.flush(); + ObjectInputStream in2 = new ObjectInputStream( + new ByteArrayInputStream(bout.toByteArray())); + s = (String) in2.readObject(); + Worm w3 = (Worm) in2.readObject(); + print(s + "w3 = " + w3); } - return result.toString(); - } - public static void main(String[] args) - throws ClassNotFoundException, IOException { - Worm w = new Worm(6, 'a'); - print("w = " + w); - ObjectOutputStream out = new ObjectOutputStream( - new FileOutputStream("worm.out")); - out.writeObject("Worm storage\n"); - out.writeObject(w); - out.close(); // Also flushes output - ObjectInputStream in = new ObjectInputStream( - new FileInputStream("worm.out")); - String s = (String)in.readObject(); - Worm w2 = (Worm)in.readObject(); - print(s + "w2 = " + w2); - ByteArrayOutputStream bout = - new ByteArrayOutputStream(); - ObjectOutputStream out2 = new ObjectOutputStream(bout); - out2.writeObject("Worm storage\n"); - out2.writeObject(w); - out2.flush(); - ObjectInputStream in2 = new ObjectInputStream( - new ByteArrayInputStream(bout.toByteArray())); - s = (String)in2.readObject(); - Worm w3 = (Worm)in2.readObject(); - print(s + "w3 = " + w3); - } } /* Output: Worm constructor: 6 Worm constructor: 5 diff --git a/src/io/ZipCompress.java b/src/io/ZipCompress.java index 1ae03cd..3044ce5 100644 --- a/src/io/ZipCompress.java +++ b/src/io/ZipCompress.java @@ -2,64 +2,66 @@ package io;//: io/ZipCompress.java // Uses Zip compression to compress any // number of files given on the command line. // {Args: ZipCompress.java} + import java.util.zip.*; import java.io.*; import java.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class ZipCompress { - public static void main(String[] args) - throws IOException { - FileOutputStream f = new FileOutputStream("test.zip"); - CheckedOutputStream csum = - new CheckedOutputStream(f, new Adler32()); - ZipOutputStream zos = new ZipOutputStream(csum); - BufferedOutputStream out = - new BufferedOutputStream(zos); - zos.setComment("A test of Java Zipping"); - // No corresponding getComment(), though. - for(String arg : args) { - print("Writing file " + arg); - BufferedReader in = - new BufferedReader(new FileReader(arg)); - zos.putNextEntry(new ZipEntry(arg)); - int c; - while((c = in.read()) != -1) { - out.write(c); - } - in.close(); - out.flush(); + public static void main(String[] args) + throws IOException { + FileOutputStream f = new FileOutputStream("test.zip"); + CheckedOutputStream csum = + new CheckedOutputStream(f, new Adler32()); + ZipOutputStream zos = new ZipOutputStream(csum); + BufferedOutputStream out = + new BufferedOutputStream(zos); + zos.setComment("A test of Java Zipping"); + // No corresponding getComment(), though. + for (String arg : args) { + print("Writing file " + arg); + BufferedReader in = + new BufferedReader(new FileReader(arg)); + zos.putNextEntry(new ZipEntry(arg)); + int c; + while ((c = in.read()) != -1) { + out.write(c); + } + in.close(); + out.flush(); + } + out.close(); + // Checksum valid only after the file has been closed! + print("Checksum: " + csum.getChecksum().getValue()); + // Now extract the files: + print("Reading file"); + FileInputStream fi = new FileInputStream("test.zip"); + CheckedInputStream csumi = + new CheckedInputStream(fi, new Adler32()); + ZipInputStream in2 = new ZipInputStream(csumi); + BufferedInputStream bis = new BufferedInputStream(in2); + ZipEntry ze; + while ((ze = in2.getNextEntry()) != null) { + print("Reading file " + ze); + int x; + while ((x = bis.read()) != -1) { + System.out.write(x); + } + } + if (args.length == 1) { + print("Checksum: " + csumi.getChecksum().getValue()); + } + bis.close(); + // Alternative way to open and read Zip files: + ZipFile zf = new ZipFile("test.zip"); + Enumeration e = zf.entries(); + while (e.hasMoreElements()) { + ZipEntry ze2 = (ZipEntry) e.nextElement(); + print("File: " + ze2); + // ... and extract the data as before + } + /* if(args.length == 1) */ } - out.close(); - // Checksum valid only after the file has been closed! - print("Checksum: " + csum.getChecksum().getValue()); - // Now extract the files: - print("Reading file"); - FileInputStream fi = new FileInputStream("test.zip"); - CheckedInputStream csumi = - new CheckedInputStream(fi, new Adler32()); - ZipInputStream in2 = new ZipInputStream(csumi); - BufferedInputStream bis = new BufferedInputStream(in2); - ZipEntry ze; - while((ze = in2.getNextEntry()) != null) { - print("Reading file " + ze); - int x; - while((x = bis.read()) != -1) { - System.out.write(x); - } - } - if(args.length == 1) { - print("Checksum: " + csumi.getChecksum().getValue()); - } - bis.close(); - // Alternative way to open and read Zip files: - ZipFile zf = new ZipFile("test.zip"); - Enumeration e = zf.entries(); - while(e.hasMoreElements()) { - ZipEntry ze2 = (ZipEntry)e.nextElement(); - print("File: " + ze2); - // ... and extract the data as before - } - /* if(args.length == 1) */ - } } /* (Execute to see output) *///:~ diff --git a/src/io/build.xml b/src/io/build.xml index fe1ac48..b8d7f00 100644 --- a/src/io/build.xml +++ b/src/io/build.xml @@ -1,528 +1,528 @@ + basedir="." + default="run" + name="Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel (chapter: io)"> - - build.xml for the source code for the io chapter of - Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel - Source code available at http://www.MindView.net - See copyright notice in CopyRight.txt + + build.xml for the source code for the io chapter of + Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel + Source code available at http://www.MindView.net + See copyright notice in CopyRight.txt - Ant available from: http://jakarta.apache.org/ant + Ant available from: http://jakarta.apache.org/ant - To see options, type: ant -p + To see options, type: ant -p - This file was automatically generated by AntBuilder - + This file was automatically generated by AntBuilder + - - - + + + - - - - - - + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - - - + + + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - + + - - - + + + - - + + - - - + + + - - + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - - - + + + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - - - + + + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - - - + + + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - - - + + + + + - - - + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/src/io/xfiles/ThawAlien.java b/src/io/xfiles/ThawAlien.java index 11ef3b1..98a32a0 100644 --- a/src/io/xfiles/ThawAlien.java +++ b/src/io/xfiles/ThawAlien.java @@ -2,15 +2,16 @@ package io.xfiles;//: io/xfiles/ThawAlien.java // Try to recover a serialized file without the // class of object that's stored in that file. // {RunByHand} + import java.io.*; public class ThawAlien { - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - ObjectInputStream in = new ObjectInputStream( - new FileInputStream(new File("..", "X.file"))); - Object mystery = in.readObject(); - System.out.println(mystery.getClass()); - } + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + ObjectInputStream in = new ObjectInputStream( + new FileInputStream(new File("..", "X.file"))); + Object mystery = in.readObject(); + System.out.println(mystery.getClass()); + } } /* Output: class Alien *///:~ diff --git a/src/net/build.xml b/src/net/build.xml index 2cb4142..1e3e5bd 100644 --- a/src/net/build.xml +++ b/src/net/build.xml @@ -1,199 +1,199 @@ + basedir="." + default="run" + name="Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel (chapter: net)"> - - build.xml for the source code for the net chapter of - Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel - Source code available at http://www.MindView.net - See copyright notice in CopyRight.txt + + build.xml for the source code for the net chapter of + Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel + Source code available at http://www.MindView.net + See copyright notice in CopyRight.txt - Ant available from: http://jakarta.apache.org/ant + Ant available from: http://jakarta.apache.org/ant - To see options, type: ant -p + To see options, type: ant -p - This file was automatically generated by AntBuilder - + This file was automatically generated by AntBuilder + - - - + + + - + - - - - - - + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + - - - + + + - - - - - + + + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/src/net/mindview/atunit/AtUnit.java b/src/net/mindview/atunit/AtUnit.java index 6fa5b3b..312f98a 100644 --- a/src/net/mindview/atunit/AtUnit.java +++ b/src/net/mindview/atunit/AtUnit.java @@ -2,167 +2,177 @@ // An annotation-based unit-test framework. // {RunByHand} package net.mindview.atunit; + import java.lang.reflect.*; import java.io.*; import java.util.*; + import net.mindview.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class AtUnit implements ProcessFiles.Strategy { - static Class testClass; - static List failedTests= new ArrayList(); - static long testsRun = 0; - static long failures = 0; - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader() - .setDefaultAssertionStatus(true); // Enable asserts - new ProcessFiles(new AtUnit(), "class").start(args); - if(failures == 0) { - print("OK (" + testsRun + " tests)"); - } else { - print("(" + testsRun + " tests)"); - print("\n>>> " + failures + " FAILURE" + - (failures > 1 ? "S" : "") + " <<<"); - for(String failed : failedTests) { - print(" " + failed); - } - } - } - public void process(File cFile) { - try { - String cName = ClassNameFinder.thisClass( - BinaryFile.read(cFile)); - if(!cName.contains(".")) { - return; // Ignore unpackaged classes - } - testClass = Class.forName(cName); - } catch(Exception e) { - throw new RuntimeException(e); - } - TestMethods testMethods = new TestMethods(); - Method creator = null; - Method cleanup = null; - for(Method m : testClass.getDeclaredMethods()) { - testMethods.addIfTestMethod(m); - if(creator == null) { - creator = checkForCreatorMethod(m); - } - if(cleanup == null) { - cleanup = checkForCleanupMethod(m); - } - } - if(testMethods.size() > 0) { - if(creator == null) { - try { - if(!Modifier.isPublic(testClass - .getDeclaredConstructor().getModifiers())) { - print("Error: " + testClass + - " default constructor must be public"); - System.exit(1); + static Class testClass; + static List failedTests = new ArrayList(); + static long testsRun = 0; + static long failures = 0; + + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader() + .setDefaultAssertionStatus(true); // Enable asserts + new ProcessFiles(new AtUnit(), "class").start(args); + if (failures == 0) { + print("OK (" + testsRun + " tests)"); + } else { + print("(" + testsRun + " tests)"); + print("\n>>> " + failures + " FAILURE" + + (failures > 1 ? "S" : "") + " <<<"); + for (String failed : failedTests) { + print(" " + failed); } - } catch(NoSuchMethodException e) { - // Synthesized default constructor; OK - } - } - print(testClass.getName()); + } } - for(Method m : testMethods) { - printnb(" . " + m.getName() + " "); - try { - Object testObject = createTestObject(creator); - boolean success = false; + + @Override + public void process(File cFile) { try { - if(m.getReturnType().equals(boolean.class)) { - success = (Boolean)m.invoke(testObject); - } else { - m.invoke(testObject); - success = true; // If no assert fails - } - } catch(InvocationTargetException e) { - // Actual exception is inside e: - print(e.getCause()); + String cName = ClassNameFinder.thisClass( + BinaryFile.read(cFile)); + if (!cName.contains(".")) { + return; // Ignore unpackaged classes + } + testClass = Class.forName(cName); + } catch (Exception e) { + throw new RuntimeException(e); } - print(success ? "" : "(failed)"); - testsRun++; - if(!success) { - failures++; - failedTests.add(testClass.getName() + - ": " + m.getName()); + TestMethods testMethods = new TestMethods(); + Method creator = null; + Method cleanup = null; + for (Method m : testClass.getDeclaredMethods()) { + testMethods.addIfTestMethod(m); + if (creator == null) { + creator = checkForCreatorMethod(m); + } + if (cleanup == null) { + cleanup = checkForCleanupMethod(m); + } } - if(cleanup != null) { - cleanup.invoke(testObject, testObject); + if (testMethods.size() > 0) { + if (creator == null) { + try { + if (!Modifier.isPublic(testClass + .getDeclaredConstructor().getModifiers())) { + print("Error: " + testClass + + " default constructor must be public"); + System.exit(1); + } + } catch (NoSuchMethodException e) { + // Synthesized default constructor; OK + } + } + print(testClass.getName()); + } + for (Method m : testMethods) { + printnb(" . " + m.getName() + " "); + try { + Object testObject = createTestObject(creator); + boolean success = false; + try { + if (m.getReturnType().equals(boolean.class)) { + success = (Boolean) m.invoke(testObject); + } else { + m.invoke(testObject); + success = true; // If no assert fails + } + } catch (InvocationTargetException e) { + // Actual exception is inside e: + print(e.getCause()); + } + print(success ? "" : "(failed)"); + testsRun++; + if (!success) { + failures++; + failedTests.add(testClass.getName() + + ": " + m.getName()); + } + if (cleanup != null) { + cleanup.invoke(testObject, testObject); + } + } catch (Exception e) { + throw new RuntimeException(e); + } } - } catch(Exception e) { - throw new RuntimeException(e); - } } - } - static class TestMethods extends ArrayList { - void addIfTestMethod(Method m) { - if(m.getAnnotation(Test.class) == null) { - return; - } - if(!(m.getReturnType().equals(boolean.class) || - m.getReturnType().equals(void.class))) { - throw new RuntimeException("@Test method" + - " must return boolean or void"); - } - m.setAccessible(true); // In case it's private, etc. - add(m); + + static class TestMethods extends ArrayList { + void addIfTestMethod(Method m) { + if (m.getAnnotation(Test.class) == null) { + return; + } + if (!(m.getReturnType().equals(boolean.class) || + m.getReturnType().equals(void.class))) { + throw new RuntimeException("@Test method" + + " must return boolean or void"); + } + m.setAccessible(true); // In case it's private, etc. + add(m); + } } - } - private static Method checkForCreatorMethod(Method m) { - if(m.getAnnotation(TestObjectCreate.class) == null) { - return null; + + private static Method checkForCreatorMethod(Method m) { + if (m.getAnnotation(TestObjectCreate.class) == null) { + return null; + } + if (!m.getReturnType().equals(testClass)) { + throw new RuntimeException("@TestObjectCreate " + + "must return instance of Class to be tested"); + } + if ((m.getModifiers() & + java.lang.reflect.Modifier.STATIC) < 1) { + throw new RuntimeException("@TestObjectCreate " + + "must be static."); + } + m.setAccessible(true); + return m; } - if(!m.getReturnType().equals(testClass)) { - throw new RuntimeException("@TestObjectCreate " + - "must return instance of Class to be tested"); + + private static Method checkForCleanupMethod(Method m) { + if (m.getAnnotation(TestObjectCleanup.class) == null) { + return null; + } + if (!m.getReturnType().equals(void.class)) { + throw new RuntimeException("@TestObjectCleanup " + + "must return void"); + } + if ((m.getModifiers() & + java.lang.reflect.Modifier.STATIC) < 1) { + throw new RuntimeException("@TestObjectCleanup " + + "must be static."); + } + if (m.getParameterTypes().length == 0 || + m.getParameterTypes()[0] != testClass) { + throw new RuntimeException("@TestObjectCleanup " + + "must take an argument of the tested type."); + } + m.setAccessible(true); + return m; } - if((m.getModifiers() & - java.lang.reflect.Modifier.STATIC) < 1) { - throw new RuntimeException("@TestObjectCreate " + - "must be static."); + + private static Object createTestObject(Method creator) { + if (creator != null) { + try { + return creator.invoke(testClass); + } catch (Exception e) { + throw new RuntimeException("Couldn't run " + + "@TestObject (creator) method."); + } + } else { // Use the default constructor: + try { + return testClass.newInstance(); + } catch (Exception e) { + throw new RuntimeException("Couldn't create a " + + "test object. Try using a @TestObject method."); + } + } } - m.setAccessible(true); - return m; - } - private static Method checkForCleanupMethod(Method m) { - if(m.getAnnotation(TestObjectCleanup.class) == null) { - return null; - } - if(!m.getReturnType().equals(void.class)) { - throw new RuntimeException("@TestObjectCleanup " + - "must return void"); - } - if((m.getModifiers() & - java.lang.reflect.Modifier.STATIC) < 1) { - throw new RuntimeException("@TestObjectCleanup " + - "must be static."); - } - if(m.getParameterTypes().length == 0 || - m.getParameterTypes()[0] != testClass) { - throw new RuntimeException("@TestObjectCleanup " + - "must take an argument of the tested type."); - } - m.setAccessible(true); - return m; - } - private static Object createTestObject(Method creator) { - if(creator != null) { - try { - return creator.invoke(testClass); - } catch(Exception e) { - throw new RuntimeException("Couldn't run " + - "@TestObject (creator) method."); - } - } else { // Use the default constructor: - try { - return testClass.newInstance(); - } catch(Exception e) { - throw new RuntimeException("Couldn't create a " + - "test object. Try using a @TestObject method."); - } - } - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/net/mindview/atunit/AtUnitRemover.java b/src/net/mindview/atunit/AtUnitRemover.java index 0ba131b..84ad7fa 100644 --- a/src/net/mindview/atunit/AtUnitRemover.java +++ b/src/net/mindview/atunit/AtUnitRemover.java @@ -6,65 +6,72 @@ // You must install the Javassist library from // http://sourceforge.net/projects/jboss/ } package net.mindview.atunit; + import javassist.*; import javassist.expr.*; import javassist.bytecode.*; import javassist.bytecode.annotation.*; + import java.io.*; import java.util.*; + import net.mindview.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class AtUnitRemover -implements ProcessFiles.Strategy { - private static boolean remove = false; - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - if(args.length > 0 && args[0].equals("-r")) { - remove = true; - String[] nargs = new String[args.length - 1]; - System.arraycopy(args, 1, nargs, 0, nargs.length); - args = nargs; - } - new ProcessFiles( - new AtUnitRemover(), "class").start(args); - } - public void process(File cFile) { - boolean modified = false; - try { - String cName = ClassNameFinder.thisClass( - BinaryFile.read(cFile)); - if(!cName.contains(".")) { - return; // Ignore unpackaged classes - } - ClassPool cPool = ClassPool.getDefault(); - CtClass ctClass = cPool.get(cName); - for(CtMethod method : ctClass.getDeclaredMethods()) { - MethodInfo mi = method.getMethodInfo(); - AnnotationsAttribute attr = (AnnotationsAttribute) - mi.getAttribute(AnnotationsAttribute.visibleTag); - if(attr == null) { - continue; + implements ProcessFiles.Strategy { + private static boolean remove = false; + + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + if (args.length > 0 && args[0].equals("-r")) { + remove = true; + String[] nargs = new String[args.length - 1]; + System.arraycopy(args, 1, nargs, 0, nargs.length); + args = nargs; } - for(Annotation ann : attr.getAnnotations()) { - if(ann.getTypeName() - .startsWith("net.mindview.atunit")) { - print(ctClass.getName() + " Method: " - + mi.getName() + " " + ann); - if(remove) { - ctClass.removeMethod(method); - modified = true; + new ProcessFiles( + new AtUnitRemover(), "class").start(args); + } + + @Override + public void process(File cFile) { + boolean modified = false; + try { + String cName = ClassNameFinder.thisClass( + BinaryFile.read(cFile)); + if (!cName.contains(".")) { + return; // Ignore unpackaged classes } - } + ClassPool cPool = ClassPool.getDefault(); + CtClass ctClass = cPool.get(cName); + for (CtMethod method : ctClass.getDeclaredMethods()) { + MethodInfo mi = method.getMethodInfo(); + AnnotationsAttribute attr = (AnnotationsAttribute) + mi.getAttribute(AnnotationsAttribute.visibleTag); + if (attr == null) { + continue; + } + for (Annotation ann : attr.getAnnotations()) { + if (ann.getTypeName() + .startsWith("net.mindview.atunit")) { + print(ctClass.getName() + " Method: " + + mi.getName() + " " + ann); + if (remove) { + ctClass.removeMethod(method); + modified = true; + } + } + } + } + // Fields are not removed in this version (see text). + if (modified) { + ctClass.toBytecode(new DataOutputStream( + new FileOutputStream(cFile))); + } + ctClass.detach(); + } catch (Exception e) { + throw new RuntimeException(e); } - } - // Fields are not removed in this version (see text). - if(modified) { - ctClass.toBytecode(new DataOutputStream( - new FileOutputStream(cFile))); - } - ctClass.detach(); - } catch(Exception e) { - throw new RuntimeException(e); } - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/net/mindview/atunit/ClassNameFinder.java b/src/net/mindview/atunit/ClassNameFinder.java index 5721c1c..d6081e0 100644 --- a/src/net/mindview/atunit/ClassNameFinder.java +++ b/src/net/mindview/atunit/ClassNameFinder.java @@ -1,82 +1,86 @@ //: net/mindview/atunit/ClassNameFinder.java package net.mindview.atunit; + import java.io.*; import java.util.*; + import net.mindview.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class ClassNameFinder { - public static String thisClass(byte[] classBytes) { - Map offsetTable = - new HashMap(); - Map classNameTable = - new HashMap(); - try { - DataInputStream data = new DataInputStream( - new ByteArrayInputStream(classBytes)); - int magic = data.readInt(); // 0xcafebabe - int minorVersion = data.readShort(); - int majorVersion = data.readShort(); - int constant_pool_count = data.readShort(); - int[] constant_pool = new int[constant_pool_count]; - for(int i = 1; i < constant_pool_count; i++) { - int tag = data.read(); - int tableSize; - switch(tag) { - case 1: // UTF - int length = data.readShort(); - char[] bytes = new char[length]; - for(int k = 0; k < bytes.length; k++) { - bytes[k] = (char)data.read(); + public static String thisClass(byte[] classBytes) { + Map offsetTable = + new HashMap(); + Map classNameTable = + new HashMap(); + try { + DataInputStream data = new DataInputStream( + new ByteArrayInputStream(classBytes)); + int magic = data.readInt(); // 0xcafebabe + int minorVersion = data.readShort(); + int majorVersion = data.readShort(); + int constant_pool_count = data.readShort(); + int[] constant_pool = new int[constant_pool_count]; + for (int i = 1; i < constant_pool_count; i++) { + int tag = data.read(); + int tableSize; + switch (tag) { + case 1: // UTF + int length = data.readShort(); + char[] bytes = new char[length]; + for (int k = 0; k < bytes.length; k++) { + bytes[k] = (char) data.read(); + } + String className = new String(bytes); + classNameTable.put(i, className); + break; + case 5: // LONG + case 6: // DOUBLE + data.readLong(); // discard 8 bytes + i++; // Special skip necessary + break; + case 7: // CLASS + int offset = data.readShort(); + offsetTable.put(i, offset); + break; + case 8: // STRING + data.readShort(); // discard 2 bytes + break; + case 3: // INTEGER + case 4: // FLOAT + case 9: // FIELD_REF + case 10: // METHOD_REF + case 11: // INTERFACE_METHOD_REF + case 12: // NAME_AND_TYPE + data.readInt(); // discard 4 bytes; + break; + default: + throw new RuntimeException("Bad tag " + tag); + } + } + short access_flags = data.readShort(); + int this_class = data.readShort(); + int super_class = data.readShort(); + return classNameTable.get( + offsetTable.get(this_class)).replace('/', '.'); + } catch (Exception e) { + throw new RuntimeException(e); + } + } + + // Demonstration: + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + if (args.length > 0) { + for (String arg : args) { + print(thisClass(BinaryFile.read(new File(arg)))); + } + } else + // Walk the entire tree: + { + for (File klass : Directory.walk(".", ".*\\.class")) { + print(thisClass(BinaryFile.read(klass))); } - String className = new String(bytes); - classNameTable.put(i, className); - break; - case 5: // LONG - case 6: // DOUBLE - data.readLong(); // discard 8 bytes - i++; // Special skip necessary - break; - case 7: // CLASS - int offset = data.readShort(); - offsetTable.put(i, offset); - break; - case 8: // STRING - data.readShort(); // discard 2 bytes - break; - case 3: // INTEGER - case 4: // FLOAT - case 9: // FIELD_REF - case 10: // METHOD_REF - case 11: // INTERFACE_METHOD_REF - case 12: // NAME_AND_TYPE - data.readInt(); // discard 4 bytes; - break; - default: - throw new RuntimeException("Bad tag " + tag); - } - } - short access_flags = data.readShort(); - int this_class = data.readShort(); - int super_class = data.readShort(); - return classNameTable.get( - offsetTable.get(this_class)).replace('/', '.'); - } catch(Exception e) { - throw new RuntimeException(e); - } - } - // Demonstration: - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - if(args.length > 0) { - for(String arg : args) { - print(thisClass(BinaryFile.read(new File(arg)))); - } - } else - // Walk the entire tree: - { - for(File klass : Directory.walk(".", ".*\\.class")) { - print(thisClass(BinaryFile.read(klass))); } } - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/net/mindview/atunit/Test.java b/src/net/mindview/atunit/Test.java index 8fe76ff..3a1cc1c 100644 --- a/src/net/mindview/atunit/Test.java +++ b/src/net/mindview/atunit/Test.java @@ -1,8 +1,10 @@ //: net/mindview/atunit/Test.java // The @Test tag. package net.mindview.atunit; + import java.lang.annotation.*; @Target(ElementType.METHOD) @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME) -public @interface Test {} ///:~ +public @interface Test { +} ///:~ diff --git a/src/net/mindview/atunit/TestObjectCleanup.java b/src/net/mindview/atunit/TestObjectCleanup.java index 96ec997..283e53a 100644 --- a/src/net/mindview/atunit/TestObjectCleanup.java +++ b/src/net/mindview/atunit/TestObjectCleanup.java @@ -1,8 +1,10 @@ //: net/mindview/atunit/TestObjectCleanup.java // The @Unit @TestObjectCleanup tag. package net.mindview.atunit; + import java.lang.annotation.*; @Target(ElementType.METHOD) @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME) -public @interface TestObjectCleanup {} ///:~ +public @interface TestObjectCleanup { +} ///:~ diff --git a/src/net/mindview/atunit/TestObjectCreate.java b/src/net/mindview/atunit/TestObjectCreate.java index d9951d8..6c0412e 100644 --- a/src/net/mindview/atunit/TestObjectCreate.java +++ b/src/net/mindview/atunit/TestObjectCreate.java @@ -1,8 +1,10 @@ //: net/mindview/atunit/TestObjectCreate.java // The @Unit @TestObjectCreate tag. package net.mindview.atunit; + import java.lang.annotation.*; @Target(ElementType.METHOD) @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME) -public @interface TestObjectCreate {} ///:~ +public @interface TestObjectCreate { +} ///:~ diff --git a/src/net/mindview/atunit/TestProperty.java b/src/net/mindview/atunit/TestProperty.java index 274da11..20b10f0 100644 --- a/src/net/mindview/atunit/TestProperty.java +++ b/src/net/mindview/atunit/TestProperty.java @@ -1,9 +1,11 @@ //: net/mindview/atunit/TestProperty.java // The @Unit @TestProperty tag. package net.mindview.atunit; + import java.lang.annotation.*; // Both fields and methods may be tagged as properties: @Target({ElementType.FIELD, ElementType.METHOD}) @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME) -public @interface TestProperty {} ///:~ +public @interface TestProperty { +} ///:~ diff --git a/src/net/mindview/simple/List.java b/src/net/mindview/simple/List.java index 751797e..b2c83c4 100644 --- a/src/net/mindview/simple/List.java +++ b/src/net/mindview/simple/List.java @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ package net.mindview.simple; public class List { - public List() { - System.out.println("net.mindview.simple.List"); - } + public List() { + System.out.println("net.mindview.simple.List"); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/net/mindview/simple/Vector.java b/src/net/mindview/simple/Vector.java index 38b3993..d545ac1 100644 --- a/src/net/mindview/simple/Vector.java +++ b/src/net/mindview/simple/Vector.java @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ package net.mindview.simple; public class Vector { - public Vector() { - System.out.println("net.mindview.simple.Vector"); - } + public Vector() { + System.out.println("net.mindview.simple.Vector"); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/net/mindview/util/BasicGenerator.java b/src/net/mindview/util/BasicGenerator.java index 7c588eb..2d5409c 100644 --- a/src/net/mindview/util/BasicGenerator.java +++ b/src/net/mindview/util/BasicGenerator.java @@ -4,18 +4,24 @@ package net.mindview.util; public class BasicGenerator implements Generator { - private Class type; - public BasicGenerator(Class type){ this.type = type; } - public T next() { - try { - // Assumes type is a public class: - return type.newInstance(); - } catch(Exception e) { - throw new RuntimeException(e); + private Class type; + + public BasicGenerator(Class type) { + this.type = type; + } + + @Override + public T next() { + try { + // Assumes type is a public class: + return type.newInstance(); + } catch (Exception e) { + throw new RuntimeException(e); + } + } + + // Produce a Default generator given a type token: + public static Generator create(Class type) { + return new BasicGenerator(type); } - } - // Produce a Default generator given a type token: - public static Generator create(Class type) { - return new BasicGenerator(type); - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/net/mindview/util/BinaryFile.java b/src/net/mindview/util/BinaryFile.java index fa8a623..cab05d6 100644 --- a/src/net/mindview/util/BinaryFile.java +++ b/src/net/mindview/util/BinaryFile.java @@ -1,22 +1,24 @@ //: net/mindview/util/BinaryFile.java // Utility for reading files in binary form. package net.mindview.util; + import java.io.*; public class BinaryFile { - public static byte[] read(File bFile) throws IOException{ - BufferedInputStream bf = new BufferedInputStream( - new FileInputStream(bFile)); - try { - byte[] data = new byte[bf.available()]; - bf.read(data); - return data; - } finally { - bf.close(); + public static byte[] read(File bFile) throws IOException { + BufferedInputStream bf = new BufferedInputStream( + new FileInputStream(bFile)); + try { + byte[] data = new byte[bf.available()]; + bf.read(data); + return data; + } finally { + bf.close(); + } + } + + public static byte[] + read(String bFile) throws IOException { + return read(new File(bFile).getAbsoluteFile()); } - } - public static byte[] - read(String bFile) throws IOException { - return read(new File(bFile).getAbsoluteFile()); - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/net/mindview/util/CollectionData.java b/src/net/mindview/util/CollectionData.java index b92fbf6..e07ba55 100644 --- a/src/net/mindview/util/CollectionData.java +++ b/src/net/mindview/util/CollectionData.java @@ -1,17 +1,19 @@ //: net/mindview/util/CollectionData.java // A Collection filled with data using a generator object. package net.mindview.util; + import java.util.*; public class CollectionData extends ArrayList { - public CollectionData(Generator gen, int quantity) { - for(int i = 0; i < quantity; i++) { - add(gen.next()); + public CollectionData(Generator gen, int quantity) { + for (int i = 0; i < quantity; i++) { + add(gen.next()); + } + } + + // A generic convenience method: + public static CollectionData + list(Generator gen, int quantity) { + return new CollectionData(gen, quantity); } - } - // A generic convenience method: - public static CollectionData - list(Generator gen, int quantity) { - return new CollectionData(gen, quantity); - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/net/mindview/util/ContainerMethodDifferences.java b/src/net/mindview/util/ContainerMethodDifferences.java index 0132fdc..b11c62a 100644 --- a/src/net/mindview/util/ContainerMethodDifferences.java +++ b/src/net/mindview/util/ContainerMethodDifferences.java @@ -1,54 +1,62 @@ //: net/mindview/util/ContainerMethodDifferences.java package net.mindview.util; + import java.lang.reflect.*; import java.util.*; public class ContainerMethodDifferences { - static Set methodSet(Class type) { - Set result = new TreeSet(); - for(Method m : type.getMethods()) { - result.add(m.getName()); + static Set methodSet(Class type) { + Set result = new TreeSet(); + for (Method m : type.getMethods()) { + result.add(m.getName()); + } + return result; } - return result; - } - static void interfaces(Class type) { - System.out.print("Interfaces in " + - type.getSimpleName() + ": "); - List result = new ArrayList(); - for(Class c : type.getInterfaces()) { - result.add(c.getSimpleName()); + + static void interfaces(Class type) { + System.out.print("Interfaces in " + + type.getSimpleName() + ": "); + List result = new ArrayList(); + for (Class c : type.getInterfaces()) { + result.add(c.getSimpleName()); + } + System.out.println(result); + } + + static Set object = methodSet(Object.class); + + static { + object.add("clone"); + } + + static void + difference(Class superset, Class subset) { + System.out.print(superset.getSimpleName() + + " extends " + subset.getSimpleName() + ", adds: "); + Set comp = Sets.difference( + methodSet(superset), methodSet(subset)); + comp.removeAll(object); // Don't show 'Object' methods + System.out.println(comp); + interfaces(superset); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + System.out.println("Collection: " + + methodSet(Collection.class)); + interfaces(Collection.class); + difference(Set.class, Collection.class); + difference(HashSet.class, Set.class); + difference(LinkedHashSet.class, HashSet.class); + difference(TreeSet.class, Set.class); + difference(List.class, Collection.class); + difference(ArrayList.class, List.class); + difference(LinkedList.class, List.class); + difference(Queue.class, Collection.class); + difference(PriorityQueue.class, Queue.class); + System.out.println("Map: " + methodSet(Map.class)); + difference(HashMap.class, Map.class); + difference(LinkedHashMap.class, HashMap.class); + difference(SortedMap.class, Map.class); + difference(TreeMap.class, Map.class); } - System.out.println(result); - } - static Set object = methodSet(Object.class); - static { object.add("clone"); } - static void - difference(Class superset, Class subset) { - System.out.print(superset.getSimpleName() + - " extends " + subset.getSimpleName() + ", adds: "); - Set comp = Sets.difference( - methodSet(superset), methodSet(subset)); - comp.removeAll(object); // Don't show 'Object' methods - System.out.println(comp); - interfaces(superset); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - System.out.println("Collection: " + - methodSet(Collection.class)); - interfaces(Collection.class); - difference(Set.class, Collection.class); - difference(HashSet.class, Set.class); - difference(LinkedHashSet.class, HashSet.class); - difference(TreeSet.class, Set.class); - difference(List.class, Collection.class); - difference(ArrayList.class, List.class); - difference(LinkedList.class, List.class); - difference(Queue.class, Collection.class); - difference(PriorityQueue.class, Queue.class); - System.out.println("Map: " + methodSet(Map.class)); - difference(HashMap.class, Map.class); - difference(LinkedHashMap.class, HashMap.class); - difference(SortedMap.class, Map.class); - difference(TreeMap.class, Map.class); - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/net/mindview/util/ConvertTo.java b/src/net/mindview/util/ConvertTo.java index 3c810ec..1f127dc 100644 --- a/src/net/mindview/util/ConvertTo.java +++ b/src/net/mindview/util/ConvertTo.java @@ -2,60 +2,67 @@ package net.mindview.util; public class ConvertTo { - public static boolean[] primitive(Boolean[] in) { - boolean[] result = new boolean[in.length]; - for(int i = 0; i < in.length; i++) { - result[i] = in[i]; // Autounboxing + public static boolean[] primitive(Boolean[] in) { + boolean[] result = new boolean[in.length]; + for (int i = 0; i < in.length; i++) { + result[i] = in[i]; // Autounboxing + } + return result; } - return result; - } - public static char[] primitive(Character[] in) { - char[] result = new char[in.length]; - for(int i = 0; i < in.length; i++) { - result[i] = in[i]; + + public static char[] primitive(Character[] in) { + char[] result = new char[in.length]; + for (int i = 0; i < in.length; i++) { + result[i] = in[i]; + } + return result; } - return result; - } - public static byte[] primitive(Byte[] in) { - byte[] result = new byte[in.length]; - for(int i = 0; i < in.length; i++) { - result[i] = in[i]; + + public static byte[] primitive(Byte[] in) { + byte[] result = new byte[in.length]; + for (int i = 0; i < in.length; i++) { + result[i] = in[i]; + } + return result; } - return result; - } - public static short[] primitive(Short[] in) { - short[] result = new short[in.length]; - for(int i = 0; i < in.length; i++) { - result[i] = in[i]; + + public static short[] primitive(Short[] in) { + short[] result = new short[in.length]; + for (int i = 0; i < in.length; i++) { + result[i] = in[i]; + } + return result; } - return result; - } - public static int[] primitive(Integer[] in) { - int[] result = new int[in.length]; - for(int i = 0; i < in.length; i++) { - result[i] = in[i]; + + public static int[] primitive(Integer[] in) { + int[] result = new int[in.length]; + for (int i = 0; i < in.length; i++) { + result[i] = in[i]; + } + return result; } - return result; - } - public static long[] primitive(Long[] in) { - long[] result = new long[in.length]; - for(int i = 0; i < in.length; i++) { - result[i] = in[i]; + + public static long[] primitive(Long[] in) { + long[] result = new long[in.length]; + for (int i = 0; i < in.length; i++) { + result[i] = in[i]; + } + return result; } - return result; - } - public static float[] primitive(Float[] in) { - float[] result = new float[in.length]; - for(int i = 0; i < in.length; i++) { - result[i] = in[i]; + + public static float[] primitive(Float[] in) { + float[] result = new float[in.length]; + for (int i = 0; i < in.length; i++) { + result[i] = in[i]; + } + return result; } - return result; - } - public static double[] primitive(Double[] in) { - double[] result = new double[in.length]; - for(int i = 0; i < in.length; i++) { - result[i] = in[i]; + + public static double[] primitive(Double[] in) { + double[] result = new double[in.length]; + for (int i = 0; i < in.length; i++) { + result[i] = in[i]; + } + return result; } - return result; - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/net/mindview/util/CountingGenerator.java b/src/net/mindview/util/CountingGenerator.java index 9be89a6..4dbd661 100644 --- a/src/net/mindview/util/CountingGenerator.java +++ b/src/net/mindview/util/CountingGenerator.java @@ -3,74 +3,114 @@ package net.mindview.util; public class CountingGenerator { - public static class - Boolean implements Generator { - private boolean value = false; - public java.lang.Boolean next() { - value = !value; // Just flips back and forth - return value; + public static class + Boolean implements Generator { + private boolean value = false; + + @Override + public java.lang.Boolean next() { + value = !value; // Just flips back and forth + return value; + } } - } - public static class - Byte implements Generator { - private byte value = 0; - public java.lang.Byte next() { return value++; } - } - static char[] chars = ("abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz" + - "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ").toCharArray(); - public static class - Character implements Generator { - int index = -1; - public java.lang.Character next() { - index = (index + 1) % chars.length; - return chars[index]; + + public static class + Byte implements Generator { + private byte value = 0; + + @Override + public java.lang.Byte next() { + return value++; + } } - } - public static class - String implements Generator { - private int length = 7; - Generator cg = new Character(); - public String() {} - public String(int length) { this.length = length; } - public java.lang.String next() { - char[] buf = new char[length]; - for(int i = 0; i < length; i++) { - buf[i] = cg.next(); - } - return new java.lang.String(buf); + + static char[] chars = ("abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz" + + "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ").toCharArray(); + + public static class + Character implements Generator { + int index = -1; + + @Override + public java.lang.Character next() { + index = (index + 1) % chars.length; + return chars[index]; + } } - } - public static class - Short implements Generator { - private short value = 0; - public java.lang.Short next() { return value++; } - } - public static class - Integer implements Generator { - private int value = 0; - public java.lang.Integer next() { return value++; } - } - public static class - Long implements Generator { - private long value = 0; - public java.lang.Long next() { return value++; } - } - public static class - Float implements Generator { - private float value = 0; - public java.lang.Float next() { - float result = value; - value += 1.0; - return result; + + public static class + String implements Generator { + private int length = 7; + Generator cg = new Character(); + + public String() { + } + + public String(int length) { + this.length = length; + } + + @Override + public java.lang.String next() { + char[] buf = new char[length]; + for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) { + buf[i] = cg.next(); + } + return new java.lang.String(buf); + } } - } - public static class - Double implements Generator { - private double value = 0.0; - public java.lang.Double next() { - double result = value; - value += 1.0; - return result; + + public static class + Short implements Generator { + private short value = 0; + + @Override + public java.lang.Short next() { + return value++; + } + } + + public static class + Integer implements Generator { + private int value = 0; + + @Override + public java.lang.Integer next() { + return value++; + } + } + + public static class + Long implements Generator { + private long value = 0; + + @Override + public java.lang.Long next() { + return value++; + } + } + + public static class + Float implements Generator { + private float value = 0; + + @Override + public java.lang.Float next() { + float result = value; + value += 1.0; + return result; + } + } + + public static class + Double implements Generator { + private double value = 0.0; + + @Override + public java.lang.Double next() { + double result = value; + value += 1.0; + return result; + } } - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/net/mindview/util/CountingIntegerList.java b/src/net/mindview/util/CountingIntegerList.java index e6c9788..385f6b2 100644 --- a/src/net/mindview/util/CountingIntegerList.java +++ b/src/net/mindview/util/CountingIntegerList.java @@ -1,21 +1,30 @@ //: net/mindview/util/CountingIntegerList.java // List of any length, containing sample data. package net.mindview.util; + import java.util.*; public class CountingIntegerList -extends AbstractList { - private int size; - public CountingIntegerList(int size) { - this.size = size < 0 ? 0 : size; - } - public Integer get(int index) { - return Integer.valueOf(index); - } - public int size() { return size; } - public static void main(String[] args) { - System.out.println(new CountingIntegerList(30)); - } + extends AbstractList { + private int size; + + public CountingIntegerList(int size) { + this.size = size < 0 ? 0 : size; + } + + @Override + public Integer get(int index) { + return Integer.valueOf(index); + } + + @Override + public int size() { + return size; + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + System.out.println(new CountingIntegerList(30)); + } } /* Output: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29] *///:~ diff --git a/src/net/mindview/util/CountingMapData.java b/src/net/mindview/util/CountingMapData.java index 3310edd..6173f3e 100644 --- a/src/net/mindview/util/CountingMapData.java +++ b/src/net/mindview/util/CountingMapData.java @@ -1,52 +1,73 @@ //: net/mindview/util/CountingMapData.java // Unlimited-length Map containing sample data. package net.mindview.util; + import java.util.*; public class CountingMapData -extends AbstractMap { - private int size; - private static String[] chars = - "A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z" - .split(" "); - public CountingMapData(int size) { - if(size < 0) { - this.size = 0; + extends AbstractMap { + private int size; + private static String[] chars = + "A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z" + .split(" "); + + public CountingMapData(int size) { + if (size < 0) { + this.size = 0; + } + this.size = size; } - this.size = size; - } - private static class Entry - implements Map.Entry { - int index; - Entry(int index) { this.index = index; } - public boolean equals(Object o) { - return Integer.valueOf(index).equals(o); + + private static class Entry + implements Map.Entry { + int index; + + Entry(int index) { + this.index = index; + } + + @Override + public boolean equals(Object o) { + return Integer.valueOf(index).equals(o); + } + + @Override + public Integer getKey() { + return index; + } + + @Override + public String getValue() { + return + chars[index % chars.length] + + Integer.toString(index / chars.length); + } + + @Override + public String setValue(String value) { + throw new UnsupportedOperationException(); + } + + @Override + public int hashCode() { + return Integer.valueOf(index).hashCode(); + } } - public Integer getKey() { return index; } - public String getValue() { - return - chars[index % chars.length] + - Integer.toString(index / chars.length); + + @Override + public Set> entrySet() { + // LinkedHashSet retains initialization order: + Set> entries = + new LinkedHashSet>(); + for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) { + entries.add(new Entry(i)); + } + return entries; } - public String setValue(String value) { - throw new UnsupportedOperationException(); + + public static void main(String[] args) { + System.out.println(new CountingMapData(60)); } - public int hashCode() { - return Integer.valueOf(index).hashCode(); - } - } - public Set> entrySet() { - // LinkedHashSet retains initialization order: - Set> entries = - new LinkedHashSet>(); - for(int i = 0; i < size; i++) { - entries.add(new Entry(i)); - } - return entries; - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - System.out.println(new CountingMapData(60)); - } } /* Output: {0=A0, 1=B0, 2=C0, 3=D0, 4=E0, 5=F0, 6=G0, 7=H0, 8=I0, 9=J0, 10=K0, 11=L0, 12=M0, 13=N0, 14=O0, 15=P0, 16=Q0, 17=R0, 18=S0, 19=T0, 20=U0, 21=V0, 22=W0, 23=X0, 24=Y0, 25=Z0, 26=A1, 27=B1, 28=C1, 29=D1, 30=E1, 31=F1, 32=G1, 33=H1, 34=I1, 35=J1, 36=K1, 37=L1, 38=M1, 39=N1, 40=O1, 41=P1, 42=Q1, 43=R1, 44=S1, 45=T1, 46=U1, 47=V1, 48=W1, 49=X1, 50=Y1, 51=Z1, 52=A2, 53=B2, 54=C2, 55=D2, 56=E2, 57=F2, 58=G2, 59=H2} *///:~ diff --git a/src/net/mindview/util/Countries.java b/src/net/mindview/util/Countries.java index a5ad2a2..9e77dd9 100644 --- a/src/net/mindview/util/Countries.java +++ b/src/net/mindview/util/Countries.java @@ -1,233 +1,281 @@ //: net/mindview/util/Countries.java // "Flyweight" Maps and Lists of sample data. package net.mindview.util; + import java.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class Countries { - public static final String[][] DATA = { - // Africa - {"ALGERIA","Algiers"}, {"ANGOLA","Luanda"}, - {"BENIN","Porto-Novo"}, {"BOTSWANA","Gaberone"}, - {"BURKINA FASO","Ouagadougou"}, - {"BURUNDI","Bujumbura"}, - {"CAMEROON","Yaounde"}, {"CAPE VERDE","Praia"}, - {"CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC","Bangui"}, - {"CHAD","N'djamena"}, {"COMOROS","Moroni"}, - {"CONGO","Brazzaville"}, {"DJIBOUTI","Dijibouti"}, - {"EGYPT","Cairo"}, {"EQUATORIAL GUINEA","Malabo"}, - {"ERITREA","Asmara"}, {"ETHIOPIA","Addis Ababa"}, - {"GABON","Libreville"}, {"THE GAMBIA","Banjul"}, - {"GHANA","Accra"}, {"GUINEA","Conakry"}, - {"BISSAU","Bissau"}, - {"COTE D'IVOIR (IVORY COAST)","Yamoussoukro"}, - {"KENYA","Nairobi"}, {"LESOTHO","Maseru"}, - {"LIBERIA","Monrovia"}, {"LIBYA","Tripoli"}, - {"MADAGASCAR","Antananarivo"}, {"MALAWI","Lilongwe"}, - {"MALI","Bamako"}, {"MAURITANIA","Nouakchott"}, - {"MAURITIUS","Port Louis"}, {"MOROCCO","Rabat"}, - {"MOZAMBIQUE","Maputo"}, {"NAMIBIA","Windhoek"}, - {"NIGER","Niamey"}, {"NIGERIA","Abuja"}, - {"RWANDA","Kigali"}, - {"SAO TOME E PRINCIPE","Sao Tome"}, - {"SENEGAL","Dakar"}, {"SEYCHELLES","Victoria"}, - {"SIERRA LEONE","Freetown"}, {"SOMALIA","Mogadishu"}, - {"SOUTH AFRICA","Pretoria/Cape Town"}, - {"SUDAN","Khartoum"}, - {"SWAZILAND","Mbabane"}, {"TANZANIA","Dodoma"}, - {"TOGO","Lome"}, {"TUNISIA","Tunis"}, - {"UGANDA","Kampala"}, - {"DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO (ZAIRE)", - "Kinshasa"}, - {"ZAMBIA","Lusaka"}, {"ZIMBABWE","Harare"}, - // Asia - {"AFGHANISTAN","Kabul"}, {"BAHRAIN","Manama"}, - {"BANGLADESH","Dhaka"}, {"BHUTAN","Thimphu"}, - {"BRUNEI","Bandar Seri Begawan"}, - {"CAMBODIA","Phnom Penh"}, - {"CHINA","Beijing"}, {"CYPRUS","Nicosia"}, - {"INDIA","New Delhi"}, {"INDONESIA","Jakarta"}, - {"IRAN","Tehran"}, {"IRAQ","Baghdad"}, - {"ISRAEL","Jerusalem"}, {"JAPAN","Tokyo"}, - {"JORDAN","Amman"}, {"KUWAIT","Kuwait City"}, - {"LAOS","Vientiane"}, {"LEBANON","Beirut"}, - {"MALAYSIA","Kuala Lumpur"}, {"THE MALDIVES","Male"}, - {"MONGOLIA","Ulan Bator"}, - {"MYANMAR (BURMA)","Rangoon"}, - {"NEPAL","Katmandu"}, {"NORTH KOREA","P'yongyang"}, - {"OMAN","Muscat"}, {"PAKISTAN","Islamabad"}, - {"PHILIPPINES","Manila"}, {"QATAR","Doha"}, - {"SAUDI ARABIA","Riyadh"}, {"SINGAPORE","Singapore"}, - {"SOUTH KOREA","Seoul"}, {"SRI LANKA","Colombo"}, - {"SYRIA","Damascus"}, - {"TAIWAN (REPUBLIC OF CHINA)","Taipei"}, - {"THAILAND","Bangkok"}, {"TURKEY","Ankara"}, - {"UNITED ARAB EMIRATES","Abu Dhabi"}, - {"VIETNAM","Hanoi"}, {"YEMEN","Sana'a"}, - // Australia and Oceania - {"AUSTRALIA","Canberra"}, {"FIJI","Suva"}, - {"KIRIBATI","Bairiki"}, - {"MARSHALL ISLANDS","Dalap-Uliga-Darrit"}, - {"MICRONESIA","Palikir"}, {"NAURU","Yaren"}, - {"NEW ZEALAND","Wellington"}, {"PALAU","Koror"}, - {"PAPUA NEW GUINEA","Port Moresby"}, - {"SOLOMON ISLANDS","Honaira"}, {"TONGA","Nuku'alofa"}, - {"TUVALU","Fongafale"}, {"VANUATU","< Port-Vila"}, - {"WESTERN SAMOA","Apia"}, - // Eastern Europe and former USSR - {"ARMENIA","Yerevan"}, {"AZERBAIJAN","Baku"}, - {"BELARUS (BYELORUSSIA)","Minsk"}, - {"BULGARIA","Sofia"}, {"GEORGIA","Tbilisi"}, - {"KAZAKSTAN","Almaty"}, {"KYRGYZSTAN","Alma-Ata"}, - {"MOLDOVA","Chisinau"}, {"RUSSIA","Moscow"}, - {"TAJIKISTAN","Dushanbe"}, {"TURKMENISTAN","Ashkabad"}, - {"UKRAINE","Kyiv"}, {"UZBEKISTAN","Tashkent"}, - // Europe - {"ALBANIA","Tirana"}, {"ANDORRA","Andorra la Vella"}, - {"AUSTRIA","Vienna"}, {"BELGIUM","Brussels"}, - {"BOSNIA","-"}, {"HERZEGOVINA","Sarajevo"}, - {"CROATIA","Zagreb"}, {"CZECH REPUBLIC","Prague"}, - {"DENMARK","Copenhagen"}, {"ESTONIA","Tallinn"}, - {"FINLAND","Helsinki"}, {"FRANCE","Paris"}, - {"GERMANY","Berlin"}, {"GREECE","Athens"}, - {"HUNGARY","Budapest"}, {"ICELAND","Reykjavik"}, - {"IRELAND","Dublin"}, {"ITALY","Rome"}, - {"LATVIA","Riga"}, {"LIECHTENSTEIN","Vaduz"}, - {"LITHUANIA","Vilnius"}, {"LUXEMBOURG","Luxembourg"}, - {"MACEDONIA","Skopje"}, {"MALTA","Valletta"}, - {"MONACO","Monaco"}, {"MONTENEGRO","Podgorica"}, - {"THE NETHERLANDS","Amsterdam"}, {"NORWAY","Oslo"}, - {"POLAND","Warsaw"}, {"PORTUGAL","Lisbon"}, - {"ROMANIA","Bucharest"}, {"SAN MARINO","San Marino"}, - {"SERBIA","Belgrade"}, {"SLOVAKIA","Bratislava"}, - {"SLOVENIA","Ljuijana"}, {"SPAIN","Madrid"}, - {"SWEDEN","Stockholm"}, {"SWITZERLAND","Berne"}, - {"UNITED KINGDOM","London"}, {"VATICAN CITY","---"}, - // North and Central America - {"ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA","Saint John's"}, - {"BAHAMAS","Nassau"}, - {"BARBADOS","Bridgetown"}, {"BELIZE","Belmopan"}, - {"CANADA","Ottawa"}, {"COSTA RICA","San Jose"}, - {"CUBA","Havana"}, {"DOMINICA","Roseau"}, - {"DOMINICAN REPUBLIC","Santo Domingo"}, - {"EL SALVADOR","San Salvador"}, - {"GRENADA","Saint George's"}, - {"GUATEMALA","Guatemala City"}, - {"HAITI","Port-au-Prince"}, - {"HONDURAS","Tegucigalpa"}, {"JAMAICA","Kingston"}, - {"MEXICO","Mexico City"}, {"NICARAGUA","Managua"}, - {"PANAMA","Panama City"}, {"ST. KITTS","-"}, - {"NEVIS","Basseterre"}, {"ST. LUCIA","Castries"}, - {"ST. VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES","Kingstown"}, - {"UNITED STATES OF AMERICA","Washington, D.C."}, - // South America - {"ARGENTINA","Buenos Aires"}, - {"BOLIVIA","Sucre (legal)/La Paz(administrative)"}, - {"BRAZIL","Brasilia"}, {"CHILE","Santiago"}, - {"COLOMBIA","Bogota"}, {"ECUADOR","Quito"}, - {"GUYANA","Georgetown"}, {"PARAGUAY","Asuncion"}, - {"PERU","Lima"}, {"SURINAME","Paramaribo"}, - {"TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO","Port of Spain"}, - {"URUGUAY","Montevideo"}, {"VENEZUELA","Caracas"}, - }; - // Use AbstractMap by implementing entrySet() - private static class FlyweightMap - extends AbstractMap { - private static class Entry - implements Map.Entry { - int index; - Entry(int index) { this.index = index; } - public boolean equals(Object o) { - return DATA[index][0].equals(o); - } - public String getKey() { return DATA[index][0]; } - public String getValue() { return DATA[index][1]; } - public String setValue(String value) { - throw new UnsupportedOperationException(); - } - public int hashCode() { - return DATA[index][0].hashCode(); - } - } - // Use AbstractSet by implementing size() & iterator() - static class EntrySet - extends AbstractSet> { - private int size; - EntrySet(int size) { - if(size < 0) { - this.size = 0; - } - // Can't be any bigger than the array: - else if(size > DATA.length) { - this.size = DATA.length; - } else { - this.size = size; - } - } - public int size() { return size; } - private class Iter - implements Iterator> { - // Only one Entry object per Iterator: - private Entry entry = new Entry(-1); - public boolean hasNext() { - return entry.index < size - 1; - } - public Map.Entry next() { - entry.index++; - return entry; - } - public void remove() { - throw new UnsupportedOperationException(); - } - } - public - Iterator> iterator() { - return new Iter(); - } - } - private static Set> entries = - new EntrySet(DATA.length); - public Set> entrySet() { - return entries; - } - } - // Create a partial map of 'size' countries: - static Map select(final int size) { - return new FlyweightMap() { - public Set> entrySet() { - return new EntrySet(size); - } + public static final String[][] DATA = { + // Africa + {"ALGERIA", "Algiers"}, {"ANGOLA", "Luanda"}, + {"BENIN", "Porto-Novo"}, {"BOTSWANA", "Gaberone"}, + {"BURKINA FASO", "Ouagadougou"}, + {"BURUNDI", "Bujumbura"}, + {"CAMEROON", "Yaounde"}, {"CAPE VERDE", "Praia"}, + {"CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC", "Bangui"}, + {"CHAD", "N'djamena"}, {"COMOROS", "Moroni"}, + {"CONGO", "Brazzaville"}, {"DJIBOUTI", "Dijibouti"}, + {"EGYPT", "Cairo"}, {"EQUATORIAL GUINEA", "Malabo"}, + {"ERITREA", "Asmara"}, {"ETHIOPIA", "Addis Ababa"}, + {"GABON", "Libreville"}, {"THE GAMBIA", "Banjul"}, + {"GHANA", "Accra"}, {"GUINEA", "Conakry"}, + {"BISSAU", "Bissau"}, + {"COTE D'IVOIR (IVORY COAST)", "Yamoussoukro"}, + {"KENYA", "Nairobi"}, {"LESOTHO", "Maseru"}, + {"LIBERIA", "Monrovia"}, {"LIBYA", "Tripoli"}, + {"MADAGASCAR", "Antananarivo"}, {"MALAWI", "Lilongwe"}, + {"MALI", "Bamako"}, {"MAURITANIA", "Nouakchott"}, + {"MAURITIUS", "Port Louis"}, {"MOROCCO", "Rabat"}, + {"MOZAMBIQUE", "Maputo"}, {"NAMIBIA", "Windhoek"}, + {"NIGER", "Niamey"}, {"NIGERIA", "Abuja"}, + {"RWANDA", "Kigali"}, + {"SAO TOME E PRINCIPE", "Sao Tome"}, + {"SENEGAL", "Dakar"}, {"SEYCHELLES", "Victoria"}, + {"SIERRA LEONE", "Freetown"}, {"SOMALIA", "Mogadishu"}, + {"SOUTH AFRICA", "Pretoria/Cape Town"}, + {"SUDAN", "Khartoum"}, + {"SWAZILAND", "Mbabane"}, {"TANZANIA", "Dodoma"}, + {"TOGO", "Lome"}, {"TUNISIA", "Tunis"}, + {"UGANDA", "Kampala"}, + {"DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO (ZAIRE)", + "Kinshasa"}, + {"ZAMBIA", "Lusaka"}, {"ZIMBABWE", "Harare"}, + // Asia + {"AFGHANISTAN", "Kabul"}, {"BAHRAIN", "Manama"}, + {"BANGLADESH", "Dhaka"}, {"BHUTAN", "Thimphu"}, + {"BRUNEI", "Bandar Seri Begawan"}, + {"CAMBODIA", "Phnom Penh"}, + {"CHINA", "Beijing"}, {"CYPRUS", "Nicosia"}, + {"INDIA", "New Delhi"}, {"INDONESIA", "Jakarta"}, + {"IRAN", "Tehran"}, {"IRAQ", "Baghdad"}, + {"ISRAEL", "Jerusalem"}, {"JAPAN", "Tokyo"}, + {"JORDAN", "Amman"}, {"KUWAIT", "Kuwait City"}, + {"LAOS", "Vientiane"}, {"LEBANON", "Beirut"}, + {"MALAYSIA", "Kuala Lumpur"}, {"THE MALDIVES", "Male"}, + {"MONGOLIA", "Ulan Bator"}, + {"MYANMAR (BURMA)", "Rangoon"}, + {"NEPAL", "Katmandu"}, {"NORTH KOREA", "P'yongyang"}, + {"OMAN", "Muscat"}, {"PAKISTAN", "Islamabad"}, + {"PHILIPPINES", "Manila"}, {"QATAR", "Doha"}, + {"SAUDI ARABIA", "Riyadh"}, {"SINGAPORE", "Singapore"}, + {"SOUTH KOREA", "Seoul"}, {"SRI LANKA", "Colombo"}, + {"SYRIA", "Damascus"}, + {"TAIWAN (REPUBLIC OF CHINA)", "Taipei"}, + {"THAILAND", "Bangkok"}, {"TURKEY", "Ankara"}, + {"UNITED ARAB EMIRATES", "Abu Dhabi"}, + {"VIETNAM", "Hanoi"}, {"YEMEN", "Sana'a"}, + // Australia and Oceania + {"AUSTRALIA", "Canberra"}, {"FIJI", "Suva"}, + {"KIRIBATI", "Bairiki"}, + {"MARSHALL ISLANDS", "Dalap-Uliga-Darrit"}, + {"MICRONESIA", "Palikir"}, {"NAURU", "Yaren"}, + {"NEW ZEALAND", "Wellington"}, {"PALAU", "Koror"}, + {"PAPUA NEW GUINEA", "Port Moresby"}, + {"SOLOMON ISLANDS", "Honaira"}, {"TONGA", "Nuku'alofa"}, + {"TUVALU", "Fongafale"}, {"VANUATU", "< Port-Vila"}, + {"WESTERN SAMOA", "Apia"}, + // Eastern Europe and former USSR + {"ARMENIA", "Yerevan"}, {"AZERBAIJAN", "Baku"}, + {"BELARUS (BYELORUSSIA)", "Minsk"}, + {"BULGARIA", "Sofia"}, {"GEORGIA", "Tbilisi"}, + {"KAZAKSTAN", "Almaty"}, {"KYRGYZSTAN", "Alma-Ata"}, + {"MOLDOVA", "Chisinau"}, {"RUSSIA", "Moscow"}, + {"TAJIKISTAN", "Dushanbe"}, {"TURKMENISTAN", "Ashkabad"}, + {"UKRAINE", "Kyiv"}, {"UZBEKISTAN", "Tashkent"}, + // Europe + {"ALBANIA", "Tirana"}, {"ANDORRA", "Andorra la Vella"}, + {"AUSTRIA", "Vienna"}, {"BELGIUM", "Brussels"}, + {"BOSNIA", "-"}, {"HERZEGOVINA", "Sarajevo"}, + {"CROATIA", "Zagreb"}, {"CZECH REPUBLIC", "Prague"}, + {"DENMARK", "Copenhagen"}, {"ESTONIA", "Tallinn"}, + {"FINLAND", "Helsinki"}, {"FRANCE", "Paris"}, + {"GERMANY", "Berlin"}, {"GREECE", "Athens"}, + {"HUNGARY", "Budapest"}, {"ICELAND", "Reykjavik"}, + {"IRELAND", "Dublin"}, {"ITALY", "Rome"}, + {"LATVIA", "Riga"}, {"LIECHTENSTEIN", "Vaduz"}, + {"LITHUANIA", "Vilnius"}, {"LUXEMBOURG", "Luxembourg"}, + {"MACEDONIA", "Skopje"}, {"MALTA", "Valletta"}, + {"MONACO", "Monaco"}, {"MONTENEGRO", "Podgorica"}, + {"THE NETHERLANDS", "Amsterdam"}, {"NORWAY", "Oslo"}, + {"POLAND", "Warsaw"}, {"PORTUGAL", "Lisbon"}, + {"ROMANIA", "Bucharest"}, {"SAN MARINO", "San Marino"}, + {"SERBIA", "Belgrade"}, {"SLOVAKIA", "Bratislava"}, + {"SLOVENIA", "Ljuijana"}, {"SPAIN", "Madrid"}, + {"SWEDEN", "Stockholm"}, {"SWITZERLAND", "Berne"}, + {"UNITED KINGDOM", "London"}, {"VATICAN CITY", "---"}, + // North and Central America + {"ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA", "Saint John's"}, + {"BAHAMAS", "Nassau"}, + {"BARBADOS", "Bridgetown"}, {"BELIZE", "Belmopan"}, + {"CANADA", "Ottawa"}, {"COSTA RICA", "San Jose"}, + {"CUBA", "Havana"}, {"DOMINICA", "Roseau"}, + {"DOMINICAN REPUBLIC", "Santo Domingo"}, + {"EL SALVADOR", "San Salvador"}, + {"GRENADA", "Saint George's"}, + {"GUATEMALA", "Guatemala City"}, + {"HAITI", "Port-au-Prince"}, + {"HONDURAS", "Tegucigalpa"}, {"JAMAICA", "Kingston"}, + {"MEXICO", "Mexico City"}, {"NICARAGUA", "Managua"}, + {"PANAMA", "Panama City"}, {"ST. KITTS", "-"}, + {"NEVIS", "Basseterre"}, {"ST. LUCIA", "Castries"}, + {"ST. VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES", "Kingstown"}, + {"UNITED STATES OF AMERICA", "Washington, D.C."}, + // South America + {"ARGENTINA", "Buenos Aires"}, + {"BOLIVIA", "Sucre (legal)/La Paz(administrative)"}, + {"BRAZIL", "Brasilia"}, {"CHILE", "Santiago"}, + {"COLOMBIA", "Bogota"}, {"ECUADOR", "Quito"}, + {"GUYANA", "Georgetown"}, {"PARAGUAY", "Asuncion"}, + {"PERU", "Lima"}, {"SURINAME", "Paramaribo"}, + {"TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO", "Port of Spain"}, + {"URUGUAY", "Montevideo"}, {"VENEZUELA", "Caracas"}, }; - } - static Map map = new FlyweightMap(); - public static Map capitals() { - return map; // The entire map - } - public static Map capitals(int size) { - return select(size); // A partial map - } - static List names = - new ArrayList(map.keySet()); - // All the names: - public static List names() { return names; } - // A partial list: - public static List names(int size) { - return new ArrayList(select(size).keySet()); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - print(capitals(10)); - print(names(10)); - print(new HashMap(capitals(3))); - print(new LinkedHashMap(capitals(3))); - print(new TreeMap(capitals(3))); - print(new Hashtable(capitals(3))); - print(new HashSet(names(6))); - print(new LinkedHashSet(names(6))); - print(new TreeSet(names(6))); - print(new ArrayList(names(6))); - print(new LinkedList(names(6))); - print(capitals().get("BRAZIL")); - } + + // Use AbstractMap by implementing entrySet() + private static class FlyweightMap + extends AbstractMap { + private static class Entry + implements Map.Entry { + int index; + + Entry(int index) { + this.index = index; + } + + @Override + public boolean equals(Object o) { + return DATA[index][0].equals(o); + } + + @Override + public String getKey() { + return DATA[index][0]; + } + + @Override + public String getValue() { + return DATA[index][1]; + } + + @Override + public String setValue(String value) { + throw new UnsupportedOperationException(); + } + + @Override + public int hashCode() { + return DATA[index][0].hashCode(); + } + } + + // Use AbstractSet by implementing size() & iterator() + static class EntrySet + extends AbstractSet> { + private int size; + + EntrySet(int size) { + if (size < 0) { + this.size = 0; + } + // Can't be any bigger than the array: + else if (size > DATA.length) { + this.size = DATA.length; + } else { + this.size = size; + } + } + + @Override + public int size() { + return size; + } + + private class Iter + implements Iterator> { + // Only one Entry object per Iterator: + private Entry entry = new Entry(-1); + + @Override + public boolean hasNext() { + return entry.index < size - 1; + } + + @Override + public Map.Entry next() { + entry.index++; + return entry; + } + + @Override + public void remove() { + throw new UnsupportedOperationException(); + } + } + + @Override + public Iterator> iterator() { + return new Iter(); + } + } + + private static Set> entries = + new EntrySet(DATA.length); + + @Override + public Set> entrySet() { + return entries; + } + } + + // Create a partial map of 'size' countries: + static Map select(final int size) { + return new FlyweightMap() { + @Override + public Set> entrySet() { + return new EntrySet(size); + } + }; + } + + static Map map = new FlyweightMap(); + + public static Map capitals() { + return map; // The entire map + } + + public static Map capitals(int size) { + return select(size); // A partial map + } + + static List names = + new ArrayList(map.keySet()); + + // All the names: + public static List names() { + return names; + } + + // A partial list: + public static List names(int size) { + return new ArrayList(select(size).keySet()); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + print(capitals(10)); + print(names(10)); + print(new HashMap(capitals(3))); + print(new LinkedHashMap(capitals(3))); + print(new TreeMap(capitals(3))); + print(new Hashtable(capitals(3))); + print(new HashSet(names(6))); + print(new LinkedHashSet(names(6))); + print(new TreeSet(names(6))); + print(new ArrayList(names(6))); + print(new LinkedList(names(6))); + print(capitals().get("BRAZIL")); + } } /* Output: {ALGERIA=Algiers, ANGOLA=Luanda, BENIN=Porto-Novo, BOTSWANA=Gaberone, BULGARIA=Sofia, BURKINA FASO=Ouagadougou, BURUNDI=Bujumbura, CAMEROON=Yaounde, CAPE VERDE=Praia, CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC=Bangui} [ALGERIA, ANGOLA, BENIN, BOTSWANA, BULGARIA, BURKINA FASO, BURUNDI, CAMEROON, CAPE VERDE, CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC] diff --git a/src/net/mindview/util/DaemonThreadFactory.java b/src/net/mindview/util/DaemonThreadFactory.java index 635ee78..46ba807 100644 --- a/src/net/mindview/util/DaemonThreadFactory.java +++ b/src/net/mindview/util/DaemonThreadFactory.java @@ -1,11 +1,13 @@ //: net/mindview/util/DaemonThreadFactory.java package net.mindview.util; + import java.util.concurrent.*; public class DaemonThreadFactory implements ThreadFactory { - public Thread newThread(Runnable r) { - Thread t = new Thread(r); - t.setDaemon(true); - return t; - } + @Override + public Thread newThread(Runnable r) { + Thread t = new Thread(r); + t.setDaemon(true); + return t; + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/net/mindview/util/DaemonThreadPoolExecutor.java b/src/net/mindview/util/DaemonThreadPoolExecutor.java index 03dec85..3cc3490 100644 --- a/src/net/mindview/util/DaemonThreadPoolExecutor.java +++ b/src/net/mindview/util/DaemonThreadPoolExecutor.java @@ -1,12 +1,13 @@ //: net/mindview/util/DaemonThreadPoolExecutor.java package net.mindview.util; + import java.util.concurrent.*; public class DaemonThreadPoolExecutor -extends ThreadPoolExecutor { - public DaemonThreadPoolExecutor() { - super(0, Integer.MAX_VALUE, 60L, TimeUnit.SECONDS, - new SynchronousQueue(), - new DaemonThreadFactory()); - } + extends ThreadPoolExecutor { + public DaemonThreadPoolExecutor() { + super(0, Integer.MAX_VALUE, 60L, TimeUnit.SECONDS, + new SynchronousQueue(), + new DaemonThreadFactory()); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/net/mindview/util/Deque.java b/src/net/mindview/util/Deque.java index 1973942..e42cbd0 100644 --- a/src/net/mindview/util/Deque.java +++ b/src/net/mindview/util/Deque.java @@ -1,17 +1,43 @@ //: net/mindview/util/Deque.java // Creating a Deque from a LinkedList. package net.mindview.util; + import java.util.*; public class Deque { - private LinkedList deque = new LinkedList(); - public void addFirst(T e) { deque.addFirst(e); } - public void addLast(T e) { deque.addLast(e); } - public T getFirst() { return deque.getFirst(); } - public T getLast() { return deque.getLast(); } - public T removeFirst() { return deque.removeFirst(); } - public T removeLast() { return deque.removeLast(); } - public int size() { return deque.size(); } - public String toString() { return deque.toString(); } - // And other methods as necessary... + private LinkedList deque = new LinkedList(); + + public void addFirst(T e) { + deque.addFirst(e); + } + + public void addLast(T e) { + deque.addLast(e); + } + + public T getFirst() { + return deque.getFirst(); + } + + public T getLast() { + return deque.getLast(); + } + + public T removeFirst() { + return deque.removeFirst(); + } + + public T removeLast() { + return deque.removeLast(); + } + + public int size() { + return deque.size(); + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return deque.toString(); + } + // And other methods as necessary... } ///:~ diff --git a/src/net/mindview/util/Directory.java b/src/net/mindview/util/Directory.java index f411de0..0e4a438 100644 --- a/src/net/mindview/util/Directory.java +++ b/src/net/mindview/util/Directory.java @@ -3,77 +3,93 @@ // regular expression in either a local directory, // or by walking a directory tree. package net.mindview.util; + import java.util.regex.*; import java.io.*; import java.util.*; public final class Directory { - public static File[] - local(File dir, final String regex) { - return dir.listFiles(new FilenameFilter() { - private Pattern pattern = Pattern.compile(regex); - public boolean accept(File dir, String name) { - return pattern.matcher( - new File(name).getName()).matches(); - } - }); - } - public static File[] - local(String path, final String regex) { // Overloaded - return local(new File(path), regex); - } - // A two-tuple for returning a pair of objects: - public static class TreeInfo implements Iterable { - public List files = new ArrayList(); - public List dirs = new ArrayList(); - // The default iterable element is the file list: - public Iterator iterator() { - return files.iterator(); + public static File[] + local(File dir, final String regex) { + return dir.listFiles(new FilenameFilter() { + private Pattern pattern = Pattern.compile(regex); + + @Override + public boolean accept(File dir, String name) { + return pattern.matcher( + new File(name).getName()).matches(); + } + }); } - void addAll(TreeInfo other) { - files.addAll(other.files); - dirs.addAll(other.dirs); + + public static File[] + local(String path, final String regex) { // Overloaded + return local(new File(path), regex); } - public String toString() { - return "dirs: " + PPrint.pformat(dirs) + - "\n\nfiles: " + PPrint.pformat(files); - } - } - public static TreeInfo - walk(String start, String regex) { // Begin recursion - return recurseDirs(new File(start), regex); - } - public static TreeInfo - walk(File start, String regex) { // Overloaded - return recurseDirs(start, regex); - } - public static TreeInfo walk(File start) { // Everything - return recurseDirs(start, ".*"); - } - public static TreeInfo walk(String start) { - return recurseDirs(new File(start), ".*"); - } - static TreeInfo recurseDirs(File startDir, String regex){ - TreeInfo result = new TreeInfo(); - for(File item : startDir.listFiles()) { - if(item.isDirectory()) { - result.dirs.add(item); - result.addAll(recurseDirs(item, regex)); - } else // Regular file - if(item.getName().matches(regex)) { - result.files.add(item); + + // A two-tuple for returning a pair of objects: + public static class TreeInfo implements Iterable { + public List files = new ArrayList(); + public List dirs = new ArrayList(); + + // The default iterable element is the file list: + @Override + public Iterator iterator() { + return files.iterator(); + } + + void addAll(TreeInfo other) { + files.addAll(other.files); + dirs.addAll(other.dirs); + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return "dirs: " + PPrint.pformat(dirs) + + "\n\nfiles: " + PPrint.pformat(files); } } - return result; - } - // Simple validation test: - public static void main(String[] args) { - if(args.length == 0) { - System.out.println(walk(".")); - } else { - for(String arg : args) { - System.out.println(walk(arg)); + + public static TreeInfo + walk(String start, String regex) { // Begin recursion + return recurseDirs(new File(start), regex); + } + + public static TreeInfo + walk(File start, String regex) { // Overloaded + return recurseDirs(start, regex); + } + + public static TreeInfo walk(File start) { // Everything + return recurseDirs(start, ".*"); + } + + public static TreeInfo walk(String start) { + return recurseDirs(new File(start), ".*"); + } + + static TreeInfo recurseDirs(File startDir, String regex) { + TreeInfo result = new TreeInfo(); + for (File item : startDir.listFiles()) { + if (item.isDirectory()) { + result.dirs.add(item); + result.addAll(recurseDirs(item, regex)); + } else // Regular file + if (item.getName().matches(regex)) { + result.files.add(item); + } + } + return result; + } + + // Simple validation test: + public static void main(String[] args) { + if (args.length == 0) { + System.out.println(walk(".")); + } else { + for (String arg : args) { + System.out.println(walk(arg)); + } } } - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/net/mindview/util/Enums.java b/src/net/mindview/util/Enums.java index d01a2bd..67a8f56 100644 --- a/src/net/mindview/util/Enums.java +++ b/src/net/mindview/util/Enums.java @@ -1,13 +1,16 @@ //: net/mindview/util/Enums.java package net.mindview.util; + import java.util.*; public class Enums { - private static Random rand = new Random(47); - public static > T random(Class ec) { - return random(ec.getEnumConstants()); - } - public static T random(T[] values) { - return values[rand.nextInt(values.length)]; - } + private static Random rand = new Random(47); + + public static > T random(Class ec) { + return random(ec.getEnumConstants()); + } + + public static T random(T[] values) { + return values[rand.nextInt(values.length)]; + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/net/mindview/util/FiveTuple.java b/src/net/mindview/util/FiveTuple.java index f2f3e39..991cdad 100644 --- a/src/net/mindview/util/FiveTuple.java +++ b/src/net/mindview/util/FiveTuple.java @@ -1,15 +1,18 @@ //: net/mindview/util/FiveTuple.java package net.mindview.util; -public class FiveTuple -extends FourTuple { - public final E fifth; - public FiveTuple(A a, B b, C c, D d, E e) { - super(a, b, c, d); - fifth = e; - } - public String toString() { - return "(" + first + ", " + second + ", " + - third + ", " + fourth + ", " + fifth + ")"; - } +public class FiveTuple + extends FourTuple { + public final E fifth; + + public FiveTuple(A a, B b, C c, D d, E e) { + super(a, b, c, d); + fifth = e; + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return "(" + first + ", " + second + ", " + + third + ", " + fourth + ", " + fifth + ")"; + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/net/mindview/util/FourTuple.java b/src/net/mindview/util/FourTuple.java index 4eee0e9..7d57259 100644 --- a/src/net/mindview/util/FourTuple.java +++ b/src/net/mindview/util/FourTuple.java @@ -1,14 +1,17 @@ //: net/mindview/util/FourTuple.java package net.mindview.util; -public class FourTuple extends ThreeTuple { - public final D fourth; - public FourTuple(A a, B b, C c, D d) { - super(a, b, c); - fourth = d; - } - public String toString() { - return "(" + first + ", " + second + ", " + - third + ", " + fourth + ")"; - } +public class FourTuple extends ThreeTuple { + public final D fourth; + + public FourTuple(A a, B b, C c, D d) { + super(a, b, c); + fourth = d; + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return "(" + first + ", " + second + ", " + + third + ", " + fourth + ")"; + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/net/mindview/util/Generated.java b/src/net/mindview/util/Generated.java index 4eb56f4..37f1177 100644 --- a/src/net/mindview/util/Generated.java +++ b/src/net/mindview/util/Generated.java @@ -1,18 +1,20 @@ //: net/mindview/util/Generated.java package net.mindview.util; + import java.util.*; public class Generated { - // Fill an existing array: - public static T[] array(T[] a, Generator gen) { - return new CollectionData(gen, a.length).toArray(a); - } - // Create a new array: - @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") - public static T[] array(Class type, - Generator gen, int size) { - T[] a = - (T[])java.lang.reflect.Array.newInstance(type, size); - return new CollectionData(gen, size).toArray(a); - } + // Fill an existing array: + public static T[] array(T[] a, Generator gen) { + return new CollectionData(gen, a.length).toArray(a); + } + + // Create a new array: + @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") + public static T[] array(Class type, + Generator gen, int size) { + T[] a = + (T[]) java.lang.reflect.Array.newInstance(type, size); + return new CollectionData(gen, size).toArray(a); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/net/mindview/util/Generator.java b/src/net/mindview/util/Generator.java index c753dd8..6a43eb5 100644 --- a/src/net/mindview/util/Generator.java +++ b/src/net/mindview/util/Generator.java @@ -1,4 +1,7 @@ //: net/mindview/util/Generator.java // A generic interface. package net.mindview.util; -public interface Generator { T next(); } ///:~ + +public interface Generator { + T next(); +} ///:~ diff --git a/src/net/mindview/util/Hex.java b/src/net/mindview/util/Hex.java index a99fdc3..2cf427c 100644 --- a/src/net/mindview/util/Hex.java +++ b/src/net/mindview/util/Hex.java @@ -1,35 +1,37 @@ //: net/mindview/util/Hex.java package net.mindview.util; + import java.io.*; public class Hex { - public static String format(byte[] data) { - StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder(); - int n = 0; - for(byte b : data) { - if(n % 16 == 0) { - result.append(String.format("%05X: ", n)); - } - result.append(String.format("%02X ", b)); - n++; - if(n % 16 == 0) { - result.append("\n"); - } + public static String format(byte[] data) { + StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder(); + int n = 0; + for (byte b : data) { + if (n % 16 == 0) { + result.append(String.format("%05X: ", n)); + } + result.append(String.format("%02X ", b)); + n++; + if (n % 16 == 0) { + result.append("\n"); + } + } + result.append("\n"); + return result.toString(); } - result.append("\n"); - return result.toString(); - } - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - if(args.length == 0) - // Test by displaying this class file: - { - System.out.println( - format(BinaryFile.read("Hex.class"))); - } else { - System.out.println( - format(BinaryFile.read(new File(args[0])))); + + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + if (args.length == 0) + // Test by displaying this class file: + { + System.out.println( + format(BinaryFile.read("Hex.class"))); + } else { + System.out.println( + format(BinaryFile.read(new File(args[0])))); + } } - } } /* Output: (Sample) 00000: CA FE BA BE 00 00 00 31 00 52 0A 00 05 00 22 07 00010: 00 23 0A 00 02 00 22 08 00 24 07 00 25 0A 00 26 diff --git a/src/net/mindview/util/MapData.java b/src/net/mindview/util/MapData.java index 2d923a3..1083c2a 100644 --- a/src/net/mindview/util/MapData.java +++ b/src/net/mindview/util/MapData.java @@ -1,60 +1,70 @@ //: net/mindview/util/MapData.java // A Map filled with data using a generator object. package net.mindview.util; + import java.util.*; -public class MapData extends LinkedHashMap { - // A single Pair Generator: - public MapData(Generator> gen, int quantity) { - for(int i = 0; i < quantity; i++) { - Pair p = gen.next(); - put(p.key, p.value); +public class MapData extends LinkedHashMap { + // A single Pair Generator: + public MapData(Generator> gen, int quantity) { + for (int i = 0; i < quantity; i++) { + Pair p = gen.next(); + put(p.key, p.value); + } } - } - // Two separate Generators: - public MapData(Generator genK, Generator genV, - int quantity) { - for(int i = 0; i < quantity; i++) { - put(genK.next(), genV.next()); + + // Two separate Generators: + public MapData(Generator genK, Generator genV, + int quantity) { + for (int i = 0; i < quantity; i++) { + put(genK.next(), genV.next()); + } } - } - // A key Generator and a single value: - public MapData(Generator genK, V value, int quantity){ - for(int i = 0; i < quantity; i++) { - put(genK.next(), value); + + // A key Generator and a single value: + public MapData(Generator genK, V value, int quantity) { + for (int i = 0; i < quantity; i++) { + put(genK.next(), value); + } } - } - // An Iterable and a value Generator: - public MapData(Iterable genK, Generator genV) { - for(K key : genK) { - put(key, genV.next()); + + // An Iterable and a value Generator: + public MapData(Iterable genK, Generator genV) { + for (K key : genK) { + put(key, genV.next()); + } } - } - // An Iterable and a single value: - public MapData(Iterable genK, V value) { - for(K key : genK) { - put(key, value); + + // An Iterable and a single value: + public MapData(Iterable genK, V value) { + for (K key : genK) { + put(key, value); + } + } + + // Generic convenience methods: + public static MapData + map(Generator> gen, int quantity) { + return new MapData(gen, quantity); + } + + public static MapData + map(Generator genK, Generator genV, int quantity) { + return new MapData(genK, genV, quantity); + } + + public static MapData + map(Generator genK, V value, int quantity) { + return new MapData(genK, value, quantity); + } + + public static MapData + map(Iterable genK, Generator genV) { + return new MapData(genK, genV); + } + + public static MapData + map(Iterable genK, V value) { + return new MapData(genK, value); } - } - // Generic convenience methods: - public static MapData - map(Generator> gen, int quantity) { - return new MapData(gen, quantity); - } - public static MapData - map(Generator genK, Generator genV, int quantity) { - return new MapData(genK, genV, quantity); - } - public static MapData - map(Generator genK, V value, int quantity) { - return new MapData(genK, value, quantity); - } - public static MapData - map(Iterable genK, Generator genV) { - return new MapData(genK, genV); - } - public static MapData - map(Iterable genK, V value) { - return new MapData(genK, value); - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/net/mindview/util/New.java b/src/net/mindview/util/New.java index 16ed4be..50f56b2 100644 --- a/src/net/mindview/util/New.java +++ b/src/net/mindview/util/New.java @@ -2,30 +2,36 @@ // Utilities to simplify generic container creation // by using type argument inference. package net.mindview.util; + import java.util.*; public class New { - public static Map map() { - return new HashMap(); - } - public static List list() { - return new ArrayList(); - } - public static LinkedList lList() { - return new LinkedList(); - } - public static Set set() { - return new HashSet(); - } - public static Queue queue() { - return new LinkedList(); - } - // Examples: - public static void main(String[] args) { - Map> sls = New.map(); - List ls = New.list(); - LinkedList lls = New.lList(); - Set ss = New.set(); - Queue qs = New.queue(); - } + public static Map map() { + return new HashMap(); + } + + public static List list() { + return new ArrayList(); + } + + public static LinkedList lList() { + return new LinkedList(); + } + + public static Set set() { + return new HashSet(); + } + + public static Queue queue() { + return new LinkedList(); + } + + // Examples: + public static void main(String[] args) { + Map> sls = New.map(); + List ls = New.list(); + LinkedList lls = New.lList(); + Set ss = New.set(); + Queue qs = New.queue(); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/net/mindview/util/Null.java b/src/net/mindview/util/Null.java index ec217b9..f9f39ad 100644 --- a/src/net/mindview/util/Null.java +++ b/src/net/mindview/util/Null.java @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ //: net/mindview/util/Null.java package net.mindview.util; -public interface Null {} ///:~ + +public interface Null { +} ///:~ diff --git a/src/net/mindview/util/OSExecute.java b/src/net/mindview/util/OSExecute.java index f213397..0a32f4e 100644 --- a/src/net/mindview/util/OSExecute.java +++ b/src/net/mindview/util/OSExecute.java @@ -2,40 +2,41 @@ // Run an operating system command // and send the output to the console. package net.mindview.util; + import java.io.*; public class OSExecute { - public static void command(String command) { - boolean err = false; - try { - Process process = - new ProcessBuilder(command.split(" ")).start(); - BufferedReader results = new BufferedReader( - new InputStreamReader(process.getInputStream())); - String s; - while((s = results.readLine())!= null) { - System.out.println(s); - } - BufferedReader errors = new BufferedReader( - new InputStreamReader(process.getErrorStream())); - // Report errors and return nonzero value - // to calling process if there are problems: - while((s = errors.readLine())!= null) { - System.err.println(s); - err = true; - } - } catch(Exception e) { - // Compensate for Windows 2000, which throws an - // exception for the default command line: - if(!command.startsWith("CMD /C")) { - command("CMD /C " + command); - } else { - throw new RuntimeException(e); - } + public static void command(String command) { + boolean err = false; + try { + Process process = + new ProcessBuilder(command.split(" ")).start(); + BufferedReader results = new BufferedReader( + new InputStreamReader(process.getInputStream())); + String s; + while ((s = results.readLine()) != null) { + System.out.println(s); + } + BufferedReader errors = new BufferedReader( + new InputStreamReader(process.getErrorStream())); + // Report errors and return nonzero value + // to calling process if there are problems: + while ((s = errors.readLine()) != null) { + System.err.println(s); + err = true; + } + } catch (Exception e) { + // Compensate for Windows 2000, which throws an + // exception for the default command line: + if (!command.startsWith("CMD /C")) { + command("CMD /C " + command); + } else { + throw new RuntimeException(e); + } + } + if (err) { + throw new OSExecuteException("Errors executing " + + command); + } } - if(err) { - throw new OSExecuteException("Errors executing " + - command); - } - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/net/mindview/util/OSExecuteException.java b/src/net/mindview/util/OSExecuteException.java index 766e0f2..398189a 100644 --- a/src/net/mindview/util/OSExecuteException.java +++ b/src/net/mindview/util/OSExecuteException.java @@ -2,5 +2,7 @@ package net.mindview.util; public class OSExecuteException extends RuntimeException { - public OSExecuteException(String why) { super(why); } + public OSExecuteException(String why) { + super(why); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/net/mindview/util/PPrint.java b/src/net/mindview/util/PPrint.java index 3d9ff1f..07dca6b 100644 --- a/src/net/mindview/util/PPrint.java +++ b/src/net/mindview/util/PPrint.java @@ -1,30 +1,33 @@ //: net/mindview/util/PPrint.java // Pretty-printer for collections package net.mindview.util; + import java.util.*; public class PPrint { - public static String pformat(Collection c) { - if(c.size() == 0) { - return "[]"; + public static String pformat(Collection c) { + if (c.size() == 0) { + return "[]"; + } + StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder("["); + for (Object elem : c) { + if (c.size() != 1) { + result.append("\n "); + } + result.append(elem); + } + if (c.size() != 1) { + result.append("\n"); + } + result.append("]"); + return result.toString(); } - StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder("["); - for(Object elem : c) { - if(c.size() != 1) { - result.append("\n "); - } - result.append(elem); + + public static void pprint(Collection c) { + System.out.println(pformat(c)); } - if(c.size() != 1) { - result.append("\n"); + + public static void pprint(Object[] c) { + System.out.println(pformat(Arrays.asList(c))); } - result.append("]"); - return result.toString(); - } - public static void pprint(Collection c) { - System.out.println(pformat(c)); - } - public static void pprint(Object[] c) { - System.out.println(pformat(Arrays.asList(c))); - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/net/mindview/util/Pair.java b/src/net/mindview/util/Pair.java index e346003..aa6c8dd 100644 --- a/src/net/mindview/util/Pair.java +++ b/src/net/mindview/util/Pair.java @@ -1,11 +1,12 @@ //: net/mindview/util/Pair.java package net.mindview.util; -public class Pair { - public final K key; - public final V value; - public Pair(K k, V v) { - key = k; - value = v; - } +public class Pair { + public final K key; + public final V value; + + public Pair(K k, V v) { + key = k; + value = v; + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/net/mindview/util/Print.java b/src/net/mindview/util/Print.java index 0147ec6..c7f011e 100644 --- a/src/net/mindview/util/Print.java +++ b/src/net/mindview/util/Print.java @@ -2,24 +2,28 @@ // Print methods that can be used without // qualifiers, using Java SE5 static imports: package net.mindview.util; + import java.io.*; public class Print { - // Print with a newline: - public static void print(Object obj) { - System.out.println(obj); - } - // Print a newline by itself: - public static void print() { - System.out.println(); - } - // Print with no line break: - public static void printnb(Object obj) { - System.out.print(obj); - } - // The new Java SE5 printf() (from C): - public static PrintStream - printf(String format, Object... args) { - return System.out.printf(format, args); - } + // Print with a newline: + public static void print(Object obj) { + System.out.println(obj); + } + + // Print a newline by itself: + public static void print() { + System.out.println(); + } + + // Print with no line break: + public static void printnb(Object obj) { + System.out.print(obj); + } + + // The new Java SE5 printf() (from C): + public static PrintStream + printf(String format, Object... args) { + return System.out.printf(format, args); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/net/mindview/util/ProcessFiles.java b/src/net/mindview/util/ProcessFiles.java index 0c1e523..16d711e 100644 --- a/src/net/mindview/util/ProcessFiles.java +++ b/src/net/mindview/util/ProcessFiles.java @@ -1,53 +1,60 @@ //: net/mindview/util/ProcessFiles.java package net.mindview.util; + import java.io.*; public class ProcessFiles { - public interface Strategy { - void process(File file); - } - private Strategy strategy; - private String ext; - public ProcessFiles(Strategy strategy, String ext) { - this.strategy = strategy; - this.ext = ext; - } - public void start(String[] args) { - try { - if(args.length == 0) { - processDirectoryTree(new File(".")); - } else { - for(String arg : args) { - File fileArg = new File(arg); - if(fileArg.isDirectory()) { - processDirectoryTree(fileArg); + public interface Strategy { + void process(File file); + } + + private Strategy strategy; + private String ext; + + public ProcessFiles(Strategy strategy, String ext) { + this.strategy = strategy; + this.ext = ext; + } + + public void start(String[] args) { + try { + if (args.length == 0) { + processDirectoryTree(new File(".")); } else { - // Allow user to leave off extension: - if(!arg.endsWith("." + ext)) { - arg += "." + ext; - } - strategy.process( - new File(arg).getCanonicalFile()); + for (String arg : args) { + File fileArg = new File(arg); + if (fileArg.isDirectory()) { + processDirectoryTree(fileArg); + } else { + // Allow user to leave off extension: + if (!arg.endsWith("." + ext)) { + arg += "." + ext; + } + strategy.process( + new File(arg).getCanonicalFile()); + } + } } - } - } - } catch(IOException e) { - throw new RuntimeException(e); + } catch (IOException e) { + throw new RuntimeException(e); + } } - } - public void - processDirectoryTree(File root) throws IOException { - for(File file : Directory.walk( - root.getAbsolutePath(), ".*\\." + ext)) { - strategy.process(file.getCanonicalFile()); + + public void + processDirectoryTree(File root) throws IOException { + for (File file : Directory.walk( + root.getAbsolutePath(), ".*\\." + ext)) { + strategy.process(file.getCanonicalFile()); + } + } + + // Demonstration of how to use it: + public static void main(String[] args) { + new ProcessFiles(new ProcessFiles.Strategy() { + @Override + public void process(File file) { + System.out.println(file); + } + }, "java").start(args); } - } - // Demonstration of how to use it: - public static void main(String[] args) { - new ProcessFiles(new ProcessFiles.Strategy() { - public void process(File file) { - System.out.println(file); - } - }, "java").start(args); - } } /* (Execute to see output) *///:~ diff --git a/src/net/mindview/util/RandomGenerator.java b/src/net/mindview/util/RandomGenerator.java index 1aee91a..60bf5fd 100644 --- a/src/net/mindview/util/RandomGenerator.java +++ b/src/net/mindview/util/RandomGenerator.java @@ -1,73 +1,110 @@ //: net/mindview/util/RandomGenerator.java // Generators that produce random values. package net.mindview.util; + import java.util.*; public class RandomGenerator { - private static Random r = new Random(47); - public static class - Boolean implements Generator { - public java.lang.Boolean next() { - return r.nextBoolean(); + private static Random r = new Random(47); + + public static class + Boolean implements Generator { + @Override + public java.lang.Boolean next() { + return r.nextBoolean(); + } } - } - public static class - Byte implements Generator { - public java.lang.Byte next() { - return (byte)r.nextInt(); + + public static class + Byte implements Generator { + @Override + public java.lang.Byte next() { + return (byte) r.nextInt(); + } } - } - public static class - Character implements Generator { - public java.lang.Character next() { - return CountingGenerator.chars[ - r.nextInt(CountingGenerator.chars.length)]; + + public static class + Character implements Generator { + @Override + public java.lang.Character next() { + return CountingGenerator.chars[ + r.nextInt(CountingGenerator.chars.length)]; + } } - } - public static class - String extends CountingGenerator.String { - // Plug in the random Character generator: - { cg = new Character(); } // Instance initializer - public String() {} - public String(int length) { super(length); } - } - public static class - Short implements Generator { - public java.lang.Short next() { - return (short)r.nextInt(); + + public static class + String extends CountingGenerator.String { + // Plug in the random Character generator: + { + cg = new Character(); + } // Instance initializer + + public String() { + } + + public String(int length) { + super(length); + } } - } - public static class - Integer implements Generator { - private int mod = 10000; - public Integer() {} - public Integer(int modulo) { mod = modulo; } - public java.lang.Integer next() { - return r.nextInt(mod); + + public static class + Short implements Generator { + @Override + public java.lang.Short next() { + return (short) r.nextInt(); + } } - } - public static class - Long implements Generator { - private int mod = 10000; - public Long() {} - public Long(int modulo) { mod = modulo; } - public java.lang.Long next() { - return new java.lang.Long(r.nextInt(mod)); + + public static class + Integer implements Generator { + private int mod = 10000; + + public Integer() { + } + + public Integer(int modulo) { + mod = modulo; + } + + @Override + public java.lang.Integer next() { + return r.nextInt(mod); + } } - } - public static class - Float implements Generator { - public java.lang.Float next() { - // Trim all but the first two decimal places: - int trimmed = Math.round(r.nextFloat() * 100); - return ((float)trimmed) / 100; + + public static class + Long implements Generator { + private int mod = 10000; + + public Long() { + } + + public Long(int modulo) { + mod = modulo; + } + + @Override + public java.lang.Long next() { + return new java.lang.Long(r.nextInt(mod)); + } } - } - public static class - Double implements Generator { - public java.lang.Double next() { - long trimmed = Math.round(r.nextDouble() * 100); - return ((double)trimmed) / 100; + + public static class + Float implements Generator { + @Override + public java.lang.Float next() { + // Trim all but the first two decimal places: + int trimmed = Math.round(r.nextFloat() * 100); + return ((float) trimmed) / 100; + } + } + + public static class + Double implements Generator { + @Override + public java.lang.Double next() { + long trimmed = Math.round(r.nextDouble() * 100); + return ((double) trimmed) / 100; + } } - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/net/mindview/util/Range.java b/src/net/mindview/util/Range.java index dc0e34c..8b61729 100644 --- a/src/net/mindview/util/Range.java +++ b/src/net/mindview/util/Range.java @@ -4,30 +4,32 @@ package net.mindview.util; public class Range { - // Produce a sequence [0..n) - public static int[] range(int n) { - int[] result = new int[n]; - for(int i = 0; i < n; i++) { - result[i] = i; + // Produce a sequence [0..n) + public static int[] range(int n) { + int[] result = new int[n]; + for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) { + result[i] = i; + } + return result; } - return result; - } - // Produce a sequence [start..end) - public static int[] range(int start, int end) { - int sz = end - start; - int[] result = new int[sz]; - for(int i = 0; i < sz; i++) { - result[i] = start + i; + + // Produce a sequence [start..end) + public static int[] range(int start, int end) { + int sz = end - start; + int[] result = new int[sz]; + for (int i = 0; i < sz; i++) { + result[i] = start + i; + } + return result; } - return result; - } - // Produce a sequence [start..end) incrementing by step - public static int[] range(int start, int end, int step) { - int sz = (end - start)/step; - int[] result = new int[sz]; - for(int i = 0; i < sz; i++) { - result[i] = start + (i * step); + + // Produce a sequence [start..end) incrementing by step + public static int[] range(int start, int end, int step) { + int sz = (end - start) / step; + int[] result = new int[sz]; + for (int i = 0; i < sz; i++) { + result[i] = start + (i * step); + } + return result; } - return result; - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/net/mindview/util/Sets.java b/src/net/mindview/util/Sets.java index d04afc1..e40c031 100644 --- a/src/net/mindview/util/Sets.java +++ b/src/net/mindview/util/Sets.java @@ -1,28 +1,32 @@ //: net/mindview/util/Sets.java package net.mindview.util; + import java.util.*; public class Sets { - public static Set union(Set a, Set b) { - Set result = new HashSet(a); - result.addAll(b); - return result; - } - public static - Set intersection(Set a, Set b) { - Set result = new HashSet(a); - result.retainAll(b); - return result; - } - // Subtract subset from superset: - public static Set - difference(Set superset, Set subset) { - Set result = new HashSet(superset); - result.removeAll(subset); - return result; - } - // Reflexive--everything not in the intersection: - public static Set complement(Set a, Set b) { - return difference(union(a, b), intersection(a, b)); - } + public static Set union(Set a, Set b) { + Set result = new HashSet(a); + result.addAll(b); + return result; + } + + public static + Set intersection(Set a, Set b) { + Set result = new HashSet(a); + result.retainAll(b); + return result; + } + + // Subtract subset from superset: + public static Set + difference(Set superset, Set subset) { + Set result = new HashSet(superset); + result.removeAll(subset); + return result; + } + + // Reflexive--everything not in the intersection: + public static Set complement(Set a, Set b) { + return difference(union(a, b), intersection(a, b)); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/net/mindview/util/SwingConsole.java b/src/net/mindview/util/SwingConsole.java index 279e013..3c2dcbf 100644 --- a/src/net/mindview/util/SwingConsole.java +++ b/src/net/mindview/util/SwingConsole.java @@ -2,18 +2,20 @@ // Tool for running Swing demos from the // console, both applets and JFrames. package net.mindview.util; + import javax.swing.*; public class SwingConsole { - public static void - run(final JFrame f, final int width, final int height) { - SwingUtilities.invokeLater(new Runnable() { - public void run() { - f.setTitle(f.getClass().getSimpleName()); - f.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE); - f.setSize(width, height); - f.setVisible(true); - } - }); - } + public static void + run(final JFrame f, final int width, final int height) { + SwingUtilities.invokeLater(new Runnable() { + @Override + public void run() { + f.setTitle(f.getClass().getSimpleName()); + f.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE); + f.setSize(width, height); + f.setVisible(true); + } + }); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/net/mindview/util/TaskItem.java b/src/net/mindview/util/TaskItem.java index a7827a4..169543e 100644 --- a/src/net/mindview/util/TaskItem.java +++ b/src/net/mindview/util/TaskItem.java @@ -1,13 +1,15 @@ //: net/mindview/util/TaskItem.java // A Future and the Callable that produced it. package net.mindview.util; + import java.util.concurrent.*; -public class TaskItem> { - public final Future future; - public final C task; - public TaskItem(Future future, C task) { - this.future = future; - this.task = task; - } +public class TaskItem> { + public final Future future; + public final C task; + + public TaskItem(Future future, C task) { + this.future = future; + this.task = task; + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/net/mindview/util/TaskManager.java b/src/net/mindview/util/TaskManager.java index b96f65e..24d7ff2 100644 --- a/src/net/mindview/util/TaskManager.java +++ b/src/net/mindview/util/TaskManager.java @@ -1,44 +1,48 @@ //: net/mindview/util/TaskManager.java // Managing and executing a queue of tasks. package net.mindview.util; + import java.util.concurrent.*; import java.util.*; -public class TaskManager> -extends ArrayList> { - private ExecutorService exec = - Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor(); - public void add(C task) { - add(new TaskItem(exec.submit(task),task)); - } - public List getResults() { - Iterator> items = iterator(); - List results = new ArrayList(); - while(items.hasNext()) { - TaskItem item = items.next(); - if(item.future.isDone()) { - try { - results.add(item.future.get()); - } catch(Exception e) { - throw new RuntimeException(e); +public class TaskManager> + extends ArrayList> { + private ExecutorService exec = + Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor(); + + public void add(C task) { + add(new TaskItem(exec.submit(task), task)); + } + + public List getResults() { + Iterator> items = iterator(); + List results = new ArrayList(); + while (items.hasNext()) { + TaskItem item = items.next(); + if (item.future.isDone()) { + try { + results.add(item.future.get()); + } catch (Exception e) { + throw new RuntimeException(e); + } + items.remove(); + } } - items.remove(); - } + return results; } - return results; - } - public List purge() { - Iterator> items = iterator(); - List results = new ArrayList(); - while(items.hasNext()) { - TaskItem item = items.next(); - // Leave completed tasks for results reporting: - if(!item.future.isDone()) { - results.add("Cancelling " + item.task); - item.future.cancel(true); // May interrupt - items.remove(); - } + + public List purge() { + Iterator> items = iterator(); + List results = new ArrayList(); + while (items.hasNext()) { + TaskItem item = items.next(); + // Leave completed tasks for results reporting: + if (!item.future.isDone()) { + results.add("Cancelling " + item.task); + item.future.cancel(true); // May interrupt + items.remove(); + } + } + return results; } - return results; - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/net/mindview/util/TextFile.java b/src/net/mindview/util/TextFile.java index 8703cee..fd0097e 100644 --- a/src/net/mindview/util/TextFile.java +++ b/src/net/mindview/util/TextFile.java @@ -2,84 +2,90 @@ // Static functions for reading and writing text files as // a single string, and treating a file as an ArrayList. package net.mindview.util; + import java.io.*; import java.util.*; public class TextFile extends ArrayList { - // Read a file as a single string: - public static String read(String fileName) { - StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(); - try { - BufferedReader in= new BufferedReader(new FileReader( - new File(fileName).getAbsoluteFile())); - try { - String s; - while((s = in.readLine()) != null) { - sb.append(s); - sb.append("\n"); + // Read a file as a single string: + public static String read(String fileName) { + StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(); + try { + BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new FileReader( + new File(fileName).getAbsoluteFile())); + try { + String s; + while ((s = in.readLine()) != null) { + sb.append(s); + sb.append("\n"); + } + } finally { + in.close(); + } + } catch (IOException e) { + throw new RuntimeException(e); } - } finally { - in.close(); - } - } catch(IOException e) { - throw new RuntimeException(e); + return sb.toString(); } - return sb.toString(); - } - // Write a single file in one method call: - public static void write(String fileName, String text) { - try { - PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter( - new File(fileName).getAbsoluteFile()); - try { - out.print(text); - } finally { - out.close(); - } - } catch(IOException e) { - throw new RuntimeException(e); - } - } - // Read a file, split by any regular expression: - public TextFile(String fileName, String splitter) { - super(Arrays.asList(read(fileName).split(splitter))); - // Regular expression split() often leaves an empty - // String at the first position: - if(get(0).equals("")) { - remove(0); - } - } - // Normally read by lines: - public TextFile(String fileName) { - this(fileName, "\n"); - } - public void write(String fileName) { - try { - PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter( - new File(fileName).getAbsoluteFile()); - try { - for(String item : this) { - out.println(item); + + // Write a single file in one method call: + public static void write(String fileName, String text) { + try { + PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter( + new File(fileName).getAbsoluteFile()); + try { + out.print(text); + } finally { + out.close(); + } + } catch (IOException e) { + throw new RuntimeException(e); } - } finally { - out.close(); - } - } catch(IOException e) { - throw new RuntimeException(e); } - } - // Simple test: - public static void main(String[] args) { - String file = read("TextFile.java"); - write("test.txt", file); - TextFile text = new TextFile("test.txt"); - text.write("test2.txt"); - // Break into unique sorted list of words: - TreeSet words = new TreeSet( - new TextFile("TextFile.java", "\\W+")); - // Display the capitalized words: - System.out.println(words.headSet("a")); - } + + // Read a file, split by any regular expression: + public TextFile(String fileName, String splitter) { + super(Arrays.asList(read(fileName).split(splitter))); + // Regular expression split() often leaves an empty + // String at the first position: + if (get(0).equals("")) { + remove(0); + } + } + + // Normally read by lines: + public TextFile(String fileName) { + this(fileName, "\n"); + } + + public void write(String fileName) { + try { + PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter( + new File(fileName).getAbsoluteFile()); + try { + for (String item : this) { + out.println(item); + } + } finally { + out.close(); + } + } catch (IOException e) { + throw new RuntimeException(e); + } + } + + // Simple test: + public static void main(String[] args) { + String file = read("TextFile.java"); + write("test.txt", file); + TextFile text = new TextFile("test.txt"); + text.write("test2.txt"); + // Break into unique sorted list of words: + TreeSet words = new TreeSet( + new TextFile("TextFile.java", "\\W+")); + // Display the capitalized words: + System.out.println(words.headSet("a")); + } } /* Output: [0, ArrayList, Arrays, Break, BufferedReader, BufferedWriter, Clean, Display, File, FileReader, FileWriter, IOException, Normally, Output, PrintWriter, Read, Regular, RuntimeException, Simple, Static, String, StringBuilder, System, TextFile, Tools, TreeSet, W, Write] *///:~ diff --git a/src/net/mindview/util/ThreeTuple.java b/src/net/mindview/util/ThreeTuple.java index aed60a0..6dfbf96 100644 --- a/src/net/mindview/util/ThreeTuple.java +++ b/src/net/mindview/util/ThreeTuple.java @@ -1,13 +1,16 @@ //: net/mindview/util/ThreeTuple.java package net.mindview.util; -public class ThreeTuple extends TwoTuple { - public final C third; - public ThreeTuple(A a, B b, C c) { - super(a, b); - third = c; - } - public String toString() { - return "(" + first + ", " + second + ", " + third +")"; - } +public class ThreeTuple extends TwoTuple { + public final C third; + + public ThreeTuple(A a, B b, C c) { + super(a, b); + third = c; + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return "(" + first + ", " + second + ", " + third + ")"; + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/net/mindview/util/Tuple.java b/src/net/mindview/util/Tuple.java index 8fe2c8f..5d99a91 100644 --- a/src/net/mindview/util/Tuple.java +++ b/src/net/mindview/util/Tuple.java @@ -3,19 +3,22 @@ package net.mindview.util; public class Tuple { - public static TwoTuple tuple(A a, B b) { - return new TwoTuple(a, b); - } - public static ThreeTuple - tuple(A a, B b, C c) { - return new ThreeTuple(a, b, c); - } - public static FourTuple - tuple(A a, B b, C c, D d) { - return new FourTuple(a, b, c, d); - } - public static - FiveTuple tuple(A a, B b, C c, D d, E e) { - return new FiveTuple(a, b, c, d, e); - } + public static TwoTuple tuple(A a, B b) { + return new TwoTuple(a, b); + } + + public static ThreeTuple + tuple(A a, B b, C c) { + return new ThreeTuple(a, b, c); + } + + public static FourTuple + tuple(A a, B b, C c, D d) { + return new FourTuple(a, b, c, d); + } + + public static + FiveTuple tuple(A a, B b, C c, D d, E e) { + return new FiveTuple(a, b, c, d, e); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/net/mindview/util/TwoTuple.java b/src/net/mindview/util/TwoTuple.java index 02e6f7d..b90a86b 100644 --- a/src/net/mindview/util/TwoTuple.java +++ b/src/net/mindview/util/TwoTuple.java @@ -1,11 +1,17 @@ //: net/mindview/util/TwoTuple.java package net.mindview.util; -public class TwoTuple { - public final A first; - public final B second; - public TwoTuple(A a, B b) { first = a; second = b; } - public String toString() { - return "(" + first + ", " + second + ")"; - } +public class TwoTuple { + public final A first; + public final B second; + + public TwoTuple(A a, B b) { + first = a; + second = b; + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return "(" + first + ", " + second + ")"; + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/net/mindview/util/TypeCounter.java b/src/net/mindview/util/TypeCounter.java index 6362e0e..7c272c8 100644 --- a/src/net/mindview/util/TypeCounter.java +++ b/src/net/mindview/util/TypeCounter.java @@ -1,41 +1,47 @@ //: net/mindview/util/TypeCounter.java // Counts instances of a type family. package net.mindview.util; + import java.util.*; -public class TypeCounter extends HashMap,Integer>{ - private Class baseType; - public TypeCounter(Class baseType) { - this.baseType = baseType; - } - public void count(Object obj) { - Class type = obj.getClass(); - if(!baseType.isAssignableFrom(type)) { - throw new RuntimeException(obj + " incorrect type: " - + type + ", should be type or subtype of " - + baseType); +public class TypeCounter extends HashMap, Integer> { + private Class baseType; + + public TypeCounter(Class baseType) { + this.baseType = baseType; } - countClass(type); - } - private void countClass(Class type) { - Integer quantity = get(type); - put(type, quantity == null ? 1 : quantity + 1); - Class superClass = type.getSuperclass(); - if(superClass != null && - baseType.isAssignableFrom(superClass)) { - countClass(superClass); + + public void count(Object obj) { + Class type = obj.getClass(); + if (!baseType.isAssignableFrom(type)) { + throw new RuntimeException(obj + " incorrect type: " + + type + ", should be type or subtype of " + + baseType); + } + countClass(type); } - } - public String toString() { - StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder("{"); - for(Map.Entry,Integer> pair : entrySet()) { - result.append(pair.getKey().getSimpleName()); - result.append("="); - result.append(pair.getValue()); - result.append(", "); + + private void countClass(Class type) { + Integer quantity = get(type); + put(type, quantity == null ? 1 : quantity + 1); + Class superClass = type.getSuperclass(); + if (superClass != null && + baseType.isAssignableFrom(superClass)) { + countClass(superClass); + } + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder("{"); + for (Map.Entry, Integer> pair : entrySet()) { + result.append(pair.getKey().getSimpleName()); + result.append("="); + result.append(pair.getValue()); + result.append(", "); + } + result.delete(result.length() - 2, result.length()); + result.append("}"); + return result.toString(); } - result.delete(result.length()-2, result.length()); - result.append("}"); - return result.toString(); - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/object/Documentation1.java b/src/object/Documentation1.java index d90d72a..3077ede 100644 --- a/src/object/Documentation1.java +++ b/src/object/Documentation1.java @@ -1,8 +1,17 @@ package object;//: object/Documentation1.java -/** A class comment */ + +/** + * A class comment + */ public class Documentation1 { - /** A field comment */ - public int i; - /** A method comment */ - public void f() {} + /** + * A field comment + */ + public int i; + + /** + * A method comment + */ + public void f() { + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/object/Documentation2.java b/src/object/Documentation2.java index fa263d5..e71702a 100644 --- a/src/object/Documentation2.java +++ b/src/object/Documentation2.java @@ -1,8 +1,10 @@ package object;//: object/Documentation2.java + /** -* 
-* System.out.println(new Date());
-*
-*/ -public class Documentation2 {} + * 
+ * System.out.println(new Date());
+ *
+ */ +public class Documentation2 { +} ///:~ diff --git a/src/object/Documentation3.java b/src/object/Documentation3.java index 565a6b8..2473ce0 100644 --- a/src/object/Documentation3.java +++ b/src/object/Documentation3.java @@ -1,11 +1,13 @@ package object;//: object/Documentation3.java + /** -* You can even insert a list: -*
    -*
  1. Item one -*
  2. Item two -*
  3. Item three -*
-*/ -public class Documentation3 {} + * You can even insert a list: + *
    + *
  1. Item one + *
  2. Item two + *
  3. Item three + *
+ */ +public class Documentation3 { +} ///:~ diff --git a/src/object/HelloDate.java b/src/object/HelloDate.java index 9e76b71..2cafc9e 100644 --- a/src/object/HelloDate.java +++ b/src/object/HelloDate.java @@ -1,21 +1,26 @@ package object;//: object/HelloDate.java + import java.util.*; -/** The first Thinking in Java example program. +/** + * The first Thinking in Java example program. * Displays a string and today's date. + * * @author Bruce Eckel * @author www.MindView.net * @version 4.0 -*/ + */ public class HelloDate { - /** Entry point to class & application. - * @param args array of string arguments - * @throws exceptions No exceptions thrown - */ - public static void main(String[] args) { - System.out.println("Hello, it's: "); - System.out.println(new Date()); - } + /** + * Entry point to class & application. + * + * @param args array of string arguments + * @throws exceptions No exceptions thrown + */ + public static void main(String[] args) { + System.out.println("Hello, it's: "); + System.out.println(new Date()); + } } /* Output: (55% match) Hello, it's: Wed Oct 05 14:39:36 MDT 2005 diff --git a/src/object/ShowProperties.java b/src/object/ShowProperties.java index 7da2bfd..30394cc 100644 --- a/src/object/ShowProperties.java +++ b/src/object/ShowProperties.java @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ package object;//: object/ShowProperties.java public class ShowProperties { - public static void main(String[] args) { - System.getProperties().list(System.out); - System.out.println(System.getProperty("user.name")); - System.out.println( - System.getProperty("java.library.path")); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + System.getProperties().list(System.out); + System.out.println(System.getProperty("user.name")); + System.out.println( + System.getProperty("java.library.path")); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/object/build.xml b/src/object/build.xml index d884e4e..3b3d9fc 100644 --- a/src/object/build.xml +++ b/src/object/build.xml @@ -1,80 +1,80 @@ + basedir="." + default="run" + name="Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel (chapter: object)"> - - build.xml for the source code for the object chapter of - Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel - Source code available at http://www.MindView.net - See copyright notice in CopyRight.txt + + build.xml for the source code for the object chapter of + Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel + Source code available at http://www.MindView.net + See copyright notice in CopyRight.txt - Ant available from: http://jakarta.apache.org/ant + Ant available from: http://jakarta.apache.org/ant - To see options, type: ant -p + To see options, type: ant -p - This file was automatically generated by AntBuilder - + This file was automatically generated by AntBuilder + - - - + + + - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - - - - + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/src/operators/AllOps.java b/src/operators/AllOps.java index ada9d2d..b88da4a 100644 --- a/src/operators/AllOps.java +++ b/src/operators/AllOps.java @@ -3,406 +3,415 @@ package operators;//: operators/AllOps.java // to show which ones are accepted by the Java compiler. public class AllOps { - // To accept the results of a boolean test: - void f(boolean b) {} - void boolTest(boolean x, boolean y) { - // Arithmetic operators: - //! x = x * y; - //! x = x / y; - //! x = x % y; - //! x = x + y; - //! x = x - y; - //! x++; - //! x--; - //! x = +y; - //! x = -y; - // Relational and logical: - //! f(x > y); - //! f(x >= y); - //! f(x < y); - //! f(x <= y); - f(x == y); - f(x != y); - f(!y); - x = x && y; - x = x || y; - // Bitwise operators: - //! x = ~y; - x = x & y; - x = x | y; - x = x ^ y; - //! x = x << 1; - //! x = x >> 1; - //! x = x >>> 1; - // Compound assignment: - //! x += y; - //! x -= y; - //! x *= y; - //! x /= y; - //! x %= y; - //! x <<= 1; - //! x >>= 1; - //! x >>>= 1; - x &= y; - x ^= y; - x |= y; - // Casting: - //! char c = (char)x; - //! byte b = (byte)x; - //! short s = (short)x; - //! int i = (int)x; - //! long l = (long)x; - //! float f = (float)x; - //! double d = (double)x; - } - void charTest(char x, char y) { - // Arithmetic operators: - x = (char)(x * y); - x = (char)(x / y); - x = (char)(x % y); - x = (char)(x + y); - x = (char)(x - y); - x++; - x--; - x = (char)+y; - x = (char)-y; - // Relational and logical: - f(x > y); - f(x >= y); - f(x < y); - f(x <= y); - f(x == y); - f(x != y); - //! f(!x); - //! f(x && y); - //! f(x || y); - // Bitwise operators: - x= (char)~y; - x = (char)(x & y); - x = (char)(x | y); - x = (char)(x ^ y); - x = (char)(x << 1); - x = (char)(x >> 1); - x = (char)(x >>> 1); - // Compound assignment: - x += y; - x -= y; - x *= y; - x /= y; - x %= y; - x <<= 1; - x >>= 1; - x >>>= 1; - x &= y; - x ^= y; - x |= y; - // Casting: - //! boolean bl = (boolean)x; - byte b = (byte)x; - short s = (short)x; - int i = (int)x; - long l = (long)x; - float f = (float)x; - double d = (double)x; - } - void byteTest(byte x, byte y) { - // Arithmetic operators: - x = (byte)(x* y); - x = (byte)(x / y); - x = (byte)(x % y); - x = (byte)(x + y); - x = (byte)(x - y); - x++; - x--; - x = (byte)+ y; - x = (byte)- y; - // Relational and logical: - f(x > y); - f(x >= y); - f(x < y); - f(x <= y); - f(x == y); - f(x != y); - //! f(!x); - //! f(x && y); - //! f(x || y); - // Bitwise operators: - x = (byte)~y; - x = (byte)(x & y); - x = (byte)(x | y); - x = (byte)(x ^ y); - x = (byte)(x << 1); - x = (byte)(x >> 1); - x = (byte)(x >>> 1); - // Compound assignment: - x += y; - x -= y; - x *= y; - x /= y; - x %= y; - x <<= 1; - x >>= 1; - x >>>= 1; - x &= y; - x ^= y; - x |= y; - // Casting: - //! boolean bl = (boolean)x; - char c = (char)x; - short s = (short)x; - int i = (int)x; - long l = (long)x; - float f = (float)x; - double d = (double)x; - } - void shortTest(short x, short y) { - // Arithmetic operators: - x = (short)(x * y); - x = (short)(x / y); - x = (short)(x % y); - x = (short)(x + y); - x = (short)(x - y); - x++; - x--; - x = (short)+y; - x = (short)-y; - // Relational and logical: - f(x > y); - f(x >= y); - f(x < y); - f(x <= y); - f(x == y); - f(x != y); - //! f(!x); - //! f(x && y); - //! f(x || y); - // Bitwise operators: - x = (short)~y; - x = (short)(x & y); - x = (short)(x | y); - x = (short)(x ^ y); - x = (short)(x << 1); - x = (short)(x >> 1); - x = (short)(x >>> 1); - // Compound assignment: - x += y; - x -= y; - x *= y; - x /= y; - x %= y; - x <<= 1; - x >>= 1; - x >>>= 1; - x &= y; - x ^= y; - x |= y; - // Casting: - //! boolean bl = (boolean)x; - char c = (char)x; - byte b = (byte)x; - int i = (int)x; - long l = (long)x; - float f = (float)x; - double d = (double)x; - } - void intTest(int x, int y) { - // Arithmetic operators: - x = x * y; - x = x / y; - x = x % y; - x = x + y; - x = x - y; - x++; - x--; - x = +y; - x = -y; - // Relational and logical: - f(x > y); - f(x >= y); - f(x < y); - f(x <= y); - f(x == y); - f(x != y); - //! f(!x); - //! f(x && y); - //! f(x || y); - // Bitwise operators: - x = ~y; - x = x & y; - x = x | y; - x = x ^ y; - x = x << 1; - x = x >> 1; - x = x >>> 1; - // Compound assignment: - x += y; - x -= y; - x *= y; - x /= y; - x %= y; - x <<= 1; - x >>= 1; - x >>>= 1; - x &= y; - x ^= y; - x |= y; - // Casting: - //! boolean bl = (boolean)x; - char c = (char)x; - byte b = (byte)x; - short s = (short)x; - long l = (long)x; - float f = (float)x; - double d = (double)x; - } - void longTest(long x, long y) { - // Arithmetic operators: - x = x * y; - x = x / y; - x = x % y; - x = x + y; - x = x - y; - x++; - x--; - x = +y; - x = -y; - // Relational and logical: - f(x > y); - f(x >= y); - f(x < y); - f(x <= y); - f(x == y); - f(x != y); - //! f(!x); - //! f(x && y); - //! f(x || y); - // Bitwise operators: - x = ~y; - x = x & y; - x = x | y; - x = x ^ y; - x = x << 1; - x = x >> 1; - x = x >>> 1; - // Compound assignment: - x += y; - x -= y; - x *= y; - x /= y; - x %= y; - x <<= 1; - x >>= 1; - x >>>= 1; - x &= y; - x ^= y; - x |= y; - // Casting: - //! boolean bl = (boolean)x; - char c = (char)x; - byte b = (byte)x; - short s = (short)x; - int i = (int)x; - float f = (float)x; - double d = (double)x; - } - void floatTest(float x, float y) { - // Arithmetic operators: - x = x * y; - x = x / y; - x = x % y; - x = x + y; - x = x - y; - x++; - x--; - x = +y; - x = -y; - // Relational and logical: - f(x > y); - f(x >= y); - f(x < y); - f(x <= y); - f(x == y); - f(x != y); - //! f(!x); - //! f(x && y); - //! f(x || y); - // Bitwise operators: - //! x = ~y; - //! x = x & y; - //! x = x | y; - //! x = x ^ y; - //! x = x << 1; - //! x = x >> 1; - //! x = x >>> 1; - // Compound assignment: - x += y; - x -= y; - x *= y; - x /= y; - x %= y; - //! x <<= 1; - //! x >>= 1; - //! x >>>= 1; - //! x &= y; - //! x ^= y; - //! x |= y; - // Casting: - //! boolean bl = (boolean)x; - char c = (char)x; - byte b = (byte)x; - short s = (short)x; - int i = (int)x; - long l = (long)x; - double d = (double)x; - } - void doubleTest(double x, double y) { - // Arithmetic operators: - x = x * y; - x = x / y; - x = x % y; - x = x + y; - x = x - y; - x++; - x--; - x = +y; - x = -y; - // Relational and logical: - f(x > y); - f(x >= y); - f(x < y); - f(x <= y); - f(x == y); - f(x != y); - //! f(!x); - //! f(x && y); - //! f(x || y); - // Bitwise operators: - //! x = ~y; - //! x = x & y; - //! x = x | y; - //! x = x ^ y; - //! x = x << 1; - //! x = x >> 1; - //! x = x >>> 1; - // Compound assignment: - x += y; - x -= y; - x *= y; - x /= y; - x %= y; - //! x <<= 1; - //! x >>= 1; - //! x >>>= 1; - //! x &= y; - //! x ^= y; - //! x |= y; - // Casting: - //! boolean bl = (boolean)x; - char c = (char)x; - byte b = (byte)x; - short s = (short)x; - int i = (int)x; - long l = (long)x; - float f = (float)x; - } + // To accept the results of a boolean test: + void f(boolean b) { + } + + void boolTest(boolean x, boolean y) { + // Arithmetic operators: + //! x = x * y; + //! x = x / y; + //! x = x % y; + //! x = x + y; + //! x = x - y; + //! x++; + //! x--; + //! x = +y; + //! x = -y; + // Relational and logical: + //! f(x > y); + //! f(x >= y); + //! f(x < y); + //! f(x <= y); + f(x == y); + f(x != y); + f(!y); + x = x && y; + x = x || y; + // Bitwise operators: + //! x = ~y; + x = x & y; + x = x | y; + x = x ^ y; + //! x = x << 1; + //! x = x >> 1; + //! x = x >>> 1; + // Compound assignment: + //! x += y; + //! x -= y; + //! x *= y; + //! x /= y; + //! x %= y; + //! x <<= 1; + //! x >>= 1; + //! x >>>= 1; + x &= y; + x ^= y; + x |= y; + // Casting: + //! char c = (char)x; + //! byte b = (byte)x; + //! short s = (short)x; + //! int i = (int)x; + //! long l = (long)x; + //! float f = (float)x; + //! double d = (double)x; + } + + void charTest(char x, char y) { + // Arithmetic operators: + x = (char) (x * y); + x = (char) (x / y); + x = (char) (x % y); + x = (char) (x + y); + x = (char) (x - y); + x++; + x--; + x = (char) +y; + x = (char) -y; + // Relational and logical: + f(x > y); + f(x >= y); + f(x < y); + f(x <= y); + f(x == y); + f(x != y); + //! f(!x); + //! f(x && y); + //! f(x || y); + // Bitwise operators: + x = (char) ~y; + x = (char) (x & y); + x = (char) (x | y); + x = (char) (x ^ y); + x = (char) (x << 1); + x = (char) (x >> 1); + x = (char) (x >>> 1); + // Compound assignment: + x += y; + x -= y; + x *= y; + x /= y; + x %= y; + x <<= 1; + x >>= 1; + x >>>= 1; + x &= y; + x ^= y; + x |= y; + // Casting: + //! boolean bl = (boolean)x; + byte b = (byte) x; + short s = (short) x; + int i = (int) x; + long l = (long) x; + float f = (float) x; + double d = (double) x; + } + + void byteTest(byte x, byte y) { + // Arithmetic operators: + x = (byte) (x * y); + x = (byte) (x / y); + x = (byte) (x % y); + x = (byte) (x + y); + x = (byte) (x - y); + x++; + x--; + x = (byte) +y; + x = (byte) -y; + // Relational and logical: + f(x > y); + f(x >= y); + f(x < y); + f(x <= y); + f(x == y); + f(x != y); + //! f(!x); + //! f(x && y); + //! f(x || y); + // Bitwise operators: + x = (byte) ~y; + x = (byte) (x & y); + x = (byte) (x | y); + x = (byte) (x ^ y); + x = (byte) (x << 1); + x = (byte) (x >> 1); + x = (byte) (x >>> 1); + // Compound assignment: + x += y; + x -= y; + x *= y; + x /= y; + x %= y; + x <<= 1; + x >>= 1; + x >>>= 1; + x &= y; + x ^= y; + x |= y; + // Casting: + //! boolean bl = (boolean)x; + char c = (char) x; + short s = (short) x; + int i = (int) x; + long l = (long) x; + float f = (float) x; + double d = (double) x; + } + + void shortTest(short x, short y) { + // Arithmetic operators: + x = (short) (x * y); + x = (short) (x / y); + x = (short) (x % y); + x = (short) (x + y); + x = (short) (x - y); + x++; + x--; + x = (short) +y; + x = (short) -y; + // Relational and logical: + f(x > y); + f(x >= y); + f(x < y); + f(x <= y); + f(x == y); + f(x != y); + //! f(!x); + //! f(x && y); + //! f(x || y); + // Bitwise operators: + x = (short) ~y; + x = (short) (x & y); + x = (short) (x | y); + x = (short) (x ^ y); + x = (short) (x << 1); + x = (short) (x >> 1); + x = (short) (x >>> 1); + // Compound assignment: + x += y; + x -= y; + x *= y; + x /= y; + x %= y; + x <<= 1; + x >>= 1; + x >>>= 1; + x &= y; + x ^= y; + x |= y; + // Casting: + //! boolean bl = (boolean)x; + char c = (char) x; + byte b = (byte) x; + int i = (int) x; + long l = (long) x; + float f = (float) x; + double d = (double) x; + } + + void intTest(int x, int y) { + // Arithmetic operators: + x = x * y; + x = x / y; + x = x % y; + x = x + y; + x = x - y; + x++; + x--; + x = +y; + x = -y; + // Relational and logical: + f(x > y); + f(x >= y); + f(x < y); + f(x <= y); + f(x == y); + f(x != y); + //! f(!x); + //! f(x && y); + //! f(x || y); + // Bitwise operators: + x = ~y; + x = x & y; + x = x | y; + x = x ^ y; + x = x << 1; + x = x >> 1; + x = x >>> 1; + // Compound assignment: + x += y; + x -= y; + x *= y; + x /= y; + x %= y; + x <<= 1; + x >>= 1; + x >>>= 1; + x &= y; + x ^= y; + x |= y; + // Casting: + //! boolean bl = (boolean)x; + char c = (char) x; + byte b = (byte) x; + short s = (short) x; + long l = (long) x; + float f = (float) x; + double d = (double) x; + } + + void longTest(long x, long y) { + // Arithmetic operators: + x = x * y; + x = x / y; + x = x % y; + x = x + y; + x = x - y; + x++; + x--; + x = +y; + x = -y; + // Relational and logical: + f(x > y); + f(x >= y); + f(x < y); + f(x <= y); + f(x == y); + f(x != y); + //! f(!x); + //! f(x && y); + //! f(x || y); + // Bitwise operators: + x = ~y; + x = x & y; + x = x | y; + x = x ^ y; + x = x << 1; + x = x >> 1; + x = x >>> 1; + // Compound assignment: + x += y; + x -= y; + x *= y; + x /= y; + x %= y; + x <<= 1; + x >>= 1; + x >>>= 1; + x &= y; + x ^= y; + x |= y; + // Casting: + //! boolean bl = (boolean)x; + char c = (char) x; + byte b = (byte) x; + short s = (short) x; + int i = (int) x; + float f = (float) x; + double d = (double) x; + } + + void floatTest(float x, float y) { + // Arithmetic operators: + x = x * y; + x = x / y; + x = x % y; + x = x + y; + x = x - y; + x++; + x--; + x = +y; + x = -y; + // Relational and logical: + f(x > y); + f(x >= y); + f(x < y); + f(x <= y); + f(x == y); + f(x != y); + //! f(!x); + //! f(x && y); + //! f(x || y); + // Bitwise operators: + //! x = ~y; + //! x = x & y; + //! x = x | y; + //! x = x ^ y; + //! x = x << 1; + //! x = x >> 1; + //! x = x >>> 1; + // Compound assignment: + x += y; + x -= y; + x *= y; + x /= y; + x %= y; + //! x <<= 1; + //! x >>= 1; + //! x >>>= 1; + //! x &= y; + //! x ^= y; + //! x |= y; + // Casting: + //! boolean bl = (boolean)x; + char c = (char) x; + byte b = (byte) x; + short s = (short) x; + int i = (int) x; + long l = (long) x; + double d = (double) x; + } + + void doubleTest(double x, double y) { + // Arithmetic operators: + x = x * y; + x = x / y; + x = x % y; + x = x + y; + x = x - y; + x++; + x--; + x = +y; + x = -y; + // Relational and logical: + f(x > y); + f(x >= y); + f(x < y); + f(x <= y); + f(x == y); + f(x != y); + //! f(!x); + //! f(x && y); + //! f(x || y); + // Bitwise operators: + //! x = ~y; + //! x = x & y; + //! x = x | y; + //! x = x ^ y; + //! x = x << 1; + //! x = x >> 1; + //! x = x >>> 1; + // Compound assignment: + x += y; + x -= y; + x *= y; + x /= y; + x %= y; + //! x <<= 1; + //! x >>= 1; + //! x >>>= 1; + //! x &= y; + //! x ^= y; + //! x |= y; + // Casting: + //! boolean bl = (boolean)x; + char c = (char) x; + byte b = (byte) x; + short s = (short) x; + int i = (int) x; + long l = (long) x; + float f = (float) x; + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/operators/Assignment.java b/src/operators/Assignment.java index 7e3be53..783aaa0 100644 --- a/src/operators/Assignment.java +++ b/src/operators/Assignment.java @@ -1,26 +1,27 @@ package operators;//: operators/Assignment.java // Assignment with objects is a bit tricky. + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; class Tank { - int level; -} + int level; +} public class Assignment { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Tank t1 = new Tank(); - Tank t2 = new Tank(); - t1.level = 9; - t2.level = 47; - print("1: t1.level: " + t1.level + - ", t2.level: " + t2.level); - t1 = t2; - print("2: t1.level: " + t1.level + - ", t2.level: " + t2.level); - t1.level = 27; - print("3: t1.level: " + t1.level + - ", t2.level: " + t2.level); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + Tank t1 = new Tank(); + Tank t2 = new Tank(); + t1.level = 9; + t2.level = 47; + print("1: t1.level: " + t1.level + + ", t2.level: " + t2.level); + t1 = t2; + print("2: t1.level: " + t1.level + + ", t2.level: " + t2.level); + t1.level = 27; + print("3: t1.level: " + t1.level + + ", t2.level: " + t2.level); + } } /* Output: 1: t1.level: 9, t2.level: 47 2: t1.level: 47, t2.level: 47 diff --git a/src/operators/AutoInc.java b/src/operators/AutoInc.java index a7231c0..1a1c816 100644 --- a/src/operators/AutoInc.java +++ b/src/operators/AutoInc.java @@ -1,18 +1,19 @@ package operators;//: operators/AutoInc.java // Demonstrates the ++ and -- operators. + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class AutoInc { - public static void main(String[] args) { - int i = 1; - print("i : " + i); - print("++i : " + ++i); // Pre-increment - print("i++ : " + i++); // Post-increment - print("i : " + i); - print("--i : " + --i); // Pre-decrement - print("i-- : " + i--); // Post-decrement - print("i : " + i); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + int i = 1; + print("i : " + i); + print("++i : " + ++i); // Pre-increment + print("i++ : " + i++); // Post-increment + print("i : " + i); + print("--i : " + --i); // Pre-decrement + print("i-- : " + i--); // Post-decrement + print("i : " + i); + } } /* Output: i : 1 ++i : 2 diff --git a/src/operators/BitManipulation.java b/src/operators/BitManipulation.java index 92b23c7..95fe29f 100644 --- a/src/operators/BitManipulation.java +++ b/src/operators/BitManipulation.java @@ -1,61 +1,65 @@ package operators;//: operators/BitManipulation.java // Using the bitwise operators. + import java.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class BitManipulation { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Random rand = new Random(47); - int i = rand.nextInt(); - int j = rand.nextInt(); - printBinaryInt("-1", -1); - printBinaryInt("+1", +1); - int maxpos = 2147483647; - printBinaryInt("maxpos", maxpos); - int maxneg = -2147483648; - printBinaryInt("maxneg", maxneg); - printBinaryInt("i", i); - printBinaryInt("~i", ~i); - printBinaryInt("-i", -i); - printBinaryInt("j", j); - printBinaryInt("i & j", i & j); - printBinaryInt("i | j", i | j); - printBinaryInt("i ^ j", i ^ j); - printBinaryInt("i << 5", i << 5); - printBinaryInt("i >> 5", i >> 5); - printBinaryInt("(~i) >> 5", (~i) >> 5); - printBinaryInt("i >>> 5", i >>> 5); - printBinaryInt("(~i) >>> 5", (~i) >>> 5); + public static void main(String[] args) { + Random rand = new Random(47); + int i = rand.nextInt(); + int j = rand.nextInt(); + printBinaryInt("-1", -1); + printBinaryInt("+1", +1); + int maxpos = 2147483647; + printBinaryInt("maxpos", maxpos); + int maxneg = -2147483648; + printBinaryInt("maxneg", maxneg); + printBinaryInt("i", i); + printBinaryInt("~i", ~i); + printBinaryInt("-i", -i); + printBinaryInt("j", j); + printBinaryInt("i & j", i & j); + printBinaryInt("i | j", i | j); + printBinaryInt("i ^ j", i ^ j); + printBinaryInt("i << 5", i << 5); + printBinaryInt("i >> 5", i >> 5); + printBinaryInt("(~i) >> 5", (~i) >> 5); + printBinaryInt("i >>> 5", i >>> 5); + printBinaryInt("(~i) >>> 5", (~i) >>> 5); - long l = rand.nextLong(); - long m = rand.nextLong(); - printBinaryLong("-1L", -1L); - printBinaryLong("+1L", +1L); - long ll = 9223372036854775807L; - printBinaryLong("maxpos", ll); - long lln = -9223372036854775808L; - printBinaryLong("maxneg", lln); - printBinaryLong("l", l); - printBinaryLong("~l", ~l); - printBinaryLong("-l", -l); - printBinaryLong("m", m); - printBinaryLong("l & m", l & m); - printBinaryLong("l | m", l | m); - printBinaryLong("l ^ m", l ^ m); - printBinaryLong("l << 5", l << 5); - printBinaryLong("l >> 5", l >> 5); - printBinaryLong("(~l) >> 5", (~l) >> 5); - printBinaryLong("l >>> 5", l >>> 5); - printBinaryLong("(~l) >>> 5", (~l) >>> 5); - } - static void printBinaryInt(String s, int i) { - print(s + ", int: " + i + ", binary:\n " + - Integer.toBinaryString(i)); - } - static void printBinaryLong(String s, long l) { - print(s + ", long: " + l + ", binary:\n " + - Long.toBinaryString(l)); - } + long l = rand.nextLong(); + long m = rand.nextLong(); + printBinaryLong("-1L", -1L); + printBinaryLong("+1L", +1L); + long ll = 9223372036854775807L; + printBinaryLong("maxpos", ll); + long lln = -9223372036854775808L; + printBinaryLong("maxneg", lln); + printBinaryLong("l", l); + printBinaryLong("~l", ~l); + printBinaryLong("-l", -l); + printBinaryLong("m", m); + printBinaryLong("l & m", l & m); + printBinaryLong("l | m", l | m); + printBinaryLong("l ^ m", l ^ m); + printBinaryLong("l << 5", l << 5); + printBinaryLong("l >> 5", l >> 5); + printBinaryLong("(~l) >> 5", (~l) >> 5); + printBinaryLong("l >>> 5", l >>> 5); + printBinaryLong("(~l) >>> 5", (~l) >>> 5); + } + + static void printBinaryInt(String s, int i) { + print(s + ", int: " + i + ", binary:\n " + + Integer.toBinaryString(i)); + } + + static void printBinaryLong(String s, long l) { + print(s + ", long: " + l + ", binary:\n " + + Long.toBinaryString(l)); + } } /* Output: -1, int: -1, binary: 11111111111111111111111111111111 diff --git a/src/operators/Bool.java b/src/operators/Bool.java index b6fb6da..afcf11c 100644 --- a/src/operators/Bool.java +++ b/src/operators/Bool.java @@ -1,30 +1,32 @@ package operators;//: operators/Bool.java // Relational and logical operators. + import java.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class Bool { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Random rand = new Random(47); - int i = rand.nextInt(100); - int j = rand.nextInt(100); - print("i = " + i); - print("j = " + j); - print("i > j is " + (i > j)); - print("i < j is " + (i < j)); - print("i >= j is " + (i >= j)); - print("i <= j is " + (i <= j)); - print("i == j is " + (i == j)); - print("i != j is " + (i != j)); - // Treating an int as a boolean is not legal Java: + public static void main(String[] args) { + Random rand = new Random(47); + int i = rand.nextInt(100); + int j = rand.nextInt(100); + print("i = " + i); + print("j = " + j); + print("i > j is " + (i > j)); + print("i < j is " + (i < j)); + print("i >= j is " + (i >= j)); + print("i <= j is " + (i <= j)); + print("i == j is " + (i == j)); + print("i != j is " + (i != j)); + // Treating an int as a boolean is not legal Java: //! print("i && j is " + (i && j)); //! print("i || j is " + (i || j)); //! print("!i is " + !i); - print("(i < 10) && (j < 10) is " - + ((i < 10) && (j < 10)) ); - print("(i < 10) || (j < 10) is " - + ((i < 10) || (j < 10)) ); - } + print("(i < 10) && (j < 10) is " + + ((i < 10) && (j < 10))); + print("(i < 10) || (j < 10) is " + + ((i < 10) || (j < 10))); + } } /* Output: i = 58 j = 55 diff --git a/src/operators/Casting.java b/src/operators/Casting.java index 0413a97..00fbd47 100644 --- a/src/operators/Casting.java +++ b/src/operators/Casting.java @@ -1,13 +1,13 @@ package operators;//: operators/Casting.java public class Casting { - public static void main(String[] args) { - int i = 200; - long lng = (long)i; - lng = i; // "Widening," so cast not really required - long lng2 = (long)200; - lng2 = 200; - // A "narrowing conversion": - i = (int)lng2; // Cast required - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + int i = 200; + long lng = (long) i; + lng = i; // "Widening," so cast not really required + long lng2 = (long) 200; + lng2 = 200; + // A "narrowing conversion": + i = (int) lng2; // Cast required + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/operators/CastingNumbers.java b/src/operators/CastingNumbers.java index 2bc9249..00319d9 100644 --- a/src/operators/CastingNumbers.java +++ b/src/operators/CastingNumbers.java @@ -1,17 +1,18 @@ package operators;//: operators/CastingNumbers.java // What happens when you cast a float // or double to an integral value? + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class CastingNumbers { - public static void main(String[] args) { - double above = 0.7, below = 0.4; - float fabove = 0.7f, fbelow = 0.4f; - print("(int)above: " + (int)above); - print("(int)below: " + (int)below); - print("(int)fabove: " + (int)fabove); - print("(int)fbelow: " + (int)fbelow); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + double above = 0.7, below = 0.4; + float fabove = 0.7f, fbelow = 0.4f; + print("(int)above: " + (int) above); + print("(int)below: " + (int) below); + print("(int)fabove: " + (int) fabove); + print("(int)fbelow: " + (int) fbelow); + } } /* Output: (int)above: 0 (int)below: 0 diff --git a/src/operators/EqualsMethod.java b/src/operators/EqualsMethod.java index 1a21cd5..8204432 100644 --- a/src/operators/EqualsMethod.java +++ b/src/operators/EqualsMethod.java @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ package operators;//: operators/EqualsMethod.java public class EqualsMethod { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Integer n1 = new Integer(47); - Integer n2 = new Integer(47); - System.out.println(n1.equals(n2)); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + Integer n1 = new Integer(47); + Integer n2 = new Integer(47); + System.out.println(n1.equals(n2)); + } } /* Output: true *///:~ diff --git a/src/operators/EqualsMethod2.java b/src/operators/EqualsMethod2.java index 9ea2d86..323cd69 100644 --- a/src/operators/EqualsMethod2.java +++ b/src/operators/EqualsMethod2.java @@ -2,16 +2,16 @@ package operators;//: operators/EqualsMethod2.java // Default equals() does not compare contents. class Value { - int i; + int i; } public class EqualsMethod2 { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Value v1 = new Value(); - Value v2 = new Value(); - v1.i = v2.i = 100; - System.out.println(v1.equals(v2)); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + Value v1 = new Value(); + Value v2 = new Value(); + v1.i = v2.i = 100; + System.out.println(v1.equals(v2)); + } } /* Output: false *///:~ diff --git a/src/operators/Equivalence.java b/src/operators/Equivalence.java index c9285f4..4fd9eee 100644 --- a/src/operators/Equivalence.java +++ b/src/operators/Equivalence.java @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ package operators;//: operators/Equivalence.java public class Equivalence { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Integer n1 = new Integer(47); - Integer n2 = new Integer(47); - System.out.println(n1 == n2); - System.out.println(n1 != n2); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + Integer n1 = new Integer(47); + Integer n2 = new Integer(47); + System.out.println(n1 == n2); + System.out.println(n1 != n2); + } } /* Output: false true diff --git a/src/operators/Exponents.java b/src/operators/Exponents.java index 8523378..b79b5b3 100644 --- a/src/operators/Exponents.java +++ b/src/operators/Exponents.java @@ -2,15 +2,15 @@ package operators;//: operators/Exponents.java // "e" means "10 to the power." public class Exponents { - public static void main(String[] args) { - // Uppercase and lowercase 'e' are the same: - float expFloat = 1.39e-43f; - expFloat = 1.39E-43f; - System.out.println(expFloat); - double expDouble = 47e47d; // 'd' is optional - double expDouble2 = 47e47; // Automatically double - System.out.println(expDouble); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + // Uppercase and lowercase 'e' are the same: + float expFloat = 1.39e-43f; + expFloat = 1.39E-43f; + System.out.println(expFloat); + double expDouble = 47e47d; // 'd' is optional + double expDouble2 = 47e47; // Automatically double + System.out.println(expDouble); + } } /* Output: 1.39E-43 4.7E48 diff --git a/src/operators/HelloDate.java b/src/operators/HelloDate.java index a43c15e..75c4af5 100644 --- a/src/operators/HelloDate.java +++ b/src/operators/HelloDate.java @@ -1,12 +1,14 @@ package operators;//: operators/HelloDate.java + import java.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class HelloDate { - public static void main(String[] args) { - print("Hello, it's: "); - print(new Date()); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + print("Hello, it's: "); + print(new Date()); + } } /* Output: (55% match) Hello, it's: Wed Oct 05 14:39:05 MDT 2005 diff --git a/src/operators/Literals.java b/src/operators/Literals.java index ee96413..7ae8f43 100644 --- a/src/operators/Literals.java +++ b/src/operators/Literals.java @@ -1,30 +1,31 @@ package operators;//: operators/Literals.java + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class Literals { - public static void main(String[] args) { - int i1 = 0x2f; // Hexadecimal (lowercase) - print("i1: " + Integer.toBinaryString(i1)); - int i2 = 0X2F; // Hexadecimal (uppercase) - print("i2: " + Integer.toBinaryString(i2)); - int i3 = 0177; // Octal (leading zero) - print("i3: " + Integer.toBinaryString(i3)); - char c = 0xffff; // max char hex value - print("c: " + Integer.toBinaryString(c)); - byte b = 0x7f; // max byte hex value - print("b: " + Integer.toBinaryString(b)); - short s = 0x7fff; // max short hex value - print("s: " + Integer.toBinaryString(s)); - long n1 = 200L; // long suffix - long n2 = 200L; // long suffix (but can be confusing) - long n3 = 200; - float f1 = 1; - float f2 = 1F; // float suffix - float f3 = 1f; // float suffix - double d1 = 1d; // double suffix - double d2 = 1D; // double suffix - // (Hex and Octal also work with long) - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + int i1 = 0x2f; // Hexadecimal (lowercase) + print("i1: " + Integer.toBinaryString(i1)); + int i2 = 0X2F; // Hexadecimal (uppercase) + print("i2: " + Integer.toBinaryString(i2)); + int i3 = 0177; // Octal (leading zero) + print("i3: " + Integer.toBinaryString(i3)); + char c = 0xffff; // max char hex value + print("c: " + Integer.toBinaryString(c)); + byte b = 0x7f; // max byte hex value + print("b: " + Integer.toBinaryString(b)); + short s = 0x7fff; // max short hex value + print("s: " + Integer.toBinaryString(s)); + long n1 = 200L; // long suffix + long n2 = 200L; // long suffix (but can be confusing) + long n3 = 200; + float f1 = 1; + float f2 = 1F; // float suffix + float f3 = 1f; // float suffix + double d1 = 1d; // double suffix + double d2 = 1D; // double suffix + // (Hex and Octal also work with long) + } } /* Output: i1: 101111 i2: 101111 diff --git a/src/operators/MathOps.java b/src/operators/MathOps.java index f8c82d3..2156781 100644 --- a/src/operators/MathOps.java +++ b/src/operators/MathOps.java @@ -1,55 +1,57 @@ package operators;//: operators/MathOps.java // Demonstrates the mathematical operators. + import java.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class MathOps { - public static void main(String[] args) { - // Create a seeded random number generator: - Random rand = new Random(47); - int i, j, k; - // Choose value from 1 to 100: - j = rand.nextInt(100) + 1; - print("j : " + j); - k = rand.nextInt(100) + 1; - print("k : " + k); - i = j + k; - print("j + k : " + i); - i = j - k; - print("j - k : " + i); - i = k / j; - print("k / j : " + i); - i = k * j; - print("k * j : " + i); - i = k % j; - print("k % j : " + i); - j %= k; - print("j %= k : " + j); - // Floating-point number tests: - float u, v, w; // Applies to doubles, too - v = rand.nextFloat(); - print("v : " + v); - w = rand.nextFloat(); - print("w : " + w); - u = v + w; - print("v + w : " + u); - u = v - w; - print("v - w : " + u); - u = v * w; - print("v * w : " + u); - u = v / w; - print("v / w : " + u); - // The following also works for char, - // byte, short, int, long, and double: - u += v; - print("u += v : " + u); - u -= v; - print("u -= v : " + u); - u *= v; - print("u *= v : " + u); - u /= v; - print("u /= v : " + u); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + // Create a seeded random number generator: + Random rand = new Random(47); + int i, j, k; + // Choose value from 1 to 100: + j = rand.nextInt(100) + 1; + print("j : " + j); + k = rand.nextInt(100) + 1; + print("k : " + k); + i = j + k; + print("j + k : " + i); + i = j - k; + print("j - k : " + i); + i = k / j; + print("k / j : " + i); + i = k * j; + print("k * j : " + i); + i = k % j; + print("k % j : " + i); + j %= k; + print("j %= k : " + j); + // Floating-point number tests: + float u, v, w; // Applies to doubles, too + v = rand.nextFloat(); + print("v : " + v); + w = rand.nextFloat(); + print("w : " + w); + u = v + w; + print("v + w : " + u); + u = v - w; + print("v - w : " + u); + u = v * w; + print("v * w : " + u); + u = v / w; + print("v / w : " + u); + // The following also works for char, + // byte, short, int, long, and double: + u += v; + print("u += v : " + u); + u -= v; + print("u -= v : " + u); + u *= v; + print("u *= v : " + u); + u /= v; + print("u /= v : " + u); + } } /* Output: j : 59 k : 56 diff --git a/src/operators/Overflow.java b/src/operators/Overflow.java index e3206e2..effc245 100644 --- a/src/operators/Overflow.java +++ b/src/operators/Overflow.java @@ -2,12 +2,12 @@ package operators;//: operators/Overflow.java // Surprise! Java lets you overflow. public class Overflow { - public static void main(String[] args) { - int big = Integer.MAX_VALUE; - System.out.println("big = " + big); - int bigger = big * 4; - System.out.println("bigger = " + bigger); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + int big = Integer.MAX_VALUE; + System.out.println("big = " + big); + int bigger = big * 4; + System.out.println("bigger = " + bigger); + } } /* Output: big = 2147483647 bigger = -4 diff --git a/src/operators/PassObject.java b/src/operators/PassObject.java index 730bbeb..b36c7ff 100644 --- a/src/operators/PassObject.java +++ b/src/operators/PassObject.java @@ -1,23 +1,25 @@ package operators;//: operators/PassObject.java // Passing objects to methods may not be // what you're used to. + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; class Letter { - char c; + char c; } public class PassObject { - static void f(Letter y) { - y.c = 'z'; - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - Letter x = new Letter(); - x.c = 'a'; - print("1: x.c: " + x.c); - f(x); - print("2: x.c: " + x.c); - } + static void f(Letter y) { + y.c = 'z'; + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + Letter x = new Letter(); + x.c = 'a'; + print("1: x.c: " + x.c); + f(x); + print("2: x.c: " + x.c); + } } /* Output: 1: x.c: a 2: x.c: z diff --git a/src/operators/Precedence.java b/src/operators/Precedence.java index 893faad..79cb1f3 100644 --- a/src/operators/Precedence.java +++ b/src/operators/Precedence.java @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ package operators;//: operators/Precedence.java public class Precedence { - public static void main(String[] args) { - int x = 1, y = 2, z = 3; - int a = x + y - 2/2 + z; // (1) - int b = x + (y - 2)/(2 + z); // (2) - System.out.println("a = " + a + " b = " + b); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + int x = 1, y = 2, z = 3; + int a = x + y - 2 / 2 + z; // (1) + int b = x + (y - 2) / (2 + z); // (2) + System.out.println("a = " + a + " b = " + b); + } } /* Output: a = 5 b = 1 *///:~ diff --git a/src/operators/RoundingNumbers.java b/src/operators/RoundingNumbers.java index ce151e2..afef199 100644 --- a/src/operators/RoundingNumbers.java +++ b/src/operators/RoundingNumbers.java @@ -1,16 +1,17 @@ package operators;//: operators/RoundingNumbers.java // Rounding floats and doubles. + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class RoundingNumbers { - public static void main(String[] args) { - double above = 0.7, below = 0.4; - float fabove = 0.7f, fbelow = 0.4f; - print("Math.round(above): " + Math.round(above)); - print("Math.round(below): " + Math.round(below)); - print("Math.round(fabove): " + Math.round(fabove)); - print("Math.round(fbelow): " + Math.round(fbelow)); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + double above = 0.7, below = 0.4; + float fabove = 0.7f, fbelow = 0.4f; + print("Math.round(above): " + Math.round(above)); + print("Math.round(below): " + Math.round(below)); + print("Math.round(fabove): " + Math.round(fabove)); + print("Math.round(fbelow): " + Math.round(fbelow)); + } } /* Output: Math.round(above): 1 Math.round(below): 0 diff --git a/src/operators/ShortCircuit.java b/src/operators/ShortCircuit.java index f285f20..fc41e52 100644 --- a/src/operators/ShortCircuit.java +++ b/src/operators/ShortCircuit.java @@ -1,28 +1,32 @@ package operators;//: operators/ShortCircuit.java // Demonstrates short-circuiting behavior // with logical operators. + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class ShortCircuit { - static boolean test1(int val) { - print("test1(" + val + ")"); - print("result: " + (val < 1)); - return val < 1; - } - static boolean test2(int val) { - print("test2(" + val + ")"); - print("result: " + (val < 2)); - return val < 2; - } - static boolean test3(int val) { - print("test3(" + val + ")"); - print("result: " + (val < 3)); - return val < 3; - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - boolean b = test1(0) && test2(2) && test3(2); - print("expression is " + b); - } + static boolean test1(int val) { + print("test1(" + val + ")"); + print("result: " + (val < 1)); + return val < 1; + } + + static boolean test2(int val) { + print("test2(" + val + ")"); + print("result: " + (val < 2)); + return val < 2; + } + + static boolean test3(int val) { + print("test3(" + val + ")"); + print("result: " + (val < 3)); + return val < 3; + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + boolean b = test1(0) && test2(2) && test3(2); + print("expression is " + b); + } } /* Output: test1(0) result: true diff --git a/src/operators/StringOperators.java b/src/operators/StringOperators.java index e059a3a..28c393b 100644 --- a/src/operators/StringOperators.java +++ b/src/operators/StringOperators.java @@ -1,16 +1,17 @@ package operators;//: operators/StringOperators.java + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class StringOperators { - public static void main(String[] args) { - int x = 0, y = 1, z = 2; - String s = "x, y, z "; - print(s + x + y + z); - print(x + " " + s); // Converts x to a String - s += "(summed) = "; // Concatenation operator - print(s + (x + y + z)); - print("" + x); // Shorthand for Integer.toString() - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + int x = 0, y = 1, z = 2; + String s = "x, y, z "; + print(s + x + y + z); + print(x + " " + s); // Converts x to a String + s += "(summed) = "; // Concatenation operator + print(s + (x + y + z)); + print("" + x); // Shorthand for Integer.toString() + } } /* Output: x, y, z 012 0 x, y, z diff --git a/src/operators/TernaryIfElse.java b/src/operators/TernaryIfElse.java index 69ecd1d..f74d1d5 100644 --- a/src/operators/TernaryIfElse.java +++ b/src/operators/TernaryIfElse.java @@ -1,23 +1,26 @@ package operators;//: operators/TernaryIfElse.java + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class TernaryIfElse { - static int ternary(int i) { - return i < 10 ? i * 100 : i * 10; - } - static int standardIfElse(int i) { - if(i < 10) { - return i * 100; - } else { - return i * 10; + static int ternary(int i) { + return i < 10 ? i * 100 : i * 10; + } + + static int standardIfElse(int i) { + if (i < 10) { + return i * 100; + } else { + return i * 10; + } + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + print(ternary(9)); + print(ternary(10)); + print(standardIfElse(9)); + print(standardIfElse(10)); } - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - print(ternary(9)); - print(ternary(10)); - print(standardIfElse(9)); - print(standardIfElse(10)); - } } /* Output: 900 100 diff --git a/src/operators/URShift.java b/src/operators/URShift.java index da55af4..3e3e798 100644 --- a/src/operators/URShift.java +++ b/src/operators/URShift.java @@ -1,29 +1,30 @@ package operators;//: operators/URShift.java // Test of unsigned right shift. + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class URShift { - public static void main(String[] args) { - int i = -1; - print(Integer.toBinaryString(i)); - i >>>= 10; - print(Integer.toBinaryString(i)); - long l = -1; - print(Long.toBinaryString(l)); - l >>>= 10; - print(Long.toBinaryString(l)); - short s = -1; - print(Integer.toBinaryString(s)); - s >>>= 10; - print(Integer.toBinaryString(s)); - byte b = -1; - print(Integer.toBinaryString(b)); - b >>>= 10; - print(Integer.toBinaryString(b)); - b = -1; - print(Integer.toBinaryString(b)); - print(Integer.toBinaryString(b>>>10)); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + int i = -1; + print(Integer.toBinaryString(i)); + i >>>= 10; + print(Integer.toBinaryString(i)); + long l = -1; + print(Long.toBinaryString(l)); + l >>>= 10; + print(Long.toBinaryString(l)); + short s = -1; + print(Integer.toBinaryString(s)); + s >>>= 10; + print(Integer.toBinaryString(s)); + byte b = -1; + print(Integer.toBinaryString(b)); + b >>>= 10; + print(Integer.toBinaryString(b)); + b = -1; + print(Integer.toBinaryString(b)); + print(Integer.toBinaryString(b >>> 10)); + } } /* Output: 11111111111111111111111111111111 1111111111111111111111 diff --git a/src/operators/build.xml b/src/operators/build.xml index edae86f..4d0ace5 100644 --- a/src/operators/build.xml +++ b/src/operators/build.xml @@ -1,279 +1,279 @@ + basedir="." + default="run" + name="Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel (chapter: operators)"> - - build.xml for the source code for the operators chapter of - Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel - Source code available at http://www.MindView.net - See copyright notice in CopyRight.txt + + build.xml for the source code for the operators chapter of + Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel + Source code available at http://www.MindView.net + See copyright notice in CopyRight.txt - Ant available from: http://jakarta.apache.org/ant + Ant available from: http://jakarta.apache.org/ant - To see options, type: ant -p + To see options, type: ant -p - This file was automatically generated by AntBuilder - + This file was automatically generated by AntBuilder + - - - + + + - - - - - - + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/src/polymorphism/CovariantReturn.java b/src/polymorphism/CovariantReturn.java index 4c449bf..2f5d3ed 100644 --- a/src/polymorphism/CovariantReturn.java +++ b/src/polymorphism/CovariantReturn.java @@ -1,30 +1,41 @@ package polymorphism;//: polymorphism/CovariantReturn.java class Grain { - public String toString() { return "Grain"; } + @Override + public String toString() { + return "Grain"; + } } class Wheat extends Grain { - public String toString() { return "Wheat"; } + @Override + public String toString() { + return "Wheat"; + } } class Mill { - Grain process() { return new Grain(); } + Grain process() { + return new Grain(); + } } class WheatMill extends Mill { - Wheat process() { return new Wheat(); } + @Override + Wheat process() { + return new Wheat(); + } } public class CovariantReturn { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Mill m = new Mill(); - Grain g = m.process(); - System.out.println(g); - m = new WheatMill(); - g = m.process(); - System.out.println(g); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + Mill m = new Mill(); + Grain g = m.process(); + System.out.println(g); + m = new WheatMill(); + g = m.process(); + System.out.println(g); + } } /* Output: Grain Wheat diff --git a/src/polymorphism/FieldAccess.java b/src/polymorphism/FieldAccess.java index b2e8d7f..6338598 100644 --- a/src/polymorphism/FieldAccess.java +++ b/src/polymorphism/FieldAccess.java @@ -2,28 +2,38 @@ package polymorphism;//: polymorphism/FieldAccess.java // Direct field access is determined at compile time. class Super { - public int field = 0; - public int getField() { return field; } + public int field = 0; + + public int getField() { + return field; + } } class Sub extends Super { - public int field = 1; - public int getField() { return field; } - public int getSuperField() { return super.field; } + public int field = 1; + + @Override + public int getField() { + return field; + } + + public int getSuperField() { + return super.field; + } } public class FieldAccess { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Super sup = new Sub(); // Upcast - System.out.println("sup.field = " + sup.field + - ", sup.getField() = " + sup.getField()); - Sub sub = new Sub(); - System.out.println("sub.field = " + - sub.field + ", sub.getField() = " + - sub.getField() + - ", sub.getSuperField() = " + - sub.getSuperField()); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + Super sup = new Sub(); // Upcast + System.out.println("sup.field = " + sup.field + + ", sup.getField() = " + sup.getField()); + Sub sub = new Sub(); + System.out.println("sub.field = " + + sub.field + ", sub.getField() = " + + sub.getField() + + ", sub.getSuperField() = " + + sub.getSuperField()); + } } /* Output: sup.field = 0, sup.getField() = 1 sub.field = 1, sub.getField() = 1, sub.getSuperField() = 0 diff --git a/src/polymorphism/Frog.java b/src/polymorphism/Frog.java index da614bc..6d6a02c 100644 --- a/src/polymorphism/Frog.java +++ b/src/polymorphism/Frog.java @@ -1,90 +1,111 @@ //: polymorphism/Frog.java // Cleanup and inheritance. package polymorphism; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; class Characteristic { - private String s; - Characteristic(String s) { - this.s = s; - print("Creating Characteristic " + s); - } - protected void dispose() { - print("disposing Characteristic " + s); - } + private String s; + + Characteristic(String s) { + this.s = s; + print("Creating Characteristic " + s); + } + + protected void dispose() { + print("disposing Characteristic " + s); + } } class Description { - private String s; - Description(String s) { - this.s = s; - print("Creating Description " + s); - } - protected void dispose() { - print("disposing Description " + s); - } + private String s; + + Description(String s) { + this.s = s; + print("Creating Description " + s); + } + + protected void dispose() { + print("disposing Description " + s); + } } class LivingCreature { - private Characteristic p = - new Characteristic("is alive"); - private Description t = - new Description("Basic Living Creature"); - LivingCreature() { - print("LivingCreature()"); - } - protected void dispose() { - print("LivingCreature dispose"); - t.dispose(); - p.dispose(); - } + private Characteristic p = + new Characteristic("is alive"); + private Description t = + new Description("Basic Living Creature"); + + LivingCreature() { + print("LivingCreature()"); + } + + protected void dispose() { + print("LivingCreature dispose"); + t.dispose(); + p.dispose(); + } } class Animal extends LivingCreature { - private Characteristic p = - new Characteristic("has heart"); - private Description t = - new Description("Animal not Vegetable"); - Animal() { print("Animal()"); } - protected void dispose() { - print("Animal dispose"); - t.dispose(); - p.dispose(); - super.dispose(); - } + private Characteristic p = + new Characteristic("has heart"); + private Description t = + new Description("Animal not Vegetable"); + + Animal() { + print("Animal()"); + } + + @Override + protected void dispose() { + print("Animal dispose"); + t.dispose(); + p.dispose(); + super.dispose(); + } } class Amphibian extends Animal { - private Characteristic p = - new Characteristic("can live in water"); - private Description t = - new Description("Both water and land"); - Amphibian() { - print("Amphibian()"); - } - protected void dispose() { - print("Amphibian dispose"); - t.dispose(); - p.dispose(); - super.dispose(); - } + private Characteristic p = + new Characteristic("can live in water"); + private Description t = + new Description("Both water and land"); + + Amphibian() { + print("Amphibian()"); + } + + @Override + protected void dispose() { + print("Amphibian dispose"); + t.dispose(); + p.dispose(); + super.dispose(); + } } public class Frog extends Amphibian { - private Characteristic p = new Characteristic("Croaks"); - private Description t = new Description("Eats Bugs"); - public Frog() { print("Frog()"); } - protected void dispose() { - print("Frog dispose"); - t.dispose(); - p.dispose(); - super.dispose(); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - Frog frog = new Frog(); - print("Bye!"); - frog.dispose(); - } + private Characteristic p = new Characteristic("Croaks"); + private Description t = new Description("Eats Bugs"); + + public Frog() { + print("Frog()"); + } + + @Override + protected void dispose() { + print("Frog dispose"); + t.dispose(); + p.dispose(); + super.dispose(); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + Frog frog = new Frog(); + print("Bye!"); + frog.dispose(); + } } /* Output: Creating Characteristic is alive Creating Description Basic Living Creature diff --git a/src/polymorphism/PolyConstructors.java b/src/polymorphism/PolyConstructors.java index 62cae55..969ace0 100644 --- a/src/polymorphism/PolyConstructors.java +++ b/src/polymorphism/PolyConstructors.java @@ -1,32 +1,39 @@ package polymorphism;//: polymorphism/PolyConstructors.java // Constructors and polymorphism // don't produce what you might expect. + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; class Glyph { - void draw() { print("Glyph.draw()"); } - Glyph() { - print("Glyph() before draw()"); - draw(); - print("Glyph() after draw()"); - } -} + void draw() { + print("Glyph.draw()"); + } + + Glyph() { + print("Glyph() before draw()"); + draw(); + print("Glyph() after draw()"); + } +} class RoundGlyph extends Glyph { - private int radius = 1; - RoundGlyph(int r) { - radius = r; - print("RoundGlyph.RoundGlyph(), radius = " + radius); - } - void draw() { - print("RoundGlyph.draw(), radius = " + radius); - } -} + private int radius = 1; + + RoundGlyph(int r) { + radius = r; + print("RoundGlyph.RoundGlyph(), radius = " + radius); + } + + @Override + void draw() { + print("RoundGlyph.draw(), radius = " + radius); + } +} public class PolyConstructors { - public static void main(String[] args) { - new RoundGlyph(5); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + new RoundGlyph(5); + } } /* Output: Glyph() before draw() RoundGlyph.draw(), radius = 0 diff --git a/src/polymorphism/PrivateOverride.java b/src/polymorphism/PrivateOverride.java index 560317e..881e9b8 100644 --- a/src/polymorphism/PrivateOverride.java +++ b/src/polymorphism/PrivateOverride.java @@ -1,18 +1,24 @@ //: polymorphism/PrivateOverride.java // Trying to override a private method. package polymorphism; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class PrivateOverride { - private void f() { print("private f()"); } - public static void main(String[] args) { - PrivateOverride po = new Derived(); - po.f(); - } + private void f() { + print("private f()"); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + PrivateOverride po = new Derived(); + po.f(); + } } class Derived extends PrivateOverride { - public void f() { print("public f()"); } + public void f() { + print("public f()"); + } } /* Output: private f() *///:~ diff --git a/src/polymorphism/RTTI.java b/src/polymorphism/RTTI.java index 1c3fa45..c4bb43f 100644 --- a/src/polymorphism/RTTI.java +++ b/src/polymorphism/RTTI.java @@ -3,29 +3,43 @@ package polymorphism;//: polymorphism/RTTI.java // {ThrowsException} class Useful { - public void f() {} - public void g() {} + public void f() { + } + + public void g() { + } } class MoreUseful extends Useful { - public void f() {} - public void g() {} - public void u() {} - public void v() {} - public void w() {} -} + @Override + public void f() { + } + + @Override + public void g() { + } + + public void u() { + } + + public void v() { + } + + public void w() { + } +} public class RTTI { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Useful[] x = { - new Useful(), - new MoreUseful() - }; - x[0].f(); - x[1].g(); - // Compile time: method not found in Useful: - //! x[1].u(); - ((MoreUseful)x[1]).u(); // Downcast/RTTI - ((MoreUseful)x[0]).u(); // Exception thrown - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + Useful[] x = { + new Useful(), + new MoreUseful() + }; + x[0].f(); + x[1].g(); + // Compile time: method not found in Useful: + //! x[1].u(); + ((MoreUseful) x[1]).u(); // Downcast/RTTI + ((MoreUseful) x[0]).u(); // Exception thrown + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/polymorphism/ReferenceCounting.java b/src/polymorphism/ReferenceCounting.java index 64b77b8..2602446 100644 --- a/src/polymorphism/ReferenceCounting.java +++ b/src/polymorphism/ReferenceCounting.java @@ -1,49 +1,65 @@ package polymorphism;//: polymorphism/ReferenceCounting.java // Cleaning up shared member objects. + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; class Shared { - private int refcount = 0; - private static long counter = 0; - private final long id = counter++; - public Shared() { - print("Creating " + this); - } - public void addRef() { refcount++; } - protected void dispose() { - if(--refcount == 0) { - print("Disposing " + this); + private int refcount = 0; + private static long counter = 0; + private final long id = counter++; + + public Shared() { + print("Creating " + this); + } + + public void addRef() { + refcount++; + } + + protected void dispose() { + if (--refcount == 0) { + print("Disposing " + this); + } + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return "Shared " + id; } - } - public String toString() { return "Shared " + id; } } class Composing { - private Shared shared; - private static long counter = 0; - private final long id = counter++; - public Composing(Shared shared) { - print("Creating " + this); - this.shared = shared; - this.shared.addRef(); - } - protected void dispose() { - print("disposing " + this); - shared.dispose(); - } - public String toString() { return "Composing " + id; } + private Shared shared; + private static long counter = 0; + private final long id = counter++; + + public Composing(Shared shared) { + print("Creating " + this); + this.shared = shared; + this.shared.addRef(); + } + + protected void dispose() { + print("disposing " + this); + shared.dispose(); + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return "Composing " + id; + } } public class ReferenceCounting { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Shared shared = new Shared(); - Composing[] composing = { new Composing(shared), - new Composing(shared), new Composing(shared), - new Composing(shared), new Composing(shared) }; - for(Composing c : composing) { - c.dispose(); + public static void main(String[] args) { + Shared shared = new Shared(); + Composing[] composing = {new Composing(shared), + new Composing(shared), new Composing(shared), + new Composing(shared), new Composing(shared)}; + for (Composing c : composing) { + c.dispose(); + } } - } } /* Output: Creating Shared 0 Creating Composing 0 diff --git a/src/polymorphism/Sandwich.java b/src/polymorphism/Sandwich.java index 466241c..3806dc8 100644 --- a/src/polymorphism/Sandwich.java +++ b/src/polymorphism/Sandwich.java @@ -1,40 +1,57 @@ //: polymorphism/Sandwich.java // Order of constructor calls. package polymorphism; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; class Meal { - Meal() { print("Meal()"); } + Meal() { + print("Meal()"); + } } class Bread { - Bread() { print("Bread()"); } + Bread() { + print("Bread()"); + } } class Cheese { - Cheese() { print("Cheese()"); } + Cheese() { + print("Cheese()"); + } } class Lettuce { - Lettuce() { print("Lettuce()"); } + Lettuce() { + print("Lettuce()"); + } } class Lunch extends Meal { - Lunch() { print("Lunch()"); } + Lunch() { + print("Lunch()"); + } } class PortableLunch extends Lunch { - PortableLunch() { print("PortableLunch()");} + PortableLunch() { + print("PortableLunch()"); + } } public class Sandwich extends PortableLunch { - private Bread b = new Bread(); - private Cheese c = new Cheese(); - private Lettuce l = new Lettuce(); - public Sandwich() { print("Sandwich()"); } - public static void main(String[] args) { - new Sandwich(); - } + private Bread b = new Bread(); + private Cheese c = new Cheese(); + private Lettuce l = new Lettuce(); + + public Sandwich() { + print("Sandwich()"); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + new Sandwich(); + } } /* Output: Meal() Lunch() diff --git a/src/polymorphism/Shapes.java b/src/polymorphism/Shapes.java index 81f7f60..e15c77c 100644 --- a/src/polymorphism/Shapes.java +++ b/src/polymorphism/Shapes.java @@ -1,21 +1,23 @@ package polymorphism;//: polymorphism/Shapes.java // Polymorphism in Java. + import polymorphism.shape.*; public class Shapes { - private static RandomShapeGenerator gen = - new RandomShapeGenerator(); - public static void main(String[] args) { - Shape[] s = new Shape[9]; - // Fill up the array with shapes: - for(int i = 0; i < s.length; i++) { - s[i] = gen.next(); + private static RandomShapeGenerator gen = + new RandomShapeGenerator(); + + public static void main(String[] args) { + Shape[] s = new Shape[9]; + // Fill up the array with shapes: + for (int i = 0; i < s.length; i++) { + s[i] = gen.next(); + } + // Make polymorphic method calls: + for (Shape shp : s) { + shp.draw(); + } } - // Make polymorphic method calls: - for(Shape shp : s) { - shp.draw(); - } - } } /* Output: Triangle.draw() Triangle.draw() diff --git a/src/polymorphism/StaticPolymorphism.java b/src/polymorphism/StaticPolymorphism.java index 284553e..542386d 100644 --- a/src/polymorphism/StaticPolymorphism.java +++ b/src/polymorphism/StaticPolymorphism.java @@ -2,29 +2,32 @@ package polymorphism;//: polymorphism/StaticPolymorphism.java // Static methods are not polymorphic. class StaticSuper { - public static String staticGet() { - return "Base staticGet()"; - } - public String dynamicGet() { - return "Base dynamicGet()"; - } + public static String staticGet() { + return "Base staticGet()"; + } + + public String dynamicGet() { + return "Base dynamicGet()"; + } } class StaticSub extends StaticSuper { - public static String staticGet() { - return "Derived staticGet()"; - } - public String dynamicGet() { - return "Derived dynamicGet()"; - } + public static String staticGet() { + return "Derived staticGet()"; + } + + @Override + public String dynamicGet() { + return "Derived dynamicGet()"; + } } public class StaticPolymorphism { - public static void main(String[] args) { - StaticSuper sup = new StaticSub(); // Upcast - System.out.println(sup.staticGet()); - System.out.println(sup.dynamicGet()); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + StaticSuper sup = new StaticSub(); // Upcast + System.out.println(sup.staticGet()); + System.out.println(sup.dynamicGet()); + } } /* Output: Base staticGet() Derived dynamicGet() diff --git a/src/polymorphism/Transmogrify.java b/src/polymorphism/Transmogrify.java index 1e9311d..68fa320 100644 --- a/src/polymorphism/Transmogrify.java +++ b/src/polymorphism/Transmogrify.java @@ -1,33 +1,47 @@ package polymorphism;//: polymorphism/Transmogrify.java // Dynamically changing the behavior of an object // via composition (the "State" design pattern). + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; class Actor { - public void act() {} + public void act() { + } } class HappyActor extends Actor { - public void act() { print("HappyActor"); } + @Override + public void act() { + print("HappyActor"); + } } class SadActor extends Actor { - public void act() { print("SadActor"); } + @Override + public void act() { + print("SadActor"); + } } class Stage { - private Actor actor = new HappyActor(); - public void change() { actor = new SadActor(); } - public void performPlay() { actor.act(); } + private Actor actor = new HappyActor(); + + public void change() { + actor = new SadActor(); + } + + public void performPlay() { + actor.act(); + } } public class Transmogrify { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Stage stage = new Stage(); - stage.performPlay(); - stage.change(); - stage.performPlay(); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + Stage stage = new Stage(); + stage.performPlay(); + stage.change(); + stage.performPlay(); + } } /* Output: HappyActor SadActor diff --git a/src/polymorphism/build.xml b/src/polymorphism/build.xml index 699fe72..cd66058 100644 --- a/src/polymorphism/build.xml +++ b/src/polymorphism/build.xml @@ -1,219 +1,219 @@ + basedir="." + default="run" + name="Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel (chapter: polymorphism)"> - - build.xml for the source code for the polymorphism chapter of - Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel - Source code available at http://www.MindView.net - See copyright notice in CopyRight.txt + + build.xml for the source code for the polymorphism chapter of + Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel + Source code available at http://www.MindView.net + See copyright notice in CopyRight.txt - Ant available from: http://jakarta.apache.org/ant + Ant available from: http://jakarta.apache.org/ant - To see options, type: ant -p + To see options, type: ant -p - This file was automatically generated by AntBuilder - + This file was automatically generated by AntBuilder + - - - + + + - - - - - - + + + + + + - - - - - - + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - - + + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/src/polymorphism/music/Instrument.java b/src/polymorphism/music/Instrument.java index 96181e6..4fc9669 100644 --- a/src/polymorphism/music/Instrument.java +++ b/src/polymorphism/music/Instrument.java @@ -1,10 +1,11 @@ //: polymorphism/music/Instrument.java package polymorphism.music; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; class Instrument { - public void play(Note n) { - print("Instrument.play()"); - } + public void play(Note n) { + print("Instrument.play()"); + } } - ///:~ +///:~ diff --git a/src/polymorphism/music/Music.java b/src/polymorphism/music/Music.java index c5344b9..4592bb9 100644 --- a/src/polymorphism/music/Music.java +++ b/src/polymorphism/music/Music.java @@ -3,14 +3,15 @@ package polymorphism.music; public class Music { - public static void tune(Instrument i) { - // ... - i.play(Note.MIDDLE_C); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - Wind flute = new Wind(); - tune(flute); // Upcasting - } + public static void tune(Instrument i) { + // ... + i.play(Note.MIDDLE_C); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + Wind flute = new Wind(); + tune(flute); // Upcasting + } } /* Output: Wind.play() MIDDLE_C *///:~ diff --git a/src/polymorphism/music/Music2.java b/src/polymorphism/music/Music2.java index 955c203..ca0945d 100644 --- a/src/polymorphism/music/Music2.java +++ b/src/polymorphism/music/Music2.java @@ -1,38 +1,44 @@ //: polymorphism/music/Music2.java // Overloading instead of upcasting. package polymorphism.music; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; class Stringed extends Instrument { - public void play(Note n) { - print("Stringed.play() " + n); - } + @Override + public void play(Note n) { + print("Stringed.play() " + n); + } } class Brass extends Instrument { - public void play(Note n) { - print("Brass.play() " + n); - } + @Override + public void play(Note n) { + print("Brass.play() " + n); + } } public class Music2 { - public static void tune(Wind i) { - i.play(Note.MIDDLE_C); - } - public static void tune(Stringed i) { - i.play(Note.MIDDLE_C); - } - public static void tune(Brass i) { - i.play(Note.MIDDLE_C); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - Wind flute = new Wind(); - Stringed violin = new Stringed(); - Brass frenchHorn = new Brass(); - tune(flute); // No upcasting - tune(violin); - tune(frenchHorn); - } + public static void tune(Wind i) { + i.play(Note.MIDDLE_C); + } + + public static void tune(Stringed i) { + i.play(Note.MIDDLE_C); + } + + public static void tune(Brass i) { + i.play(Note.MIDDLE_C); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + Wind flute = new Wind(); + Stringed violin = new Stringed(); + Brass frenchHorn = new Brass(); + tune(flute); // No upcasting + tune(violin); + tune(frenchHorn); + } } /* Output: Wind.play() MIDDLE_C Stringed.play() MIDDLE_C diff --git a/src/polymorphism/music/Wind.java b/src/polymorphism/music/Wind.java index 77847d4..23d4358 100644 --- a/src/polymorphism/music/Wind.java +++ b/src/polymorphism/music/Wind.java @@ -4,8 +4,9 @@ package polymorphism.music; // Wind objects are instruments // because they have the same interface: public class Wind extends Instrument { - // Redefine interface method: - public void play(Note n) { - System.out.println("Wind.play() " + n); - } + // Redefine interface method: + @Override + public void play(Note n) { + System.out.println("Wind.play() " + n); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/polymorphism/music3/Music3.java b/src/polymorphism/music3/Music3.java index 5043475..7aeb3d0 100644 --- a/src/polymorphism/music3/Music3.java +++ b/src/polymorphism/music3/Music3.java @@ -1,66 +1,125 @@ //: polymorphism/music3/Music3.java // An extensible program. package polymorphism.music3; + import polymorphism.music.Note; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; class Instrument { - void play(Note n) { print("Instrument.play() " + n); } - String what() { return "Instrument"; } - void adjust() { print("Adjusting Instrument"); } + void play(Note n) { + print("Instrument.play() " + n); + } + + String what() { + return "Instrument"; + } + + void adjust() { + print("Adjusting Instrument"); + } } class Wind extends Instrument { - void play(Note n) { print("Wind.play() " + n); } - String what() { return "Wind"; } - void adjust() { print("Adjusting Wind"); } -} + @Override + void play(Note n) { + print("Wind.play() " + n); + } + + @Override + String what() { + return "Wind"; + } + + @Override + void adjust() { + print("Adjusting Wind"); + } +} class Percussion extends Instrument { - void play(Note n) { print("Percussion.play() " + n); } - String what() { return "Percussion"; } - void adjust() { print("Adjusting Percussion"); } + @Override + void play(Note n) { + print("Percussion.play() " + n); + } + + @Override + String what() { + return "Percussion"; + } + + @Override + void adjust() { + print("Adjusting Percussion"); + } } class Stringed extends Instrument { - void play(Note n) { print("Stringed.play() " + n); } - String what() { return "Stringed"; } - void adjust() { print("Adjusting Stringed"); } + @Override + void play(Note n) { + print("Stringed.play() " + n); + } + + @Override + String what() { + return "Stringed"; + } + + @Override + void adjust() { + print("Adjusting Stringed"); + } } class Brass extends Wind { - void play(Note n) { print("Brass.play() " + n); } - void adjust() { print("Adjusting Brass"); } + @Override + void play(Note n) { + print("Brass.play() " + n); + } + + @Override + void adjust() { + print("Adjusting Brass"); + } } class Woodwind extends Wind { - void play(Note n) { print("Woodwind.play() " + n); } - String what() { return "Woodwind"; } -} + @Override + void play(Note n) { + print("Woodwind.play() " + n); + } + + @Override + String what() { + return "Woodwind"; + } +} public class Music3 { - // Doesn't care about type, so new types - // added to the system still work right: - public static void tune(Instrument i) { - // ... - i.play(Note.MIDDLE_C); - } - public static void tuneAll(Instrument[] e) { - for(Instrument i : e) { - tune(i); + // Doesn't care about type, so new types + // added to the system still work right: + public static void tune(Instrument i) { + // ... + i.play(Note.MIDDLE_C); + } + + public static void tuneAll(Instrument[] e) { + for (Instrument i : e) { + tune(i); + } + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + // Upcasting during addition to the array: + Instrument[] orchestra = { + new Wind(), + new Percussion(), + new Stringed(), + new Brass(), + new Woodwind() + }; + tuneAll(orchestra); } - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - // Upcasting during addition to the array: - Instrument[] orchestra = { - new Wind(), - new Percussion(), - new Stringed(), - new Brass(), - new Woodwind() - }; - tuneAll(orchestra); - } } /* Output: Wind.play() MIDDLE_C Percussion.play() MIDDLE_C diff --git a/src/polymorphism/shape/Circle.java b/src/polymorphism/shape/Circle.java index ff54632..38685b7 100644 --- a/src/polymorphism/shape/Circle.java +++ b/src/polymorphism/shape/Circle.java @@ -1,8 +1,16 @@ //: polymorphism/shape/Circle.java package polymorphism.shape; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class Circle extends Shape { - public void draw() { print("Circle.draw()"); } - public void erase() { print("Circle.erase()"); } + @Override + public void draw() { + print("Circle.draw()"); + } + + @Override + public void erase() { + print("Circle.erase()"); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/polymorphism/shape/RandomShapeGenerator.java b/src/polymorphism/shape/RandomShapeGenerator.java index e474997..b0db341 100644 --- a/src/polymorphism/shape/RandomShapeGenerator.java +++ b/src/polymorphism/shape/RandomShapeGenerator.java @@ -1,16 +1,21 @@ //: polymorphism/shape/RandomShapeGenerator.java // A "factory" that randomly creates shapes. package polymorphism.shape; + import java.util.*; public class RandomShapeGenerator { - private Random rand = new Random(47); - public Shape next() { - switch(rand.nextInt(3)) { - default: - case 0: return new Circle(); - case 1: return new Square(); - case 2: return new Triangle(); + private Random rand = new Random(47); + + public Shape next() { + switch (rand.nextInt(3)) { + default: + case 0: + return new Circle(); + case 1: + return new Square(); + case 2: + return new Triangle(); + } } - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/polymorphism/shape/Shape.java b/src/polymorphism/shape/Shape.java index 13188a0..6762da1 100644 --- a/src/polymorphism/shape/Shape.java +++ b/src/polymorphism/shape/Shape.java @@ -2,6 +2,9 @@ package polymorphism.shape; public class Shape { - public void draw() {} - public void erase() {} + public void draw() { + } + + public void erase() { + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/polymorphism/shape/Square.java b/src/polymorphism/shape/Square.java index 1b5c50b..8bbe0fb 100644 --- a/src/polymorphism/shape/Square.java +++ b/src/polymorphism/shape/Square.java @@ -1,8 +1,16 @@ //: polymorphism/shape/Square.java package polymorphism.shape; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class Square extends Shape { - public void draw() { print("Square.draw()"); } - public void erase() { print("Square.erase()"); } + @Override + public void draw() { + print("Square.draw()"); + } + + @Override + public void erase() { + print("Square.erase()"); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/polymorphism/shape/Triangle.java b/src/polymorphism/shape/Triangle.java index 58ec072..4ea8e95 100644 --- a/src/polymorphism/shape/Triangle.java +++ b/src/polymorphism/shape/Triangle.java @@ -1,8 +1,16 @@ //: polymorphism/shape/Triangle.java package polymorphism.shape; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class Triangle extends Shape { - public void draw() { print("Triangle.draw()"); } - public void erase() { print("Triangle.erase()"); } + @Override + public void draw() { + print("Triangle.draw()"); + } + + @Override + public void erase() { + print("Triangle.erase()"); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/reusing/Bath.java b/src/reusing/Bath.java index fccabcd..14a5a25 100644 --- a/src/reusing/Bath.java +++ b/src/reusing/Bath.java @@ -1,50 +1,63 @@ package reusing;//: reusing/Bath.java // Constructor initialization with composition. + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; class Soap { - private String s; - Soap() { - print("Soap()"); - s = "Constructed"; - } - public String toString() { return s; } -} + private String s; + + Soap() { + print("Soap()"); + s = "Constructed"; + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return s; + } +} public class Bath { - private String // Initializing at point of definition: - s1 = "Happy", - s2 = "Happy", - s3, s4; - private Soap castille; - private int i; - private float toy; - public Bath() { - print("Inside Bath()"); - s3 = "Joy"; - toy = 3.14f; - castille = new Soap(); - } - // Instance initialization: - { i = 47; } - public String toString() { - if(s4 == null) // Delayed initialization: - { - s4 = "Joy"; + private String // Initializing at point of definition: + s1 = "Happy", + s2 = "Happy", + s3, s4; + private Soap castille; + private int i; + private float toy; + + public Bath() { + print("Inside Bath()"); + s3 = "Joy"; + toy = 3.14f; + castille = new Soap(); + } + + // Instance initialization: + { + i = 47; + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + if (s4 == null) // Delayed initialization: + { + s4 = "Joy"; + } + return + "s1 = " + s1 + "\n" + + "s2 = " + s2 + "\n" + + "s3 = " + s3 + "\n" + + "s4 = " + s4 + "\n" + + "i = " + i + "\n" + + "toy = " + toy + "\n" + + "castille = " + castille; + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + Bath b = new Bath(); + print(b); } - return - "s1 = " + s1 + "\n" + - "s2 = " + s2 + "\n" + - "s3 = " + s3 + "\n" + - "s4 = " + s4 + "\n" + - "i = " + i + "\n" + - "toy = " + toy + "\n" + - "castille = " + castille; - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - Bath b = new Bath(); - print(b); - } } /* Output: Inside Bath() Soap() diff --git a/src/reusing/Beetle.java b/src/reusing/Beetle.java index 023fe15..97f0f93 100644 --- a/src/reusing/Beetle.java +++ b/src/reusing/Beetle.java @@ -1,34 +1,41 @@ package reusing;//: reusing/Beetle.java // The full process of initialization. + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; class Insect { - private int i = 9; - protected int j; - Insect() { - print("i = " + i + ", j = " + j); - j = 39; - } - private static int x1 = - printInit("static Insect.x1 initialized"); - static int printInit(String s) { - print(s); - return 47; - } + private int i = 9; + protected int j; + + Insect() { + print("i = " + i + ", j = " + j); + j = 39; + } + + private static int x1 = + printInit("static Insect.x1 initialized"); + + static int printInit(String s) { + print(s); + return 47; + } } public class Beetle extends Insect { - private int k = printInit("Beetle.k initialized"); - public Beetle() { - print("k = " + k); - print("j = " + j); - } - private static int x2 = - printInit("static Beetle.x2 initialized"); - public static void main(String[] args) { - print("Beetle constructor"); - Beetle b = new Beetle(); - } + private int k = printInit("Beetle.k initialized"); + + public Beetle() { + print("k = " + k); + print("j = " + j); + } + + private static int x2 = + printInit("static Beetle.x2 initialized"); + + public static void main(String[] args) { + print("Beetle constructor"); + Beetle b = new Beetle(); + } } /* Output: static Insect.x1 initialized static Beetle.x2 initialized diff --git a/src/reusing/BlankFinal.java b/src/reusing/BlankFinal.java index 7c50582..56b48dd 100644 --- a/src/reusing/BlankFinal.java +++ b/src/reusing/BlankFinal.java @@ -2,25 +2,31 @@ package reusing;//: reusing/BlankFinal.java // "Blank" final fields. class Poppet { - private int i; - Poppet(int ii) { i = ii; } + private int i; + + Poppet(int ii) { + i = ii; + } } public class BlankFinal { - private final int i = 0; // Initialized final - private final int j; // Blank final - private final Poppet p; // Blank final reference - // Blank finals MUST be initialized in the constructor: - public BlankFinal() { - j = 1; // Initialize blank final - p = new Poppet(1); // Initialize blank final reference - } - public BlankFinal(int x) { - j = x; // Initialize blank final - p = new Poppet(x); // Initialize blank final reference - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - new BlankFinal(); - new BlankFinal(47); - } + private final int i = 0; // Initialized final + private final int j; // Blank final + private final Poppet p; // Blank final reference + + // Blank finals MUST be initialized in the constructor: + public BlankFinal() { + j = 1; // Initialize blank final + p = new Poppet(1); // Initialize blank final reference + } + + public BlankFinal(int x) { + j = x; // Initialize blank final + p = new Poppet(x); // Initialize blank final reference + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + new BlankFinal(); + new BlankFinal(47); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/reusing/CADSystem.java b/src/reusing/CADSystem.java index ea7d222..3101ddd 100644 --- a/src/reusing/CADSystem.java +++ b/src/reusing/CADSystem.java @@ -1,81 +1,98 @@ //: reusing/CADSystem.java // Ensuring proper cleanup. package reusing; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; class Shape { - Shape(int i) { print("Shape constructor"); } - void dispose() { print("Shape dispose"); } + Shape(int i) { + print("Shape constructor"); + } + + void dispose() { + print("Shape dispose"); + } } class Circle extends Shape { - Circle(int i) { - super(i); - print("Drawing Circle"); - } - void dispose() { - print("Erasing Circle"); - super.dispose(); - } + Circle(int i) { + super(i); + print("Drawing Circle"); + } + + @Override + void dispose() { + print("Erasing Circle"); + super.dispose(); + } } class Triangle extends Shape { - Triangle(int i) { - super(i); - print("Drawing Triangle"); - } - void dispose() { - print("Erasing Triangle"); - super.dispose(); - } + Triangle(int i) { + super(i); + print("Drawing Triangle"); + } + + @Override + void dispose() { + print("Erasing Triangle"); + super.dispose(); + } } class Line extends Shape { - private int start, end; - Line(int start, int end) { - super(start); - this.start = start; - this.end = end; - print("Drawing Line: " + start + ", " + end); - } - void dispose() { - print("Erasing Line: " + start + ", " + end); - super.dispose(); - } + private int start, end; + + Line(int start, int end) { + super(start); + this.start = start; + this.end = end; + print("Drawing Line: " + start + ", " + end); + } + + @Override + void dispose() { + print("Erasing Line: " + start + ", " + end); + super.dispose(); + } } public class CADSystem extends Shape { - private Circle c; - private Triangle t; - private Line[] lines = new Line[3]; - public CADSystem(int i) { - super(i + 1); - for(int j = 0; j < lines.length; j++) { - lines[j] = new Line(j, j*j); + private Circle c; + private Triangle t; + private Line[] lines = new Line[3]; + + public CADSystem(int i) { + super(i + 1); + for (int j = 0; j < lines.length; j++) { + lines[j] = new Line(j, j * j); + } + c = new Circle(1); + t = new Triangle(1); + print("Combined constructor"); } - c = new Circle(1); - t = new Triangle(1); - print("Combined constructor"); - } - public void dispose() { - print("CADSystem.dispose()"); - // The order of cleanup is the reverse - // of the order of initialization: - t.dispose(); - c.dispose(); - for(int i = lines.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) { - lines[i].dispose(); + + @Override + public void dispose() { + print("CADSystem.dispose()"); + // The order of cleanup is the reverse + // of the order of initialization: + t.dispose(); + c.dispose(); + for (int i = lines.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) { + lines[i].dispose(); + } + super.dispose(); } - super.dispose(); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - CADSystem x = new CADSystem(47); - try { - // Code and exception handling... - } finally { - x.dispose(); + + public static void main(String[] args) { + CADSystem x = new CADSystem(47); + try { + // Code and exception handling... + } finally { + x.dispose(); + } } - } } /* Output: Shape constructor Shape constructor diff --git a/src/reusing/Car.java b/src/reusing/Car.java index 3d310f1..575254b 100644 --- a/src/reusing/Car.java +++ b/src/reusing/Car.java @@ -2,40 +2,55 @@ package reusing;//: reusing/Car.java // Composition with public objects. class Engine { - public void start() {} - public void rev() {} - public void stop() {} + public void start() { + } + + public void rev() { + } + + public void stop() { + } } class Wheel { - public void inflate(int psi) {} + public void inflate(int psi) { + } } class Window { - public void rollup() {} - public void rolldown() {} + public void rollup() { + } + + public void rolldown() { + } } class Door { - public Window window = new Window(); - public void open() {} - public void close() {} + public Window window = new Window(); + + public void open() { + } + + public void close() { + } } public class Car { - public Engine engine = new Engine(); - public Wheel[] wheel = new Wheel[4]; - public Door - left = new Door(), - right = new Door(); // 2-door - public Car() { - for(int i = 0; i < 4; i++) { - wheel[i] = new Wheel(); + public Engine engine = new Engine(); + public Wheel[] wheel = new Wheel[4]; + public Door + left = new Door(), + right = new Door(); // 2-door + + public Car() { + for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) { + wheel[i] = new Wheel(); + } + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + Car car = new Car(); + car.left.window.rollup(); + car.wheel[0].inflate(72); } - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - Car car = new Car(); - car.left.window.rollup(); - car.wheel[0].inflate(72); - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/reusing/Cartoon.java b/src/reusing/Cartoon.java index f009030..ff688e4 100644 --- a/src/reusing/Cartoon.java +++ b/src/reusing/Cartoon.java @@ -1,20 +1,28 @@ package reusing;//: reusing/Cartoon.java // Constructor calls during inheritance. + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; class Art { - Art() { print("Art constructor"); } + Art() { + print("Art constructor"); + } } class Drawing extends Art { - Drawing() { print("Drawing constructor"); } + Drawing() { + print("Drawing constructor"); + } } public class Cartoon extends Drawing { - public Cartoon() { print("Cartoon constructor"); } - public static void main(String[] args) { - Cartoon x = new Cartoon(); - } + public Cartoon() { + print("Cartoon constructor"); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + Cartoon x = new Cartoon(); + } } /* Output: Art constructor Drawing constructor diff --git a/src/reusing/Chess.java b/src/reusing/Chess.java index 028115e..d051c39 100644 --- a/src/reusing/Chess.java +++ b/src/reusing/Chess.java @@ -1,28 +1,30 @@ package reusing;//: reusing/Chess.java // Inheritance, constructors and arguments. + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; class Game { - Game(int i) { - print("Game constructor"); - } + Game(int i) { + print("Game constructor"); + } } class BoardGame extends Game { - BoardGame(int i) { - super(i); - print("BoardGame constructor"); - } -} + BoardGame(int i) { + super(i); + print("BoardGame constructor"); + } +} public class Chess extends BoardGame { - Chess() { - super(11); - print("Chess constructor"); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - Chess x = new Chess(); - } + Chess() { + super(11); + print("Chess constructor"); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + Chess x = new Chess(); + } } /* Output: Game constructor BoardGame constructor diff --git a/src/reusing/Detergent.java b/src/reusing/Detergent.java index 5462eac..7d9b65e 100644 --- a/src/reusing/Detergent.java +++ b/src/reusing/Detergent.java @@ -1,40 +1,65 @@ package reusing;//: reusing/Detergent.java // Inheritance syntax & properties. + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; class Cleanser { - private String s = "Cleanser"; - public void append(String a) { s += a; } - public void dilute() { append(" dilute()"); } - public void apply() { append(" apply()"); } - public void scrub() { append(" scrub()"); } - public String toString() { return s; } - public static void main(String[] args) { - Cleanser x = new Cleanser(); - x.dilute(); x.apply(); x.scrub(); - print(x); - } -} + private String s = "Cleanser"; + + public void append(String a) { + s += a; + } + + public void dilute() { + append(" dilute()"); + } + + public void apply() { + append(" apply()"); + } + + public void scrub() { + append(" scrub()"); + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return s; + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + Cleanser x = new Cleanser(); + x.dilute(); + x.apply(); + x.scrub(); + print(x); + } +} public class Detergent extends Cleanser { - // Change a method: - public void scrub() { - append(" Detergent.scrub()"); - super.scrub(); // Call base-class version - } - // Add methods to the interface: - public void foam() { append(" foam()"); } - // Test the new class: - public static void main(String[] args) { - Detergent x = new Detergent(); - x.dilute(); - x.apply(); - x.scrub(); - x.foam(); - print(x); - print("Testing base class:"); - Cleanser.main(args); - } + // Change a method: + @Override + public void scrub() { + append(" Detergent.scrub()"); + super.scrub(); // Call base-class version + } + + // Add methods to the interface: + public void foam() { + append(" foam()"); + } + + // Test the new class: + public static void main(String[] args) { + Detergent x = new Detergent(); + x.dilute(); + x.apply(); + x.scrub(); + x.foam(); + print(x); + print("Testing base class:"); + Cleanser.main(args); + } } /* Output: Cleanser dilute() apply() Detergent.scrub() scrub() foam() Testing base class: diff --git a/src/reusing/FinalArguments.java b/src/reusing/FinalArguments.java index 722c7d0..e5c1c1e 100644 --- a/src/reusing/FinalArguments.java +++ b/src/reusing/FinalArguments.java @@ -2,23 +2,29 @@ package reusing;//: reusing/FinalArguments.java // Using "final" with method arguments. class Gizmo { - public void spin() {} + public void spin() { + } } public class FinalArguments { - void with(final Gizmo g) { - //! g = new Gizmo(); // Illegal -- g is final - } - void without(Gizmo g) { - g = new Gizmo(); // OK -- g not final - g.spin(); - } - // void f(final int i) { i++; } // Can't change - // You can only read from a final primitive: - int g(final int i) { return i + 1; } - public static void main(String[] args) { - FinalArguments bf = new FinalArguments(); - bf.without(null); - bf.with(null); - } + void with(final Gizmo g) { + //! g = new Gizmo(); // Illegal -- g is final + } + + void without(Gizmo g) { + g = new Gizmo(); // OK -- g not final + g.spin(); + } + + // void f(final int i) { i++; } // Can't change + // You can only read from a final primitive: + int g(final int i) { + return i + 1; + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + FinalArguments bf = new FinalArguments(); + bf.without(null); + bf.with(null); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/reusing/FinalData.java b/src/reusing/FinalData.java index 9e65390..fb54b36 100644 --- a/src/reusing/FinalData.java +++ b/src/reusing/FinalData.java @@ -1,50 +1,62 @@ package reusing;//: reusing/FinalData.java // The effect of final on fields. + import java.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; class Value { - int i; // Package access - public Value(int i) { this.i = i; } + int i; // Package access + + public Value(int i) { + this.i = i; + } } public class FinalData { - private static Random rand = new Random(47); - private String id; - public FinalData(String id) { this.id = id; } - // Can be compile-time constants: - private final int valueOne = 9; - private static final int VALUE_TWO = 99; - // Typical public constant: - public static final int VALUE_THREE = 39; - // Cannot be compile-time constants: - private final int i4 = rand.nextInt(20); - static final int INT_5 = rand.nextInt(20); - private Value v1 = new Value(11); - private final Value v2 = new Value(22); - private static final Value VAL_3 = new Value(33); - // Arrays: - private final int[] a = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 }; - public String toString() { - return id + ": " + "i4 = " + i4 + ", INT_5 = " + INT_5; - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - FinalData fd1 = new FinalData("fd1"); - //! fd1.valueOne++; // Error: can't change value - fd1.v2.i++; // Object isn't constant! - fd1.v1 = new Value(9); // OK -- not final - for(int i = 0; i < fd1.a.length; i++) { - fd1.a[i]++; // Object isn't constant! + private static Random rand = new Random(47); + private String id; + + public FinalData(String id) { + this.id = id; + } + + // Can be compile-time constants: + private final int valueOne = 9; + private static final int VALUE_TWO = 99; + // Typical public constant: + public static final int VALUE_THREE = 39; + // Cannot be compile-time constants: + private final int i4 = rand.nextInt(20); + static final int INT_5 = rand.nextInt(20); + private Value v1 = new Value(11); + private final Value v2 = new Value(22); + private static final Value VAL_3 = new Value(33); + // Arrays: + private final int[] a = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}; + + @Override + public String toString() { + return id + ": " + "i4 = " + i4 + ", INT_5 = " + INT_5; + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + FinalData fd1 = new FinalData("fd1"); + //! fd1.valueOne++; // Error: can't change value + fd1.v2.i++; // Object isn't constant! + fd1.v1 = new Value(9); // OK -- not final + for (int i = 0; i < fd1.a.length; i++) { + fd1.a[i]++; // Object isn't constant! + } + //! fd1.v2 = new Value(0); // Error: Can't + //! fd1.VAL_3 = new Value(1); // change reference + //! fd1.a = new int[3]; + print(fd1); + print("Creating new FinalData"); + FinalData fd2 = new FinalData("fd2"); + print(fd1); + print(fd2); } - //! fd1.v2 = new Value(0); // Error: Can't - //! fd1.VAL_3 = new Value(1); // change reference - //! fd1.a = new int[3]; - print(fd1); - print("Creating new FinalData"); - FinalData fd2 = new FinalData("fd2"); - print(fd1); - print(fd2); - } } /* Output: fd1: i4 = 15, INT_5 = 18 Creating new FinalData diff --git a/src/reusing/FinalOverridingIllusion.java b/src/reusing/FinalOverridingIllusion.java index 95b1adc..85d1d85 100644 --- a/src/reusing/FinalOverridingIllusion.java +++ b/src/reusing/FinalOverridingIllusion.java @@ -1,48 +1,56 @@ package reusing;//: reusing/FinalOverridingIllusion.java // It only looks like you can override // a private or private final method. + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; class WithFinals { - // Identical to "private" alone: - private final void f() { print("WithFinals.f()"); } - // Also automatically "final": - private void g() { print("WithFinals.g()"); } + // Identical to "private" alone: + private final void f() { + print("WithFinals.f()"); + } + + // Also automatically "final": + private void g() { + print("WithFinals.g()"); + } } class OverridingPrivate extends WithFinals { - private final void f() { - print("OverridingPrivate.f()"); - } - private void g() { - print("OverridingPrivate.g()"); - } + private final void f() { + print("OverridingPrivate.f()"); + } + + private void g() { + print("OverridingPrivate.g()"); + } } class OverridingPrivate2 extends OverridingPrivate { - public final void f() { - print("OverridingPrivate2.f()"); - } - public void g() { - print("OverridingPrivate2.g()"); - } + public final void f() { + print("OverridingPrivate2.f()"); + } + + public void g() { + print("OverridingPrivate2.g()"); + } } public class FinalOverridingIllusion { - public static void main(String[] args) { - OverridingPrivate2 op2 = new OverridingPrivate2(); - op2.f(); - op2.g(); - // You can upcast: - OverridingPrivate op = op2; - // But you can't call the methods: - //! op.f(); - //! op.g(); - // Same here: - WithFinals wf = op2; - //! wf.f(); - //! wf.g(); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + OverridingPrivate2 op2 = new OverridingPrivate2(); + op2.f(); + op2.g(); + // You can upcast: + OverridingPrivate op = op2; + // But you can't call the methods: + //! op.f(); + //! op.g(); + // Same here: + WithFinals wf = op2; + //! wf.f(); + //! wf.g(); + } } /* Output: OverridingPrivate2.f() OverridingPrivate2.g() diff --git a/src/reusing/Hide.java b/src/reusing/Hide.java index 709a08b..4ed2d13 100644 --- a/src/reusing/Hide.java +++ b/src/reusing/Hide.java @@ -1,35 +1,38 @@ package reusing;//: reusing/Hide.java // Overloading a base-class method name in a derived // class does not hide the base-class versions. + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; class Homer { - char doh(char c) { - print("doh(char)"); - return 'd'; - } - float doh(float f) { - print("doh(float)"); - return 1.0f; - } + char doh(char c) { + print("doh(char)"); + return 'd'; + } + + float doh(float f) { + print("doh(float)"); + return 1.0f; + } } -class Milhouse {} +class Milhouse { +} class Bart extends Homer { - void doh(Milhouse m) { - print("doh(Milhouse)"); - } + void doh(Milhouse m) { + print("doh(Milhouse)"); + } } public class Hide { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Bart b = new Bart(); - b.doh(1); - b.doh('x'); - b.doh(1.0f); - b.doh(new Milhouse()); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + Bart b = new Bart(); + b.doh(1); + b.doh('x'); + b.doh(1.0f); + b.doh(new Milhouse()); + } } /* Output: doh(float) doh(char) diff --git a/src/reusing/Jurassic.java b/src/reusing/Jurassic.java index baccd2a..a8e94d8 100644 --- a/src/reusing/Jurassic.java +++ b/src/reusing/Jurassic.java @@ -1,23 +1,26 @@ package reusing;//: reusing/Jurassic.java // Making an entire class final. -class SmallBrain {} +class SmallBrain { +} final class Dinosaur { - int i = 7; - int j = 1; - SmallBrain x = new SmallBrain(); - void f() {} + int i = 7; + int j = 1; + SmallBrain x = new SmallBrain(); + + void f() { + } } //! class Further extends Dinosaur {} // error: Cannot extend final class 'Dinosaur' public class Jurassic { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Dinosaur n = new Dinosaur(); - n.f(); - n.i = 40; - n.j++; - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + Dinosaur n = new Dinosaur(); + n.f(); + n.i = 40; + n.j++; + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/reusing/Lisa.java b/src/reusing/Lisa.java index 625a170..8405534 100644 --- a/src/reusing/Lisa.java +++ b/src/reusing/Lisa.java @@ -2,7 +2,8 @@ package reusing;//: reusing/Lisa.java // {CompileTimeError} (Won't compile) class Lisa extends Homer { - @Override void doh(Milhouse m) { - System.out.println("doh(Milhouse)"); - } + @Override + void doh(Milhouse m) { + System.out.println("doh(Milhouse)"); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/reusing/Orc.java b/src/reusing/Orc.java index c5ab10f..5e3adbb 100644 --- a/src/reusing/Orc.java +++ b/src/reusing/Orc.java @@ -1,35 +1,49 @@ package reusing;//: reusing/Orc.java // The protected keyword. + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; class Villain { - private String name; - protected void set(String nm) { name = nm; } - public Villain(String name) { this.name = name; } - public String toString() { - return "I'm a Villain and my name is " + name; - } -} + private String name; + + protected void set(String nm) { + name = nm; + } + + public Villain(String name) { + this.name = name; + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return "I'm a Villain and my name is " + name; + } +} public class Orc extends Villain { - private int orcNumber; - public Orc(String name, int orcNumber) { - super(name); - this.orcNumber = orcNumber; - } - public void change(String name, int orcNumber) { - set(name); // Available because it's protected - this.orcNumber = orcNumber; - } - public String toString() { - return "Orc " + orcNumber + ": " + super.toString(); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - Orc orc = new Orc("Limburger", 12); - print(orc); - orc.change("Bob", 19); - print(orc); - } + private int orcNumber; + + public Orc(String name, int orcNumber) { + super(name); + this.orcNumber = orcNumber; + } + + public void change(String name, int orcNumber) { + set(name); // Available because it's protected + this.orcNumber = orcNumber; + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return "Orc " + orcNumber + ": " + super.toString(); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + Orc orc = new Orc("Limburger", 12); + print(orc); + orc.change("Bob", 19); + print(orc); + } } /* Output: Orc 12: I'm a Villain and my name is Limburger Orc 19: I'm a Villain and my name is Bob diff --git a/src/reusing/PlaceSetting.java b/src/reusing/PlaceSetting.java index 188a608..1f9c1f1 100644 --- a/src/reusing/PlaceSetting.java +++ b/src/reusing/PlaceSetting.java @@ -1,70 +1,73 @@ package reusing;//: reusing/PlaceSetting.java // Combining composition & inheritance. + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; class Plate { - Plate(int i) { - print("Plate constructor"); - } + Plate(int i) { + print("Plate constructor"); + } } class DinnerPlate extends Plate { - DinnerPlate(int i) { - super(i); - print("DinnerPlate constructor"); - } -} + DinnerPlate(int i) { + super(i); + print("DinnerPlate constructor"); + } +} class Utensil { - Utensil(int i) { - print("Utensil constructor"); - } + Utensil(int i) { + print("Utensil constructor"); + } } class Spoon extends Utensil { - Spoon(int i) { - super(i); - print("Spoon constructor"); - } + Spoon(int i) { + super(i); + print("Spoon constructor"); + } } class Fork extends Utensil { - Fork(int i) { - super(i); - print("Fork constructor"); - } -} + Fork(int i) { + super(i); + print("Fork constructor"); + } +} class Knife extends Utensil { - Knife(int i) { - super(i); - print("Knife constructor"); - } + Knife(int i) { + super(i); + print("Knife constructor"); + } } // A cultural way of doing something: class Custom { - Custom(int i) { - print("Custom constructor"); - } -} + Custom(int i) { + print("Custom constructor"); + } +} public class PlaceSetting extends Custom { - private Spoon sp; - private Fork frk; - private Knife kn; - private DinnerPlate pl; - public PlaceSetting(int i) { - super(i + 1); - sp = new Spoon(i + 2); - frk = new Fork(i + 3); - kn = new Knife(i + 4); - pl = new DinnerPlate(i + 5); - print("PlaceSetting constructor"); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - PlaceSetting x = new PlaceSetting(9); - } + private Spoon sp; + private Fork frk; + private Knife kn; + private DinnerPlate pl; + + public PlaceSetting(int i) { + super(i + 1); + sp = new Spoon(i + 2); + frk = new Fork(i + 3); + kn = new Knife(i + 4); + pl = new DinnerPlate(i + 5); + print("PlaceSetting constructor"); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + PlaceSetting x = new PlaceSetting(9); + } } /* Output: Custom constructor Utensil constructor diff --git a/src/reusing/SpaceShip.java b/src/reusing/SpaceShip.java index d77344e..2dbb13b 100644 --- a/src/reusing/SpaceShip.java +++ b/src/reusing/SpaceShip.java @@ -1,11 +1,19 @@ package reusing;//: reusing/SpaceShip.java public class SpaceShip extends SpaceShipControls { - private String name; - public SpaceShip(String name) { this.name = name; } - public String toString() { return name; } - public static void main(String[] args) { - SpaceShip protector = new SpaceShip("NSEA Protector"); - protector.forward(100); - } + private String name; + + public SpaceShip(String name) { + this.name = name; + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return name; + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + SpaceShip protector = new SpaceShip("NSEA Protector"); + protector.forward(100); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/reusing/SpaceShipControls.java b/src/reusing/SpaceShipControls.java index 8077eac..345c82e 100644 --- a/src/reusing/SpaceShipControls.java +++ b/src/reusing/SpaceShipControls.java @@ -1,11 +1,24 @@ package reusing;//: reusing/SpaceShipControls.java public class SpaceShipControls { - void up(int velocity) {} - void down(int velocity) {} - void left(int velocity) {} - void right(int velocity) {} - void forward(int velocity) {} - void back(int velocity) {} - void turboBoost() {} + void up(int velocity) { + } + + void down(int velocity) { + } + + void left(int velocity) { + } + + void right(int velocity) { + } + + void forward(int velocity) { + } + + void back(int velocity) { + } + + void turboBoost() { + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/reusing/SpaceShipDelegation.java b/src/reusing/SpaceShipDelegation.java index fa30691..c1bed8e 100644 --- a/src/reusing/SpaceShipDelegation.java +++ b/src/reusing/SpaceShipDelegation.java @@ -1,37 +1,46 @@ package reusing;//: reusing/SpaceShipDelegation.java public class SpaceShipDelegation { - private String name; - private SpaceShipControls controls = - new SpaceShipControls(); - public SpaceShipDelegation(String name) { - this.name = name; - } - // Delegated methods: - public void back(int velocity) { - controls.back(velocity); - } - public void down(int velocity) { - controls.down(velocity); - } - public void forward(int velocity) { - controls.forward(velocity); - } - public void left(int velocity) { - controls.left(velocity); - } - public void right(int velocity) { - controls.right(velocity); - } - public void turboBoost() { - controls.turboBoost(); - } - public void up(int velocity) { - controls.up(velocity); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - SpaceShipDelegation protector = - new SpaceShipDelegation("NSEA Protector"); - protector.forward(100); - } + private String name; + private SpaceShipControls controls = + new SpaceShipControls(); + + public SpaceShipDelegation(String name) { + this.name = name; + } + + // Delegated methods: + public void back(int velocity) { + controls.back(velocity); + } + + public void down(int velocity) { + controls.down(velocity); + } + + public void forward(int velocity) { + controls.forward(velocity); + } + + public void left(int velocity) { + controls.left(velocity); + } + + public void right(int velocity) { + controls.right(velocity); + } + + public void turboBoost() { + controls.turboBoost(); + } + + public void up(int velocity) { + controls.up(velocity); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + SpaceShipDelegation protector = + new SpaceShipDelegation("NSEA Protector"); + protector.forward(100); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/reusing/SprinklerSystem.java b/src/reusing/SprinklerSystem.java index ef0f7a0..6ad2311 100644 --- a/src/reusing/SprinklerSystem.java +++ b/src/reusing/SprinklerSystem.java @@ -2,32 +2,40 @@ package reusing;//: reusing/SprinklerSystem.java // Composition for code reuse. class WaterSource { - private String s; - WaterSource() { - System.out.println("WaterSource()"); - s = "Constructed"; - } - public String toString() { return s; } -} + private String s; + + WaterSource() { + System.out.println("WaterSource()"); + s = "Constructed"; + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return s; + } +} public class SprinklerSystem { - private String valve1, valve2, valve3, valve4; - private WaterSource source = new WaterSource(); - private int i; - private float f; - public String toString() { - return - "valve1 = " + valve1 + " " + - "valve2 = " + valve2 + " " + - "valve3 = " + valve3 + " " + - "valve4 = " + valve4 + "\n" + - "i = " + i + " " + "f = " + f + " " + - "source = " + source; - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - SprinklerSystem sprinklers = new SprinklerSystem(); - System.out.println(sprinklers); - } + private String valve1, valve2, valve3, valve4; + private WaterSource source = new WaterSource(); + private int i; + private float f; + + @Override + public String toString() { + return + "valve1 = " + valve1 + " " + + "valve2 = " + valve2 + " " + + "valve3 = " + valve3 + " " + + "valve4 = " + valve4 + "\n" + + "i = " + i + " " + "f = " + f + " " + + "source = " + source; + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + SprinklerSystem sprinklers = new SprinklerSystem(); + System.out.println(sprinklers); + } } /* Output: WaterSource() valve1 = null valve2 = null valve3 = null valve4 = null diff --git a/src/reusing/Wind.java b/src/reusing/Wind.java index eac9394..016e2e8 100644 --- a/src/reusing/Wind.java +++ b/src/reusing/Wind.java @@ -2,18 +2,20 @@ package reusing;//: reusing/Wind.java // Inheritance & upcasting. class Instrument { - public void play() {} - static void tune(Instrument i) { - // ... - i.play(); - } + public void play() { + } + + static void tune(Instrument i) { + // ... + i.play(); + } } // Wind objects are instruments // because they have the same interface: public class Wind extends Instrument { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Wind flute = new Wind(); - Instrument.tune(flute); // Upcasting - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + Wind flute = new Wind(); + Instrument.tune(flute); // Upcasting + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/reusing/build.xml b/src/reusing/build.xml index d77af80..934bf7b 100644 --- a/src/reusing/build.xml +++ b/src/reusing/build.xml @@ -1,260 +1,260 @@ + basedir="." + default="run" + name="Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel (chapter: reusing)"> - - build.xml for the source code for the reusing chapter of - Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel - Source code available at http://www.MindView.net - See copyright notice in CopyRight.txt + + build.xml for the source code for the reusing chapter of + Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel + Source code available at http://www.MindView.net + See copyright notice in CopyRight.txt - Ant available from: http://jakarta.apache.org/ant + Ant available from: http://jakarta.apache.org/ant - To see options, type: ant -p + To see options, type: ant -p - This file was automatically generated by AntBuilder - + This file was automatically generated by AntBuilder + - - - + + + - - - - - - + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/src/strings/ArrayListDisplay.java b/src/strings/ArrayListDisplay.java index 428bfb5..089c635 100644 --- a/src/strings/ArrayListDisplay.java +++ b/src/strings/ArrayListDisplay.java @@ -1,15 +1,17 @@ package strings;//: strings/ArrayListDisplay.java + import generics.coffee.*; + import java.util.*; public class ArrayListDisplay { - public static void main(String[] args) { - ArrayList coffees = new ArrayList(); - for(Coffee c : new CoffeeGenerator(10)) { - coffees.add(c); + public static void main(String[] args) { + ArrayList coffees = new ArrayList(); + for (Coffee c : new CoffeeGenerator(10)) { + coffees.add(c); + } + System.out.println(coffees); } - System.out.println(coffees); - } } /* Output: [Americano 0, Latte 1, Americano 2, Mocha 3, Mocha 4, Breve 5, Americano 6, Latte 7, Cappuccino 8, Cappuccino 9] *///:~ diff --git a/src/strings/BetterRead.java b/src/strings/BetterRead.java index d96f470..349ace5 100644 --- a/src/strings/BetterRead.java +++ b/src/strings/BetterRead.java @@ -1,25 +1,26 @@ package strings;//: strings/BetterRead.java + import java.util.*; public class BetterRead { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Scanner stdin = new Scanner(SimpleRead.input); - System.out.println("What is your name?"); - String name = stdin.nextLine(); - System.out.println(name); - System.out.println( - "How old are you? What is your favorite double?"); - System.out.println("(input: )"); - int age = stdin.nextInt(); - double favorite = stdin.nextDouble(); - System.out.println(age); - System.out.println(favorite); - System.out.format("Hi %s.\n", name); - System.out.format("In 5 years you will be %d.\n", - age + 5); - System.out.format("My favorite double is %f.", - favorite / 2); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + Scanner stdin = new Scanner(SimpleRead.input); + System.out.println("What is your name?"); + String name = stdin.nextLine(); + System.out.println(name); + System.out.println( + "How old are you? What is your favorite double?"); + System.out.println("(input: )"); + int age = stdin.nextInt(); + double favorite = stdin.nextDouble(); + System.out.println(age); + System.out.println(favorite); + System.out.format("Hi %s.\n", name); + System.out.format("In 5 years you will be %d.\n", + age + 5); + System.out.format("My favorite double is %f.", + favorite / 2); + } } /* Output: What is your name? Sir Robin of Camelot diff --git a/src/strings/Concatenation.java b/src/strings/Concatenation.java index c1bb9a4..556010a 100644 --- a/src/strings/Concatenation.java +++ b/src/strings/Concatenation.java @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ package strings;//: strings/Concatenation.java public class Concatenation { - public static void main(String[] args) { - String mango = "mango"; - String s = "abc" + mango + "def" + 47; - System.out.println(s); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + String mango = "mango"; + String s = "abc" + mango + "def" + 47; + System.out.println(s); + } } /* Output: abcmangodef47 *///:~ diff --git a/src/strings/Conversion.java b/src/strings/Conversion.java index 5a61662..84d0a6e 100644 --- a/src/strings/Conversion.java +++ b/src/strings/Conversion.java @@ -1,78 +1,79 @@ package strings;//: strings/Conversion.java + import java.math.*; import java.util.*; public class Conversion { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Formatter f = new Formatter(System.out); + public static void main(String[] args) { + Formatter f = new Formatter(System.out); - char u = 'a'; - System.out.println("u = 'a'"); - f.format("s: %s\n", u); - // f.format("d: %d\n", u); - f.format("c: %c\n", u); - f.format("b: %b\n", u); - // f.format("f: %f\n", u); - // f.format("e: %e\n", u); - // f.format("x: %x\n", u); - f.format("h: %h\n", u); + char u = 'a'; + System.out.println("u = 'a'"); + f.format("s: %s\n", u); + // f.format("d: %d\n", u); + f.format("c: %c\n", u); + f.format("b: %b\n", u); + // f.format("f: %f\n", u); + // f.format("e: %e\n", u); + // f.format("x: %x\n", u); + f.format("h: %h\n", u); - int v = 121; - System.out.println("v = 121"); - f.format("d: %d\n", v); - f.format("c: %c\n", v); - f.format("b: %b\n", v); - f.format("s: %s\n", v); - // f.format("f: %f\n", v); - // f.format("e: %e\n", v); - f.format("x: %x\n", v); - f.format("h: %h\n", v); + int v = 121; + System.out.println("v = 121"); + f.format("d: %d\n", v); + f.format("c: %c\n", v); + f.format("b: %b\n", v); + f.format("s: %s\n", v); + // f.format("f: %f\n", v); + // f.format("e: %e\n", v); + f.format("x: %x\n", v); + f.format("h: %h\n", v); - BigInteger w = new BigInteger("50000000000000"); - System.out.println( - "w = new BigInteger(\"50000000000000\")"); - f.format("d: %d\n", w); - // f.format("c: %c\n", w); - f.format("b: %b\n", w); - f.format("s: %s\n", w); - // f.format("f: %f\n", w); - // f.format("e: %e\n", w); - f.format("x: %x\n", w); - f.format("h: %h\n", w); + BigInteger w = new BigInteger("50000000000000"); + System.out.println( + "w = new BigInteger(\"50000000000000\")"); + f.format("d: %d\n", w); + // f.format("c: %c\n", w); + f.format("b: %b\n", w); + f.format("s: %s\n", w); + // f.format("f: %f\n", w); + // f.format("e: %e\n", w); + f.format("x: %x\n", w); + f.format("h: %h\n", w); - double x = 179.543; - System.out.println("x = 179.543"); - // f.format("d: %d\n", x); - // f.format("c: %c\n", x); - f.format("b: %b\n", x); - f.format("s: %s\n", x); - f.format("f: %f\n", x); - f.format("e: %e\n", x); - // f.format("x: %x\n", x); - f.format("h: %h\n", x); + double x = 179.543; + System.out.println("x = 179.543"); + // f.format("d: %d\n", x); + // f.format("c: %c\n", x); + f.format("b: %b\n", x); + f.format("s: %s\n", x); + f.format("f: %f\n", x); + f.format("e: %e\n", x); + // f.format("x: %x\n", x); + f.format("h: %h\n", x); - Conversion y = new Conversion(); - System.out.println("y = new Conversion()"); - // f.format("d: %d\n", y); - // f.format("c: %c\n", y); - f.format("b: %b\n", y); - f.format("s: %s\n", y); - // f.format("f: %f\n", y); - // f.format("e: %e\n", y); - // f.format("x: %x\n", y); - f.format("h: %h\n", y); + Conversion y = new Conversion(); + System.out.println("y = new Conversion()"); + // f.format("d: %d\n", y); + // f.format("c: %c\n", y); + f.format("b: %b\n", y); + f.format("s: %s\n", y); + // f.format("f: %f\n", y); + // f.format("e: %e\n", y); + // f.format("x: %x\n", y); + f.format("h: %h\n", y); - boolean z = false; - System.out.println("z = false"); - // f.format("d: %d\n", z); - // f.format("c: %c\n", z); - f.format("b: %b\n", z); - f.format("s: %s\n", z); - // f.format("f: %f\n", z); - // f.format("e: %e\n", z); - // f.format("x: %x\n", z); - f.format("h: %h\n", z); - } + boolean z = false; + System.out.println("z = false"); + // f.format("d: %d\n", z); + // f.format("c: %c\n", z); + f.format("b: %b\n", z); + f.format("s: %s\n", z); + // f.format("f: %f\n", z); + // f.format("e: %e\n", z); + // f.format("x: %x\n", z); + f.format("h: %h\n", z); + } } /* Output: (Sample) u = 'a' s: a diff --git a/src/strings/DatabaseException.java b/src/strings/DatabaseException.java index 8bca0ee..9a5d78d 100644 --- a/src/strings/DatabaseException.java +++ b/src/strings/DatabaseException.java @@ -1,18 +1,19 @@ package strings;//: strings/DatabaseException.java public class DatabaseException extends Exception { - public DatabaseException(int transactionID, int queryID, - String message) { - super(String.format("(t%d, q%d) %s", transactionID, - queryID, message)); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - try { - throw new DatabaseException(3, 7, "Write failed"); - } catch(Exception e) { - System.out.println(e); + public DatabaseException(int transactionID, int queryID, + String message) { + super(String.format("(t%d, q%d) %s", transactionID, + queryID, message)); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + try { + throw new DatabaseException(3, 7, "Write failed"); + } catch (Exception e) { + System.out.println(e); + } } - } } /* Output: DatabaseException: (t3, q7) Write failed *///:~ diff --git a/src/strings/Finding.java b/src/strings/Finding.java index 436e0a8..2a46400 100644 --- a/src/strings/Finding.java +++ b/src/strings/Finding.java @@ -1,21 +1,23 @@ package strings;//: strings/Finding.java + import java.util.regex.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class Finding { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Matcher m = Pattern.compile("\\w+") - .matcher("Evening is full of the linnet's wings"); - while(m.find()) { - printnb(m.group() + " "); + public static void main(String[] args) { + Matcher m = Pattern.compile("\\w+") + .matcher("Evening is full of the linnet's wings"); + while (m.find()) { + printnb(m.group() + " "); + } + print(); + int i = 0; + while (m.find(i)) { + printnb(m.group() + " "); + i++; + } } - print(); - int i = 0; - while(m.find(i)) { - printnb(m.group() + " "); - i++; - } - } } /* Output: Evening is full of the linnet s wings Evening vening ening ning ing ng g is is s full full ull ll l of of f the the he e linnet linnet innet nnet net et t s s wings wings ings ngs gs s diff --git a/src/strings/Groups.java b/src/strings/Groups.java index 7a88207..9d68e3a 100644 --- a/src/strings/Groups.java +++ b/src/strings/Groups.java @@ -1,28 +1,31 @@ package strings;//: strings/Groups.java + import java.util.regex.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class Groups { - static public final String POEM = - "Twas brillig, and the slithy toves\n" + - "Did gyre and gimble in the wabe.\n" + - "All mimsy were the borogoves,\n" + - "And the mome raths outgrabe.\n\n" + - "Beware the Jabberwock, my son,\n" + - "The jaws that bite, the claws that catch.\n" + - "Beware the Jubjub bird, and shun\n" + - "The frumious Bandersnatch."; - public static void main(String[] args) { - Matcher m = - Pattern.compile("(?m)(\\S+)\\s+((\\S+)\\s+(\\S+))$") - .matcher(POEM); - while(m.find()) { - for(int j = 0; j <= m.groupCount(); j++) { - printnb("[" + m.group(j) + "]"); - } - print(); + static public final String POEM = + "Twas brillig, and the slithy toves\n" + + "Did gyre and gimble in the wabe.\n" + + "All mimsy were the borogoves,\n" + + "And the mome raths outgrabe.\n\n" + + "Beware the Jabberwock, my son,\n" + + "The jaws that bite, the claws that catch.\n" + + "Beware the Jubjub bird, and shun\n" + + "The frumious Bandersnatch."; + + public static void main(String[] args) { + Matcher m = + Pattern.compile("(?m)(\\S+)\\s+((\\S+)\\s+(\\S+))$") + .matcher(POEM); + while (m.find()) { + for (int j = 0; j <= m.groupCount(); j++) { + printnb("[" + m.group(j) + "]"); + } + print(); + } } - } } /* Output: [the slithy toves][the][slithy toves][slithy][toves] [in the wabe.][in][the wabe.][the][wabe.] diff --git a/src/strings/Immutable.java b/src/strings/Immutable.java index 42e5f1b..de2863a 100644 --- a/src/strings/Immutable.java +++ b/src/strings/Immutable.java @@ -1,17 +1,19 @@ package strings;//: strings/Immutable.java + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class Immutable { - public static String upcase(String s) { - return s.toUpperCase(); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - String q = "howdy"; - print(q); // howdy - String qq = upcase(q); - print(qq); // HOWDY - print(q); // howdy - } + public static String upcase(String s) { + return s.toUpperCase(); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + String q = "howdy"; + print(q); // howdy + String qq = upcase(q); + print(qq); // HOWDY + print(q); // howdy + } } /* Output: howdy HOWDY diff --git a/src/strings/InfiniteRecursion.java b/src/strings/InfiniteRecursion.java index 41c13c0..0b84b32 100644 --- a/src/strings/InfiniteRecursion.java +++ b/src/strings/InfiniteRecursion.java @@ -1,18 +1,21 @@ package strings;//: strings/InfiniteRecursion.java // Accidental recursion. // {RunByHand} + import java.util.*; public class InfiniteRecursion { - public String toString() { - return " InfiniteRecursion address: " + this + "\n"; - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - List v = - new ArrayList(); - for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { - v.add(new InfiniteRecursion()); + @Override + public String toString() { + return " InfiniteRecursion address: " + this + "\n"; + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + List v = + new ArrayList(); + for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { + v.add(new InfiniteRecursion()); + } + System.out.println(v); } - System.out.println(v); - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/strings/IntegerMatch.java b/src/strings/IntegerMatch.java index b96edee..e41f430 100644 --- a/src/strings/IntegerMatch.java +++ b/src/strings/IntegerMatch.java @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ package strings;//: strings/IntegerMatch.java public class IntegerMatch { - public static void main(String[] args) { - System.out.println("-1234".matches("-?\\d+")); - System.out.println("5678".matches("-?\\d+")); - System.out.println("+911".matches("-?\\d+")); - System.out.println("+911".matches("(-|\\+)?\\d+")); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + System.out.println("-1234".matches("-?\\d+")); + System.out.println("5678".matches("-?\\d+")); + System.out.println("+911".matches("-?\\d+")); + System.out.println("+911".matches("(-|\\+)?\\d+")); + } } /* Output: true true diff --git a/src/strings/JGrep.java b/src/strings/JGrep.java index e493ac6..9936e3d 100644 --- a/src/strings/JGrep.java +++ b/src/strings/JGrep.java @@ -1,27 +1,29 @@ package strings;//: strings/JGrep.java // A very simple version of the "grep" program. // {Args: JGrep.java "\\b[Ssct]\\w+"} + import java.util.regex.*; + import net.mindview.util.*; public class JGrep { - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - if(args.length < 2) { - System.out.println("Usage: java JGrep file regex"); - System.exit(0); + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + if (args.length < 2) { + System.out.println("Usage: java JGrep file regex"); + System.exit(0); + } + Pattern p = Pattern.compile(args[1]); + // Iterate through the lines of the input file: + int index = 0; + Matcher m = p.matcher(""); + for (String line : new TextFile(args[0])) { + m.reset(line); + while (m.find()) { + System.out.println(index++ + ": " + + m.group() + ": " + m.start()); + } + } } - Pattern p = Pattern.compile(args[1]); - // Iterate through the lines of the input file: - int index = 0; - Matcher m = p.matcher(""); - for(String line : new TextFile(args[0])) { - m.reset(line); - while(m.find()) { - System.out.println(index++ + ": " + - m.group() + ": " + m.start()); - } - } - } } /* Output: (Sample) 0: strings: 4 1: simple: 10 diff --git a/src/strings/ReFlags.java b/src/strings/ReFlags.java index 4550444..21307a1 100644 --- a/src/strings/ReFlags.java +++ b/src/strings/ReFlags.java @@ -1,18 +1,19 @@ package strings;//: strings/ReFlags.java + import java.util.regex.*; public class ReFlags { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Pattern p = Pattern.compile("^java", - Pattern.CASE_INSENSITIVE | Pattern.MULTILINE); - Matcher m = p.matcher( - "java has regex\nJava has regex\n" + - "JAVA has pretty good regular expressions\n" + - "Regular expressions are in Java"); - while(m.find()) { - System.out.println(m.group()); + public static void main(String[] args) { + Pattern p = Pattern.compile("^java", + Pattern.CASE_INSENSITIVE | Pattern.MULTILINE); + Matcher m = p.matcher( + "java has regex\nJava has regex\n" + + "JAVA has pretty good regular expressions\n" + + "Regular expressions are in Java"); + while (m.find()) { + System.out.println(m.group()); + } } - } } /* Output: java Java diff --git a/src/strings/Receipt.java b/src/strings/Receipt.java index 968852d..240d13e 100644 --- a/src/strings/Receipt.java +++ b/src/strings/Receipt.java @@ -1,31 +1,36 @@ package strings;//: strings/Receipt.java + import java.util.*; public class Receipt { - private double total = 0; - private Formatter f = new Formatter(System.out); - public void printTitle() { - f.format("%-15s %5s %10s\n", "Item", "Qty", "Price"); - f.format("%-15s %5s %10s\n", "----", "---", "-----"); - } - public void print(String name, int qty, double price) { - f.format("%-15.15s %5d %10.2f\n", name, qty, price); - total += price; - } - public void printTotal() { - f.format("%-15s %5s %10.2f\n", "Tax", "", total*0.06); - f.format("%-15s %5s %10s\n", "", "", "-----"); - f.format("%-15s %5s %10.2f\n", "Total", "", - total * 1.06); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - Receipt receipt = new Receipt(); - receipt.printTitle(); - receipt.print("Jack's Magic Beans", 4, 4.25); - receipt.print("Princess Peas", 3, 5.1); - receipt.print("Three Bears Porridge", 1, 14.29); - receipt.printTotal(); - } + private double total = 0; + private Formatter f = new Formatter(System.out); + + public void printTitle() { + f.format("%-15s %5s %10s\n", "Item", "Qty", "Price"); + f.format("%-15s %5s %10s\n", "----", "---", "-----"); + } + + public void print(String name, int qty, double price) { + f.format("%-15.15s %5d %10.2f\n", name, qty, price); + total += price; + } + + public void printTotal() { + f.format("%-15s %5s %10.2f\n", "Tax", "", total * 0.06); + f.format("%-15s %5s %10s\n", "", "", "-----"); + f.format("%-15s %5s %10.2f\n", "Total", "", + total * 1.06); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + Receipt receipt = new Receipt(); + receipt.printTitle(); + receipt.print("Jack's Magic Beans", 4, 4.25); + receipt.print("Princess Peas", 3, 5.1); + receipt.print("Three Bears Porridge", 1, 14.29); + receipt.printTotal(); + } } /* Output: Item Qty Price ---- --- ----- diff --git a/src/strings/Replacing.java b/src/strings/Replacing.java index c085e1e..8a58b60 100644 --- a/src/strings/Replacing.java +++ b/src/strings/Replacing.java @@ -1,12 +1,14 @@ package strings;//: strings/Replacing.java + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class Replacing { - static String s = Splitting.knights; - public static void main(String[] args) { - print(s.replaceFirst("f\\w+", "located")); - print(s.replaceAll("shrubbery|tree|herring","banana")); - } + static String s = Splitting.knights; + + public static void main(String[] args) { + print(s.replaceFirst("f\\w+", "located")); + print(s.replaceAll("shrubbery|tree|herring", "banana")); + } } /* Output: Then, when you have located the shrubbery, you must cut down the mightiest tree in the forest... with... a herring! Then, when you have found the banana, you must cut down the mightiest banana in the forest... with... a banana! diff --git a/src/strings/ReplacingStringTokenizer.java b/src/strings/ReplacingStringTokenizer.java index e7aaf63..742861c 100644 --- a/src/strings/ReplacingStringTokenizer.java +++ b/src/strings/ReplacingStringTokenizer.java @@ -1,20 +1,21 @@ package strings;//: strings/ReplacingStringTokenizer.java + import java.util.*; public class ReplacingStringTokenizer { - public static void main(String[] args) { - String input = "But I'm not dead yet! I feel happy!"; - StringTokenizer stoke = new StringTokenizer(input); - while(stoke.hasMoreElements()) { - System.out.print(stoke.nextToken() + " "); + public static void main(String[] args) { + String input = "But I'm not dead yet! I feel happy!"; + StringTokenizer stoke = new StringTokenizer(input); + while (stoke.hasMoreElements()) { + System.out.print(stoke.nextToken() + " "); + } + System.out.println(); + System.out.println(Arrays.toString(input.split(" "))); + Scanner scanner = new Scanner(input); + while (scanner.hasNext()) { + System.out.print(scanner.next() + " "); + } } - System.out.println(); - System.out.println(Arrays.toString(input.split(" "))); - Scanner scanner = new Scanner(input); - while(scanner.hasNext()) { - System.out.print(scanner.next() + " "); - } - } } /* Output: But I'm not dead yet! I feel happy! [But, I'm, not, dead, yet!, I, feel, happy!] diff --git a/src/strings/Resetting.java b/src/strings/Resetting.java index 356d187..f176a0d 100644 --- a/src/strings/Resetting.java +++ b/src/strings/Resetting.java @@ -1,19 +1,20 @@ package strings;//: strings/Resetting.java + import java.util.regex.*; public class Resetting { - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - Matcher m = Pattern.compile("[frb][aiu][gx]") - .matcher("fix the rug with bags"); - while(m.find()) { - System.out.print(m.group() + " "); + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + Matcher m = Pattern.compile("[frb][aiu][gx]") + .matcher("fix the rug with bags"); + while (m.find()) { + System.out.print(m.group() + " "); + } + System.out.println(); + m.reset("fix the rig with rags"); + while (m.find()) { + System.out.print(m.group() + " "); + } } - System.out.println(); - m.reset("fix the rig with rags"); - while(m.find()) { - System.out.print(m.group() + " "); - } - } } /* Output: fix rug bag fix rig rag diff --git a/src/strings/Rudolph.java b/src/strings/Rudolph.java index ba3eaff..48054e2 100644 --- a/src/strings/Rudolph.java +++ b/src/strings/Rudolph.java @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ package strings;//: strings/Rudolph.java public class Rudolph { - public static void main(String[] args) { - for(String pattern : new String[]{ "Rudolph", - "[rR]udolph", "[rR][aeiou][a-z]ol.*", "R.*" }) { - System.out.println("Rudolph".matches(pattern)); + public static void main(String[] args) { + for (String pattern : new String[]{"Rudolph", + "[rR]udolph", "[rR][aeiou][a-z]ol.*", "R.*"}) { + System.out.println("Rudolph".matches(pattern)); + } } - } } /* Output: true true diff --git a/src/strings/ScannerDelimiter.java b/src/strings/ScannerDelimiter.java index d4bf87b..7419d30 100644 --- a/src/strings/ScannerDelimiter.java +++ b/src/strings/ScannerDelimiter.java @@ -1,14 +1,15 @@ package strings;//: strings/ScannerDelimiter.java + import java.util.*; public class ScannerDelimiter { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Scanner scanner = new Scanner("12, 42, 78, 99, 42"); - scanner.useDelimiter("\\s*,\\s*"); - while(scanner.hasNextInt()) { - System.out.println(scanner.nextInt()); + public static void main(String[] args) { + Scanner scanner = new Scanner("12, 42, 78, 99, 42"); + scanner.useDelimiter("\\s*,\\s*"); + while (scanner.hasNextInt()) { + System.out.println(scanner.nextInt()); + } } - } } /* Output: 12 42 diff --git a/src/strings/SimpleFormat.java b/src/strings/SimpleFormat.java index 1360785..ce5d767 100644 --- a/src/strings/SimpleFormat.java +++ b/src/strings/SimpleFormat.java @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ package strings;//: strings/SimpleFormat.java public class SimpleFormat { - public static void main(String[] args) { - int x = 5; - double y = 5.332542; - // The old way: - System.out.println("Row 1: [" + x + " " + y + "]"); - // The new way: - System.out.format("Row 1: [%d %f]\n", x, y); - // or - System.out.printf("Row 1: [%d %f]\n", x, y); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + int x = 5; + double y = 5.332542; + // The old way: + System.out.println("Row 1: [" + x + " " + y + "]"); + // The new way: + System.out.format("Row 1: [%d %f]\n", x, y); + // or + System.out.printf("Row 1: [%d %f]\n", x, y); + } } /* Output: Row 1: [5 5.332542] Row 1: [5 5.332542] diff --git a/src/strings/SimpleRead.java b/src/strings/SimpleRead.java index 064c54c..34f513d 100644 --- a/src/strings/SimpleRead.java +++ b/src/strings/SimpleRead.java @@ -1,31 +1,33 @@ package strings;//: strings/SimpleRead.java + import java.io.*; public class SimpleRead { - public static BufferedReader input = new BufferedReader( - new StringReader("Sir Robin of Camelot\n22 1.61803")); - public static void main(String[] args) { - try { - System.out.println("What is your name?"); - String name = input.readLine(); - System.out.println(name); - System.out.println( - "How old are you? What is your favorite double?"); - System.out.println("(input: )"); - String numbers = input.readLine(); - System.out.println(numbers); - String[] numArray = numbers.split(" "); - int age = Integer.parseInt(numArray[0]); - double favorite = Double.parseDouble(numArray[1]); - System.out.format("Hi %s.\n", name); - System.out.format("In 5 years you will be %d.\n", - age + 5); - System.out.format("My favorite double is %f.", - favorite / 2); - } catch(IOException e) { - System.err.println("I/O exception"); + public static BufferedReader input = new BufferedReader( + new StringReader("Sir Robin of Camelot\n22 1.61803")); + + public static void main(String[] args) { + try { + System.out.println("What is your name?"); + String name = input.readLine(); + System.out.println(name); + System.out.println( + "How old are you? What is your favorite double?"); + System.out.println("(input: )"); + String numbers = input.readLine(); + System.out.println(numbers); + String[] numArray = numbers.split(" "); + int age = Integer.parseInt(numArray[0]); + double favorite = Double.parseDouble(numArray[1]); + System.out.format("Hi %s.\n", name); + System.out.format("In 5 years you will be %d.\n", + age + 5); + System.out.format("My favorite double is %f.", + favorite / 2); + } catch (IOException e) { + System.err.println("I/O exception"); + } } - } } /* Output: What is your name? Sir Robin of Camelot diff --git a/src/strings/SplitDemo.java b/src/strings/SplitDemo.java index e74ce36..22ef340 100644 --- a/src/strings/SplitDemo.java +++ b/src/strings/SplitDemo.java @@ -1,18 +1,20 @@ package strings;//: strings/SplitDemo.java + import java.util.regex.*; import java.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class SplitDemo { - public static void main(String[] args) { - String input = - "This!!unusual use!!of exclamation!!points"; - print(Arrays.toString( - Pattern.compile("!!").split(input))); - // Only do the first three: - print(Arrays.toString( - Pattern.compile("!!").split(input, 3))); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + String input = + "This!!unusual use!!of exclamation!!points"; + print(Arrays.toString( + Pattern.compile("!!").split(input))); + // Only do the first three: + print(Arrays.toString( + Pattern.compile("!!").split(input, 3))); + } } /* Output: [This, unusual use, of exclamation, points] [This, unusual use, of exclamation!!points] diff --git a/src/strings/Splitting.java b/src/strings/Splitting.java index 393781b..6e82439 100644 --- a/src/strings/Splitting.java +++ b/src/strings/Splitting.java @@ -1,20 +1,23 @@ package strings;//: strings/Splitting.java + import java.util.*; public class Splitting { - public static String knights = - "Then, when you have found the shrubbery, you must " + - "cut down the mightiest tree in the forest... " + - "with... a herring!"; - public static void split(String regex) { - System.out.println( - Arrays.toString(knights.split(regex))); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - split(" "); // Doesn't have to contain regex chars - split("\\W+"); // Non-word characters - split("n\\W+"); // 'n' followed by non-word characters - } + public static String knights = + "Then, when you have found the shrubbery, you must " + + "cut down the mightiest tree in the forest... " + + "with... a herring!"; + + public static void split(String regex) { + System.out.println( + Arrays.toString(knights.split(regex))); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + split(" "); // Doesn't have to contain regex chars + split("\\W+"); // Non-word characters + split("n\\W+"); // 'n' followed by non-word characters + } } /* Output: [Then,, when, you, have, found, the, shrubbery,, you, must, cut, down, the, mightiest, tree, in, the, forest..., with..., a, herring!] [Then, when, you, have, found, the, shrubbery, you, must, cut, down, the, mightiest, tree, in, the, forest, with, a, herring] diff --git a/src/strings/StartEnd.java b/src/strings/StartEnd.java index 91d6ea5..f62e562 100644 --- a/src/strings/StartEnd.java +++ b/src/strings/StartEnd.java @@ -1,54 +1,63 @@ package strings;//: strings/StartEnd.java + import java.util.regex.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class StartEnd { - public static String input = - "As long as there is injustice, whenever a\n" + - "Targathian baby cries out, wherever a distress\n" + - "signal sounds among the stars ... We'll be there.\n" + - "This fine ship, and this fine crew ...\n" + - "Never give up! Never surrender!"; - private static class Display { - private boolean regexPrinted = false; - private String regex; - Display(String regex) { this.regex = regex; } - void display(String message) { - if(!regexPrinted) { - print(regex); - regexPrinted = true; - } - print(message); + public static String input = + "As long as there is injustice, whenever a\n" + + "Targathian baby cries out, wherever a distress\n" + + "signal sounds among the stars ... We'll be there.\n" + + "This fine ship, and this fine crew ...\n" + + "Never give up! Never surrender!"; + + private static class Display { + private boolean regexPrinted = false; + private String regex; + + Display(String regex) { + this.regex = regex; + } + + void display(String message) { + if (!regexPrinted) { + print(regex); + regexPrinted = true; + } + print(message); + } } - } - static void examine(String s, String regex) { - Display d = new Display(regex); - Pattern p = Pattern.compile(regex); - Matcher m = p.matcher(s); - while(m.find()) { - d.display("find() '" + m.group() + - "' start = "+ m.start() + " end = " + m.end()); + + static void examine(String s, String regex) { + Display d = new Display(regex); + Pattern p = Pattern.compile(regex); + Matcher m = p.matcher(s); + while (m.find()) { + d.display("find() '" + m.group() + + "' start = " + m.start() + " end = " + m.end()); + } + if (m.lookingAt()) // No reset() necessary + { + d.display("lookingAt() start = " + + m.start() + " end = " + m.end()); + } + if (m.matches()) // No reset() necessary + { + d.display("matches() start = " + + m.start() + " end = " + m.end()); + } } - if(m.lookingAt()) // No reset() necessary - { - d.display("lookingAt() start = " - + m.start() + " end = " + m.end()); + + public static void main(String[] args) { + for (String in : input.split("\n")) { + print("input : " + in); + for (String regex : new String[]{"\\w*ere\\w*", + "\\w*ever", "T\\w+", "Never.*?!"}) { + examine(in, regex); + } + } } - if(m.matches()) // No reset() necessary - { - d.display("matches() start = " - + m.start() + " end = " + m.end()); - } - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - for(String in : input.split("\n")) { - print("input : " + in); - for(String regex : new String[]{"\\w*ere\\w*", - "\\w*ever", "T\\w+", "Never.*?!"}) { - examine(in, regex); - } - } - } } /* Output: input : As long as there is injustice, whenever a \w*ere\w* diff --git a/src/strings/TestRegularExpression.java b/src/strings/TestRegularExpression.java index 3f65a53..f8adb8a 100644 --- a/src/strings/TestRegularExpression.java +++ b/src/strings/TestRegularExpression.java @@ -1,27 +1,29 @@ package strings;//: strings/TestRegularExpression.java // Allows you to easily try out regular expressions. // {Args: abcabcabcdefabc "abc+" "(abc)+" "(abc){2,}" } + import java.util.regex.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class TestRegularExpression { - public static void main(String[] args) { - if(args.length < 2) { - print("Usage:\njava TestRegularExpression " + - "characterSequence regularExpression+"); - System.exit(0); + public static void main(String[] args) { + if (args.length < 2) { + print("Usage:\njava TestRegularExpression " + + "characterSequence regularExpression+"); + System.exit(0); + } + print("Input: \"" + args[0] + "\""); + for (String arg : args) { + print("Regular expression: \"" + arg + "\""); + Pattern p = Pattern.compile(arg); + Matcher m = p.matcher(args[0]); + while (m.find()) { + print("Match \"" + m.group() + "\" at positions " + + m.start() + "-" + (m.end() - 1)); + } + } } - print("Input: \"" + args[0] + "\""); - for(String arg : args) { - print("Regular expression: \"" + arg + "\""); - Pattern p = Pattern.compile(arg); - Matcher m = p.matcher(args[0]); - while(m.find()) { - print("Match \"" + m.group() + "\" at positions " + - m.start() + "-" + (m.end() - 1)); - } - } - } } /* Output: Input: "abcabcabcdefabc" Regular expression: "abcabcabcdefabc" diff --git a/src/strings/TheReplacements.java b/src/strings/TheReplacements.java index 826ad65..7b47150 100644 --- a/src/strings/TheReplacements.java +++ b/src/strings/TheReplacements.java @@ -1,6 +1,9 @@ package strings;//: strings/TheReplacements.java + import java.util.regex.*; + import net.mindview.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; /*! Here's a block of text to use as input to @@ -10,34 +13,34 @@ import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; extracted block. !*/ public class TheReplacements { - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - String s = TextFile.read("TheReplacements.java"); - // Match the specially commented block of text above: - Matcher mInput = - Pattern.compile("/\\*!(.*)!\\*/", Pattern.DOTALL) - .matcher(s); - if(mInput.find()) { - s = mInput.group(1); // Captured by parentheses + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + String s = TextFile.read("TheReplacements.java"); + // Match the specially commented block of text above: + Matcher mInput = + Pattern.compile("/\\*!(.*)!\\*/", Pattern.DOTALL) + .matcher(s); + if (mInput.find()) { + s = mInput.group(1); // Captured by parentheses + } + // Replace two or more spaces with a single space: + s = s.replaceAll(" {2,}", " "); + // Replace one or more spaces at the beginning of each + // line with no spaces. Must enable MULTILINE mode: + s = s.replaceAll("(?m)^ +", ""); + print(s); + s = s.replaceFirst("[aeiou]", "(VOWEL1)"); + StringBuffer sbuf = new StringBuffer(); + Pattern p = Pattern.compile("[aeiou]"); + Matcher m = p.matcher(s); + // Process the find information as you + // perform the replacements: + while (m.find()) { + m.appendReplacement(sbuf, m.group().toUpperCase()); + } + // Put in the remainder of the text: + m.appendTail(sbuf); + print(sbuf); } - // Replace two or more spaces with a single space: - s = s.replaceAll(" {2,}", " "); - // Replace one or more spaces at the beginning of each - // line with no spaces. Must enable MULTILINE mode: - s = s.replaceAll("(?m)^ +", ""); - print(s); - s = s.replaceFirst("[aeiou]", "(VOWEL1)"); - StringBuffer sbuf = new StringBuffer(); - Pattern p = Pattern.compile("[aeiou]"); - Matcher m = p.matcher(s); - // Process the find information as you - // perform the replacements: - while(m.find()) { - m.appendReplacement(sbuf, m.group().toUpperCase()); - } - // Put in the remainder of the text: - m.appendTail(sbuf); - print(sbuf); - } } /* Output: Here's a block of text to use as input to the regular expression matcher. Note that we'll diff --git a/src/strings/ThreatAnalyzer.java b/src/strings/ThreatAnalyzer.java index f450140..55f4b2b 100644 --- a/src/strings/ThreatAnalyzer.java +++ b/src/strings/ThreatAnalyzer.java @@ -1,27 +1,29 @@ package strings;//: strings/ThreatAnalyzer.java + import java.util.regex.*; import java.util.*; public class ThreatAnalyzer { - static String threatData = - "58.27.82.161@02/10/2005\n" + - "204.45.234.40@02/11/2005\n" + - "58.27.82.161@02/11/2005\n" + - "58.27.82.161@02/12/2005\n" + - "58.27.82.161@02/12/2005\n" + - "[Next log section with different data format]"; - public static void main(String[] args) { - Scanner scanner = new Scanner(threatData); - String pattern = "(\\d+[.]\\d+[.]\\d+[.]\\d+)@" + - "(\\d{2}/\\d{2}/\\d{4})"; - while(scanner.hasNext(pattern)) { - scanner.next(pattern); - MatchResult match = scanner.match(); - String ip = match.group(1); - String date = match.group(2); - System.out.format("Threat on %s from %s\n", date,ip); + static String threatData = + "58.27.82.161@02/10/2005\n" + + "204.45.234.40@02/11/2005\n" + + "58.27.82.161@02/11/2005\n" + + "58.27.82.161@02/12/2005\n" + + "58.27.82.161@02/12/2005\n" + + "[Next log section with different data format]"; + + public static void main(String[] args) { + Scanner scanner = new Scanner(threatData); + String pattern = "(\\d+[.]\\d+[.]\\d+[.]\\d+)@" + + "(\\d{2}/\\d{2}/\\d{4})"; + while (scanner.hasNext(pattern)) { + scanner.next(pattern); + MatchResult match = scanner.match(); + String ip = match.group(1); + String date = match.group(2); + System.out.format("Threat on %s from %s\n", date, ip); + } } - } } /* Output: Threat on 02/10/2005 from 58.27.82.161 Threat on 02/11/2005 from 204.45.234.40 diff --git a/src/strings/Turtle.java b/src/strings/Turtle.java index 4bff404..d833840 100644 --- a/src/strings/Turtle.java +++ b/src/strings/Turtle.java @@ -1,30 +1,34 @@ package strings;//: strings/Turtle.java + import java.io.*; import java.util.*; public class Turtle { - private String name; - private Formatter f; - public Turtle(String name, Formatter f) { - this.name = name; - this.f = f; - } - public void move(int x, int y) { - f.format("%s The Turtle is at (%d,%d)\n", name, x, y); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - PrintStream outAlias = System.out; - Turtle tommy = new Turtle("Tommy", - new Formatter(System.out)); - Turtle terry = new Turtle("Terry", - new Formatter(outAlias)); - tommy.move(0,0); - terry.move(4,8); - tommy.move(3,4); - terry.move(2,5); - tommy.move(3,3); - terry.move(3,3); - } + private String name; + private Formatter f; + + public Turtle(String name, Formatter f) { + this.name = name; + this.f = f; + } + + public void move(int x, int y) { + f.format("%s The Turtle is at (%d,%d)\n", name, x, y); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + PrintStream outAlias = System.out; + Turtle tommy = new Turtle("Tommy", + new Formatter(System.out)); + Turtle terry = new Turtle("Terry", + new Formatter(outAlias)); + tommy.move(0, 0); + terry.move(4, 8); + tommy.move(3, 4); + terry.move(2, 5); + tommy.move(3, 3); + terry.move(3, 3); + } } /* Output: Tommy The Turtle is at (0,0) Terry The Turtle is at (4,8) diff --git a/src/strings/UsingStringBuilder.java b/src/strings/UsingStringBuilder.java index b4d79db..5df8217 100644 --- a/src/strings/UsingStringBuilder.java +++ b/src/strings/UsingStringBuilder.java @@ -1,22 +1,26 @@ package strings;//: strings/UsingStringBuilder.java + import java.util.*; public class UsingStringBuilder { - public static Random rand = new Random(47); - public String toString() { - StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder("["); - for(int i = 0; i < 25; i++) { - result.append(rand.nextInt(100)); - result.append(", "); + public static Random rand = new Random(47); + + @Override + public String toString() { + StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder("["); + for (int i = 0; i < 25; i++) { + result.append(rand.nextInt(100)); + result.append(", "); + } + result.delete(result.length() - 2, result.length()); + result.append("]"); + return result.toString(); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + UsingStringBuilder usb = new UsingStringBuilder(); + System.out.println(usb); } - result.delete(result.length()-2, result.length()); - result.append("]"); - return result.toString(); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - UsingStringBuilder usb = new UsingStringBuilder(); - System.out.println(usb); - } } /* Output: [58, 55, 93, 61, 61, 29, 68, 0, 22, 7, 88, 28, 51, 89, 9, 78, 98, 61, 20, 58, 16, 40, 11, 22, 4] *///:~ diff --git a/src/strings/WhitherStringBuilder.java b/src/strings/WhitherStringBuilder.java index 4cd2c55..e1aa67a 100644 --- a/src/strings/WhitherStringBuilder.java +++ b/src/strings/WhitherStringBuilder.java @@ -1,18 +1,19 @@ package strings;//: strings/WhitherStringBuilder.java public class WhitherStringBuilder { - public String implicit(String[] fields) { - String result = ""; - for(int i = 0; i < fields.length; i++) { - result += fields[i]; + public String implicit(String[] fields) { + String result = ""; + for (int i = 0; i < fields.length; i++) { + result += fields[i]; + } + return result; } - return result; - } - public String explicit(String[] fields) { - StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder(); - for(int i = 0; i < fields.length; i++) { - result.append(fields[i]); + + public String explicit(String[] fields) { + StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder(); + for (int i = 0; i < fields.length; i++) { + result.append(fields[i]); + } + return result.toString(); } - return result.toString(); - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/strings/build.xml b/src/strings/build.xml index 7e4f840..ede8066 100644 --- a/src/strings/build.xml +++ b/src/strings/build.xml @@ -1,365 +1,365 @@ + basedir="." + default="run" + name="Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel (chapter: strings)"> - - build.xml for the source code for the strings chapter of - Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel - Source code available at http://www.MindView.net - See copyright notice in CopyRight.txt + + build.xml for the source code for the strings chapter of + Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel + Source code available at http://www.MindView.net + See copyright notice in CopyRight.txt - Ant available from: http://jakarta.apache.org/ant + Ant available from: http://jakarta.apache.org/ant - To see options, type: ant -p + To see options, type: ant -p - This file was automatically generated by AntBuilder - + This file was automatically generated by AntBuilder + - - - + + + - - - - - - + + + + + + - - - - - - + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/src/swt/ColorBoxes.java b/src/swt/ColorBoxes.java index 04ee7c0..b848597 100644 --- a/src/swt/ColorBoxes.java +++ b/src/swt/ColorBoxes.java @@ -1,82 +1,98 @@ package swt;//: swt/ColorBoxes.java // SWT translation of Swing ColorBoxes.java. + import swt.util.*; import org.eclipse.swt.*; import org.eclipse.swt.widgets.*; import org.eclipse.swt.events.*; import org.eclipse.swt.graphics.*; import org.eclipse.swt.layout.*; + import java.util.concurrent.*; import java.util.*; + import net.mindview.util.*; class CBox extends Canvas implements Runnable { - class CBoxPaintListener implements PaintListener { - public void paintControl(PaintEvent e) { - Color color = new Color(e.display, cColor); - e.gc.setBackground(color); - Point size = getSize(); - e.gc.fillRectangle(0, 0, size.x, size.y); - color.dispose(); + class CBoxPaintListener implements PaintListener { + public void paintControl(PaintEvent e) { + Color color = new Color(e.display, cColor); + e.gc.setBackground(color); + Point size = getSize(); + e.gc.fillRectangle(0, 0, size.x, size.y); + color.dispose(); + } } - } - private static Random rand = new Random(); - private static RGB newColor() { - return new RGB(rand.nextInt(255), - rand.nextInt(255), rand.nextInt(255)); - } - private int pause; - private RGB cColor = newColor(); - public CBox(Composite parent, int pause) { - super(parent, SWT.NONE); - this.pause = pause; - addPaintListener(new CBoxPaintListener()); - } - public void run() { - try { - while(!Thread.interrupted()) { - cColor = newColor(); - getDisplay().asyncExec(new Runnable() { - public void run() { - try { redraw(); } catch(SWTException e) {} - // SWTException is OK when the parent - // is terminated from under us. - } - }); - TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(pause); - } - } catch(InterruptedException e) { - // Acceptable way to exit - } catch(SWTException e) { - // Acceptable way to exit: our parent - // was terminated from under us. + + private static Random rand = new Random(); + + private static RGB newColor() { + return new RGB(rand.nextInt(255), + rand.nextInt(255), rand.nextInt(255)); + } + + private int pause; + private RGB cColor = newColor(); + + public CBox(Composite parent, int pause) { + super(parent, SWT.NONE); + this.pause = pause; + addPaintListener(new CBoxPaintListener()); + } + + @Override + public void run() { + try { + while (!Thread.interrupted()) { + cColor = newColor(); + getDisplay().asyncExec(new Runnable() { + @Override + public void run() { + try { + redraw(); + } catch (SWTException e) { + } + // SWTException is OK when the parent + // is terminated from under us. + } + }); + TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(pause); + } + } catch (InterruptedException e) { + // Acceptable way to exit + } catch (SWTException e) { + // Acceptable way to exit: our parent + // was terminated from under us. + } } - } } public class ColorBoxes implements SWTApplication { - private int grid = 12; - private int pause = 50; - public void createContents(Composite parent) { - GridLayout gridLayout = new GridLayout(grid, true); - gridLayout.horizontalSpacing = 0; - gridLayout.verticalSpacing = 0; - parent.setLayout(gridLayout); - ExecutorService exec = new DaemonThreadPoolExecutor(); - for(int i = 0; i < (grid * grid); i++) { - final CBox cb = new CBox(parent, pause); - cb.setLayoutData(new GridData(GridData.FILL_BOTH)); - exec.execute(cb); + private int grid = 12; + private int pause = 50; + + @Override + public void createContents(Composite parent) { + GridLayout gridLayout = new GridLayout(grid, true); + gridLayout.horizontalSpacing = 0; + gridLayout.verticalSpacing = 0; + parent.setLayout(gridLayout); + ExecutorService exec = new DaemonThreadPoolExecutor(); + for (int i = 0; i < (grid * grid); i++) { + final CBox cb = new CBox(parent, pause); + cb.setLayoutData(new GridData(GridData.FILL_BOTH)); + exec.execute(cb); + } } - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - ColorBoxes boxes = new ColorBoxes(); - if(args.length > 0) { - boxes.grid = new Integer(args[0]); + + public static void main(String[] args) { + ColorBoxes boxes = new ColorBoxes(); + if (args.length > 0) { + boxes.grid = new Integer(args[0]); + } + if (args.length > 1) { + boxes.pause = new Integer(args[1]); + } + SWTConsole.run(boxes, 500, 400); } - if(args.length > 1) { - boxes.pause = new Integer(args[1]); - } - SWTConsole.run(boxes, 500, 400); - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/swt/DisplayEnvironment.java b/src/swt/DisplayEnvironment.java index 832fdd1..c736322 100644 --- a/src/swt/DisplayEnvironment.java +++ b/src/swt/DisplayEnvironment.java @@ -1,20 +1,24 @@ package swt;//: swt/DisplayEnvironment.java + import swt.util.*; import org.eclipse.swt.*; import org.eclipse.swt.widgets.*; import org.eclipse.swt.layout.*; + import java.util.*; public class DisplayEnvironment implements SWTApplication { - public void createContents(Composite parent) { - parent.setLayout(new FillLayout()); - Text text = new Text(parent, SWT.WRAP | SWT.V_SCROLL); - for(Map.Entry entry: System.getenv().entrySet()) { - text.append(entry.getKey() + ": " + - entry.getValue() + "\n"); + @Override + public void createContents(Composite parent) { + parent.setLayout(new FillLayout()); + Text text = new Text(parent, SWT.WRAP | SWT.V_SCROLL); + for (Map.Entry entry : System.getenv().entrySet()) { + text.append(entry.getKey() + ": " + + entry.getValue() + "\n"); + } + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + SWTConsole.run(new DisplayEnvironment(), 800, 600); } - } - public static void main(String [] args) { - SWTConsole.run(new DisplayEnvironment(), 800, 600); - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/swt/DisplayProperties.java b/src/swt/DisplayProperties.java index 68dc614..c7aa61f 100644 --- a/src/swt/DisplayProperties.java +++ b/src/swt/DisplayProperties.java @@ -1,25 +1,27 @@ package swt;//: swt/DisplayProperties.java + import org.eclipse.swt.*; import org.eclipse.swt.widgets.*; import org.eclipse.swt.layout.*; + import java.io.*; public class DisplayProperties { - public static void main(String [] args) { - Display display = new Display(); - Shell shell = new Shell(display); - shell.setText("Display Properties"); - shell.setLayout(new FillLayout()); - Text text = new Text(shell, SWT.WRAP | SWT.V_SCROLL); - StringWriter props = new StringWriter(); - System.getProperties().list(new PrintWriter(props)); - text.setText(props.toString()); - shell.open(); - while(!shell.isDisposed()) { - if(!display.readAndDispatch()) { - display.sleep(); + public static void main(String[] args) { + Display display = new Display(); + Shell shell = new Shell(display); + shell.setText("Display Properties"); + shell.setLayout(new FillLayout()); + Text text = new Text(shell, SWT.WRAP | SWT.V_SCROLL); + StringWriter props = new StringWriter(); + System.getProperties().list(new PrintWriter(props)); + text.setText(props.toString()); + shell.open(); + while (!shell.isDisposed()) { + if (!display.readAndDispatch()) { + display.sleep(); + } } + display.dispose(); } - display.dispose(); - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/swt/HelloSWT.java b/src/swt/HelloSWT.java index a57f75f..8766727 100644 --- a/src/swt/HelloSWT.java +++ b/src/swt/HelloSWT.java @@ -1,19 +1,20 @@ package swt;//: swt/HelloSWT.java // {Requires: org.eclipse.swt.widgets.Display; You must // install the SWT library from http://www.eclipse.org } + import org.eclipse.swt.widgets.*; public class HelloSWT { - public static void main(String [] args) { - Display display = new Display(); - Shell shell = new Shell(display); - shell.setText("Hi there, SWT!"); // Title bar - shell.open(); - while(!shell.isDisposed()) { - if(!display.readAndDispatch()) { - display.sleep(); + public static void main(String[] args) { + Display display = new Display(); + Shell shell = new Shell(display); + shell.setText("Hi there, SWT!"); // Title bar + shell.open(); + while (!shell.isDisposed()) { + if (!display.readAndDispatch()) { + display.sleep(); + } } + display.dispose(); } - display.dispose(); - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/swt/Menus.java b/src/swt/Menus.java index e31b373..c246565 100644 --- a/src/swt/Menus.java +++ b/src/swt/Menus.java @@ -1,47 +1,55 @@ package swt;//: swt/Menus.java // Fun with menus. + import swt.util.*; import org.eclipse.swt.*; import org.eclipse.swt.widgets.*; + import java.util.*; + import net.mindview.util.*; public class Menus implements SWTApplication { - private static Shell shell; - public void createContents(Composite parent) { - shell = parent.getShell(); - Menu bar = new Menu(shell, SWT.BAR); - shell.setMenuBar(bar); - Set words = new TreeSet( - new TextFile("Menus.java", "\\W+")); - Iterator it = words.iterator(); - while(it.next().matches("[0-9]+")) { + private static Shell shell; + + @Override + public void createContents(Composite parent) { + shell = parent.getShell(); + Menu bar = new Menu(shell, SWT.BAR); + shell.setMenuBar(bar); + Set words = new TreeSet( + new TextFile("Menus.java", "\\W+")); + Iterator it = words.iterator(); + while (it.next().matches("[0-9]+")) { + } + MenuItem[] mItem = new MenuItem[7]; + for (int i = 0; i < mItem.length; i++) { + mItem[i] = new MenuItem(bar, SWT.CASCADE); + mItem[i].setText(it.next()); + Menu submenu = new Menu(shell, SWT.DROP_DOWN); + mItem[i].setMenu(submenu); + } + int i = 0; + while (it.hasNext()) { + addItem(bar, it, mItem[i]); + i = (i + 1) % mItem.length; + } } - MenuItem[] mItem = new MenuItem[7]; - for(int i = 0; i < mItem.length; i++) { - mItem[i] = new MenuItem(bar, SWT.CASCADE); - mItem[i].setText(it.next()); - Menu submenu = new Menu(shell, SWT.DROP_DOWN); - mItem[i].setMenu(submenu); + + static Listener listener = new Listener() { + public void handleEvent(Event e) { + System.out.println(e.toString()); + } + }; + + void + addItem(Menu bar, Iterator it, MenuItem mItem) { + MenuItem item = new MenuItem(mItem.getMenu(), SWT.PUSH); + item.addListener(SWT.Selection, listener); + item.setText(it.next()); } - int i = 0; - while(it.hasNext()) { - addItem(bar, it, mItem[i]); - i = (i + 1) % mItem.length; + + public static void main(String[] args) { + SWTConsole.run(new Menus(), 600, 200); } - } - static Listener listener = new Listener() { - public void handleEvent(Event e) { - System.out.println(e.toString()); - } - }; - void - addItem(Menu bar, Iterator it, MenuItem mItem) { - MenuItem item = new MenuItem(mItem.getMenu(),SWT.PUSH); - item.addListener(SWT.Selection, listener); - item.setText(it.next()); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - SWTConsole.run(new Menus(), 600, 200); - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/swt/ShellsAreMainWindows.java b/src/swt/ShellsAreMainWindows.java index 43ff74b..4161016 100644 --- a/src/swt/ShellsAreMainWindows.java +++ b/src/swt/ShellsAreMainWindows.java @@ -1,28 +1,31 @@ package swt;//: swt/ShellsAreMainWindows.java + import org.eclipse.swt.widgets.*; public class ShellsAreMainWindows { - static Shell[] shells = new Shell[10]; - public static void main(String [] args) { - Display display = new Display(); - for(int i = 0; i < shells.length; i++) { - shells[i] = new Shell(display); - shells[i].setText("Shell #" + i); - shells[i].open(); - } - while(!shellsDisposed()) { - if(!display.readAndDispatch()) { - display.sleep(); + static Shell[] shells = new Shell[10]; + + public static void main(String[] args) { + Display display = new Display(); + for (int i = 0; i < shells.length; i++) { + shells[i] = new Shell(display); + shells[i].setText("Shell #" + i); + shells[i].open(); } - } - display.dispose(); - } - static boolean shellsDisposed() { - for(int i = 0; i < shells.length; i++) { - if(shells[i].isDisposed()) { - return true; + while (!shellsDisposed()) { + if (!display.readAndDispatch()) { + display.sleep(); + } } + display.dispose(); + } + + static boolean shellsDisposed() { + for (int i = 0; i < shells.length; i++) { + if (shells[i].isDisposed()) { + return true; + } + } + return false; } - return false; - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/swt/SineWave.java b/src/swt/SineWave.java index a86b8f6..1c81a20 100644 --- a/src/swt/SineWave.java +++ b/src/swt/SineWave.java @@ -1,5 +1,6 @@ package swt;//: swt/SineWave.java // SWT translation of Swing SineWave.java. + import swt.util.*; import org.eclipse.swt.*; import org.eclipse.swt.widgets.*; @@ -7,68 +8,73 @@ import org.eclipse.swt.events.*; import org.eclipse.swt.layout.*; class SineDraw extends Canvas { - private static final int SCALEFACTOR = 200; - private int cycles; - private int points; - private double[] sines; - private int[] pts; - public SineDraw(Composite parent, int style) { - super(parent, style); - addPaintListener(new PaintListener() { - public void paintControl(PaintEvent e) { - int maxWidth = getSize().x; - double hstep = (double)maxWidth / (double)points; - int maxHeight = getSize().y; - pts = new int[points]; - for(int i = 0; i < points; i++) { - pts[i] = (int)((sines[i] * maxHeight / 2 * .95) - + (maxHeight / 2)); - } - e.gc.setForeground( - e.display.getSystemColor(SWT.COLOR_RED)); - for(int i = 1; i < points; i++) { - int x1 = (int)((i - 1) * hstep); - int x2 = (int)(i * hstep); - int y1 = pts[i - 1]; - int y2 = pts[i]; - e.gc.drawLine(x1, y1, x2, y2); - } - } - }); - setCycles(5); - } - public void setCycles(int newCycles) { - cycles = newCycles; - points = SCALEFACTOR * cycles * 2; - sines = new double[points]; - for(int i = 0; i < points; i++) { - double radians = (Math.PI / SCALEFACTOR) * i; - sines[i] = Math.sin(radians); + private static final int SCALEFACTOR = 200; + private int cycles; + private int points; + private double[] sines; + private int[] pts; + + public SineDraw(Composite parent, int style) { + super(parent, style); + addPaintListener(new PaintListener() { + public void paintControl(PaintEvent e) { + int maxWidth = getSize().x; + double hstep = (double) maxWidth / (double) points; + int maxHeight = getSize().y; + pts = new int[points]; + for (int i = 0; i < points; i++) { + pts[i] = (int) ((sines[i] * maxHeight / 2 * .95) + + (maxHeight / 2)); + } + e.gc.setForeground( + e.display.getSystemColor(SWT.COLOR_RED)); + for (int i = 1; i < points; i++) { + int x1 = (int) ((i - 1) * hstep); + int x2 = (int) (i * hstep); + int y1 = pts[i - 1]; + int y2 = pts[i]; + e.gc.drawLine(x1, y1, x2, y2); + } + } + }); + setCycles(5); + } + + public void setCycles(int newCycles) { + cycles = newCycles; + points = SCALEFACTOR * cycles * 2; + sines = new double[points]; + for (int i = 0; i < points; i++) { + double radians = (Math.PI / SCALEFACTOR) * i; + sines[i] = Math.sin(radians); + } + redraw(); } - redraw(); - } } public class SineWave implements SWTApplication { - private SineDraw sines; - private Slider slider; - public void createContents(Composite parent) { - parent.setLayout(new GridLayout(1, true)); - sines = new SineDraw(parent, SWT.NONE); - sines.setLayoutData( - new GridData(SWT.FILL, SWT.FILL, true, true)); - sines.setFocus(); - slider = new Slider(parent, SWT.HORIZONTAL); - slider.setValues(5, 1, 30, 1, 1, 1); - slider.setLayoutData( - new GridData(SWT.FILL, SWT.DEFAULT, true, false)); - slider.addSelectionListener(new SelectionAdapter() { - public void widgetSelected(SelectionEvent event) { - sines.setCycles(slider.getSelection()); - } - }); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - SWTConsole.run(new SineWave(), 700, 400); - } + private SineDraw sines; + private Slider slider; + + @Override + public void createContents(Composite parent) { + parent.setLayout(new GridLayout(1, true)); + sines = new SineDraw(parent, SWT.NONE); + sines.setLayoutData( + new GridData(SWT.FILL, SWT.FILL, true, true)); + sines.setFocus(); + slider = new Slider(parent, SWT.HORIZONTAL); + slider.setValues(5, 1, 30, 1, 1, 1); + slider.setLayoutData( + new GridData(SWT.FILL, SWT.DEFAULT, true, false)); + slider.addSelectionListener(new SelectionAdapter() { + public void widgetSelected(SelectionEvent event) { + sines.setCycles(slider.getSelection()); + } + }); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + SWTConsole.run(new SineWave(), 700, 400); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/swt/TabbedPane.java b/src/swt/TabbedPane.java index d28af59..d13ee9d 100644 --- a/src/swt/TabbedPane.java +++ b/src/swt/TabbedPane.java @@ -1,5 +1,6 @@ package swt;//: swt/TabbedPane.java // Placing SWT components in tabbed panes. + import swt.util.*; import org.eclipse.swt.*; import org.eclipse.swt.widgets.*; @@ -9,139 +10,156 @@ import org.eclipse.swt.layout.*; import org.eclipse.swt.browser.*; public class TabbedPane implements SWTApplication { - private static TabFolder folder; - private static Shell shell; - public void createContents(Composite parent) { - shell = parent.getShell(); - parent.setLayout(new FillLayout()); - folder = new TabFolder(shell, SWT.BORDER); - labelTab(); - directoryDialogTab(); - buttonTab(); - sliderTab(); - scribbleTab(); - browserTab(); - } - public static void labelTab() { - TabItem tab = new TabItem(folder, SWT.CLOSE); - tab.setText("A Label"); // Text on the tab - tab.setToolTipText("A simple label"); - Label label = new Label(folder, SWT.CENTER); - label.setText("Label text"); - tab.setControl(label); - } - public static void directoryDialogTab() { - TabItem tab = new TabItem(folder, SWT.CLOSE); - tab.setText("Directory Dialog"); - tab.setToolTipText("Select a directory"); - final Button b = new Button(folder, SWT.PUSH); - b.setText("Select a Directory"); - b.addListener(SWT.MouseDown, new Listener() { + private static TabFolder folder; + private static Shell shell; + + @Override + public void createContents(Composite parent) { + shell = parent.getShell(); + parent.setLayout(new FillLayout()); + folder = new TabFolder(shell, SWT.BORDER); + labelTab(); + directoryDialogTab(); + buttonTab(); + sliderTab(); + scribbleTab(); + browserTab(); + } + + public static void labelTab() { + TabItem tab = new TabItem(folder, SWT.CLOSE); + tab.setText("A Label"); // Text on the tab + tab.setToolTipText("A simple label"); + Label label = new Label(folder, SWT.CENTER); + label.setText("Label text"); + tab.setControl(label); + } + + public static void directoryDialogTab() { + TabItem tab = new TabItem(folder, SWT.CLOSE); + tab.setText("Directory Dialog"); + tab.setToolTipText("Select a directory"); + final Button b = new Button(folder, SWT.PUSH); + b.setText("Select a Directory"); + b.addListener(SWT.MouseDown, new Listener() { + public void handleEvent(Event e) { + DirectoryDialog dd = new DirectoryDialog(shell); + String path = dd.open(); + if (path != null) { + b.setText(path); + } + } + }); + tab.setControl(b); + } + + public static void buttonTab() { + TabItem tab = new TabItem(folder, SWT.CLOSE); + tab.setText("Buttons"); + tab.setToolTipText("Different kinds of Buttons"); + Composite composite = new Composite(folder, SWT.NONE); + composite.setLayout(new GridLayout(4, true)); + for (int dir : new int[]{ + SWT.UP, SWT.RIGHT, SWT.LEFT, SWT.DOWN + }) { + Button b = new Button(composite, SWT.ARROW | dir); + b.addListener(SWT.MouseDown, listener); + } + newButton(composite, SWT.CHECK, "Check button"); + newButton(composite, SWT.PUSH, "Push button"); + newButton(composite, SWT.RADIO, "Radio button"); + newButton(composite, SWT.TOGGLE, "Toggle button"); + newButton(composite, SWT.FLAT, "Flat button"); + tab.setControl(composite); + } + + private static Listener listener = new Listener() { public void handleEvent(Event e) { - DirectoryDialog dd = new DirectoryDialog(shell); - String path = dd.open(); - if(path != null) { - b.setText(path); - } + MessageBox m = new MessageBox(shell, SWT.OK); + m.setMessage(e.toString()); + m.open(); } - }); - tab.setControl(b); - } - public static void buttonTab() { - TabItem tab = new TabItem(folder, SWT.CLOSE); - tab.setText("Buttons"); - tab.setToolTipText("Different kinds of Buttons"); - Composite composite = new Composite(folder, SWT.NONE); - composite.setLayout(new GridLayout(4, true)); - for(int dir : new int[]{ - SWT.UP, SWT.RIGHT, SWT.LEFT, SWT.DOWN - }) { - Button b = new Button(composite, SWT.ARROW | dir); - b.addListener(SWT.MouseDown, listener); - } - newButton(composite, SWT.CHECK, "Check button"); - newButton(composite, SWT.PUSH, "Push button"); - newButton(composite, SWT.RADIO, "Radio button"); - newButton(composite, SWT.TOGGLE, "Toggle button"); - newButton(composite, SWT.FLAT, "Flat button"); - tab.setControl(composite); - } - private static Listener listener = new Listener() { - public void handleEvent(Event e) { - MessageBox m = new MessageBox(shell, SWT.OK); - m.setMessage(e.toString()); - m.open(); - } }; - private static void newButton(Composite composite, - int type, String label) { - Button b = new Button(composite, type); - b.setText(label); - b.addListener(SWT.MouseDown, listener); - } - public static void sliderTab() { - TabItem tab = new TabItem(folder, SWT.CLOSE); - tab.setText("Sliders and Progress bars"); - tab.setToolTipText("Tied Slider to ProgressBar"); - Composite composite = new Composite(folder, SWT.NONE); - composite.setLayout(new GridLayout(2, true)); - final Slider slider = - new Slider(composite, SWT.HORIZONTAL); - final ProgressBar progress = - new ProgressBar(composite, SWT.HORIZONTAL); - slider.addSelectionListener(new SelectionAdapter() { - public void widgetSelected(SelectionEvent event) { - progress.setSelection(slider.getSelection()); + + private static void newButton(Composite composite, + int type, String label) { + Button b = new Button(composite, type); + b.setText(label); + b.addListener(SWT.MouseDown, listener); + } + + public static void sliderTab() { + TabItem tab = new TabItem(folder, SWT.CLOSE); + tab.setText("Sliders and Progress bars"); + tab.setToolTipText("Tied Slider to ProgressBar"); + Composite composite = new Composite(folder, SWT.NONE); + composite.setLayout(new GridLayout(2, true)); + final Slider slider = + new Slider(composite, SWT.HORIZONTAL); + final ProgressBar progress = + new ProgressBar(composite, SWT.HORIZONTAL); + slider.addSelectionListener(new SelectionAdapter() { + public void widgetSelected(SelectionEvent event) { + progress.setSelection(slider.getSelection()); + } + }); + tab.setControl(composite); + } + + public static void scribbleTab() { + TabItem tab = new TabItem(folder, SWT.CLOSE); + tab.setText("Scribble"); + tab.setToolTipText("Simple graphics: drawing"); + final Canvas canvas = new Canvas(folder, SWT.NONE); + ScribbleMouseListener sml = new ScribbleMouseListener(); + canvas.addMouseListener(sml); + canvas.addMouseMoveListener(sml); + tab.setControl(canvas); + } + + private static class ScribbleMouseListener + extends MouseAdapter implements MouseMoveListener { + private Point p = new Point(0, 0); + + public void mouseMove(MouseEvent e) { + if ((e.stateMask & SWT.BUTTON1) == 0) { + return; + } + GC gc = new GC((Canvas) e.widget); + gc.drawLine(p.x, p.y, e.x, e.y); + gc.dispose(); + updatePoint(e); + } + + public void mouseDown(MouseEvent e) { + updatePoint(e); + } + + private void updatePoint(MouseEvent e) { + p.x = e.x; + p.y = e.y; } - }); - tab.setControl(composite); - } - public static void scribbleTab() { - TabItem tab = new TabItem(folder, SWT.CLOSE); - tab.setText("Scribble"); - tab.setToolTipText("Simple graphics: drawing"); - final Canvas canvas = new Canvas(folder, SWT.NONE); - ScribbleMouseListener sml= new ScribbleMouseListener(); - canvas.addMouseListener(sml); - canvas.addMouseMoveListener(sml); - tab.setControl(canvas); - } - private static class ScribbleMouseListener - extends MouseAdapter implements MouseMoveListener { - private Point p = new Point(0, 0); - public void mouseMove(MouseEvent e) { - if((e.stateMask & SWT.BUTTON1) == 0) { - return; - } - GC gc = new GC((Canvas)e.widget); - gc.drawLine(p.x, p.y, e.x, e.y); - gc.dispose(); - updatePoint(e); } - public void mouseDown(MouseEvent e) { updatePoint(e); } - private void updatePoint(MouseEvent e) { - p.x = e.x; - p.y = e.y; + + public static void browserTab() { + TabItem tab = new TabItem(folder, SWT.CLOSE); + tab.setText("A Browser"); + tab.setToolTipText("A Web browser"); + Browser browser = null; + try { + browser = new Browser(folder, SWT.NONE); + } catch (SWTError e) { + Label label = new Label(folder, SWT.BORDER); + label.setText("Could not initialize browser"); + tab.setControl(label); + } + if (browser != null) { + browser.setUrl("http://www.mindview.net"); + tab.setControl(browser); + } } - } - public static void browserTab() { - TabItem tab = new TabItem(folder, SWT.CLOSE); - tab.setText("A Browser"); - tab.setToolTipText("A Web browser"); - Browser browser = null; - try { - browser = new Browser(folder, SWT.NONE); - } catch(SWTError e) { - Label label = new Label(folder, SWT.BORDER); - label.setText("Could not initialize browser"); - tab.setControl(label); + + public static void main(String[] args) { + SWTConsole.run(new TabbedPane(), 800, 600); } - if(browser != null) { - browser.setUrl("http://www.mindview.net"); - tab.setControl(browser); - } - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - SWTConsole.run(new TabbedPane(), 800, 600); - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/swt/build.xml b/src/swt/build.xml index 5a71a19..293249a 100644 --- a/src/swt/build.xml +++ b/src/swt/build.xml @@ -1,172 +1,172 @@ + basedir="." + default="run" + name="Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel (chapter: swt)"> - - build.xml for the source code for the swt chapter of - Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel - Source code available at http://www.MindView.net - See copyright notice in CopyRight.txt + + build.xml for the source code for the swt chapter of + Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel + Source code available at http://www.MindView.net + See copyright notice in CopyRight.txt - Ant available from: http://jakarta.apache.org/ant + Ant available from: http://jakarta.apache.org/ant - To see options, type: ant -p + To see options, type: ant -p - This file was automatically generated by AntBuilder - + This file was automatically generated by AntBuilder + - - - + + + - + - - - - - - + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + - - - - + + + + - - - - + + + + - - - - + + + + - - - - + + + + - - - - + + + + - - - - + + + + - - - - + + + + - - - - + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/src/swt/util/SWTApplication.java b/src/swt/util/SWTApplication.java index 9e3847f..e119904 100644 --- a/src/swt/util/SWTApplication.java +++ b/src/swt/util/SWTApplication.java @@ -1,7 +1,8 @@ //: swt/util/SWTApplication.java package swt.util; + import org.eclipse.swt.widgets.*; public interface SWTApplication { - void createContents(Composite parent); + void createContents(Composite parent); } ///:~ diff --git a/src/swt/util/SWTConsole.java b/src/swt/util/SWTConsole.java index 563d643..14f1be7 100644 --- a/src/swt/util/SWTConsole.java +++ b/src/swt/util/SWTConsole.java @@ -1,21 +1,22 @@ //: swt/util/SWTConsole.java package swt.util; + import org.eclipse.swt.widgets.*; public class SWTConsole { - public static void - run(SWTApplication swtApp, int width, int height) { - Display display = new Display(); - Shell shell = new Shell(display); - shell.setText(swtApp.getClass().getSimpleName()); - swtApp.createContents(shell); - shell.setSize(width, height); - shell.open(); - while(!shell.isDisposed()) { - if(!display.readAndDispatch()) { - display.sleep(); - } + public static void + run(SWTApplication swtApp, int width, int height) { + Display display = new Display(); + Shell shell = new Shell(display); + shell.setText(swtApp.getClass().getSimpleName()); + swtApp.createContents(shell); + shell.setSize(width, height); + shell.open(); + while (!shell.isDisposed()) { + if (!display.readAndDispatch()) { + display.sleep(); + } + } + display.dispose(); } - display.dispose(); - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/typeinfo/AnonymousImplementation.java b/src/typeinfo/AnonymousImplementation.java index 4bfb7ed..268d106 100644 --- a/src/typeinfo/AnonymousImplementation.java +++ b/src/typeinfo/AnonymousImplementation.java @@ -1,31 +1,47 @@ package typeinfo;//: typeinfo/AnonymousImplementation.java // Anonymous inner classes can't hide from reflection. + import typeinfo.interfacea.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; class AnonymousA { - public static A makeA() { - return new A() { - public void f() { print("public C.f()"); } - public void g() { print("public C.g()"); } - void u() { print("package C.u()"); } - protected void v() { print("protected C.v()"); } - private void w() { print("private C.w()"); } - }; - } -} + public static A makeA() { + return new A() { + public void f() { + print("public C.f()"); + } + + public void g() { + print("public C.g()"); + } + + void u() { + print("package C.u()"); + } + + protected void v() { + print("protected C.v()"); + } + + private void w() { + print("private C.w()"); + } + }; + } +} public class AnonymousImplementation { - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - A a = AnonymousA.makeA(); - a.f(); - System.out.println(a.getClass().getName()); - // Reflection still gets into the anonymous class: - HiddenImplementation.callHiddenMethod(a, "g"); - HiddenImplementation.callHiddenMethod(a, "u"); - HiddenImplementation.callHiddenMethod(a, "v"); - HiddenImplementation.callHiddenMethod(a, "w"); - } + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + A a = AnonymousA.makeA(); + a.f(); + System.out.println(a.getClass().getName()); + // Reflection still gets into the anonymous class: + HiddenImplementation.callHiddenMethod(a, "g"); + HiddenImplementation.callHiddenMethod(a, "u"); + HiddenImplementation.callHiddenMethod(a, "v"); + HiddenImplementation.callHiddenMethod(a, "w"); + } } /* Output: public C.f() AnonymousA$1 diff --git a/src/typeinfo/BoundedClassReferences.java b/src/typeinfo/BoundedClassReferences.java index f0adee0..b2e63ae 100644 --- a/src/typeinfo/BoundedClassReferences.java +++ b/src/typeinfo/BoundedClassReferences.java @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ package typeinfo;//: typeinfo/BoundedClassReferences.java public class BoundedClassReferences { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Class bounded = int.class; - bounded = double.class; - bounded = Number.class; - // Or anything else derived from Number. - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + Class bounded = int.class; + bounded = double.class; + bounded = Number.class; + // Or anything else derived from Number. + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/typeinfo/ClassCasts.java b/src/typeinfo/ClassCasts.java index 91df895..7a73e29 100644 --- a/src/typeinfo/ClassCasts.java +++ b/src/typeinfo/ClassCasts.java @@ -1,13 +1,16 @@ package typeinfo;//: typeinfo/ClassCasts.java -class Building {} -class House extends Building {} +class Building { +} + +class House extends Building { +} public class ClassCasts { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Building b = new House(); - Class houseType = House.class; - House h = houseType.cast(b); - h = (House)b; // ... or just do this. - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + Building b = new House(); + Class houseType = House.class; + House h = houseType.cast(b); + h = (House) b; // ... or just do this. + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/typeinfo/ClassInitialization.java b/src/typeinfo/ClassInitialization.java index a9de5f2..6fe3a55 100644 --- a/src/typeinfo/ClassInitialization.java +++ b/src/typeinfo/ClassInitialization.java @@ -1,44 +1,49 @@ package typeinfo;//: typeinfo/ClassInitialization.java + import java.util.*; class Initable { - static final int staticFinal = 47; - static final int staticFinal2 = - ClassInitialization.rand.nextInt(1000); - static { - System.out.println("Initializing Initable"); - } + static final int staticFinal = 47; + static final int staticFinal2 = + ClassInitialization.rand.nextInt(1000); + + static { + System.out.println("Initializing Initable"); + } } class Initable2 { - static int staticNonFinal = 147; - static { - System.out.println("Initializing Initable2"); - } + static int staticNonFinal = 147; + + static { + System.out.println("Initializing Initable2"); + } } class Initable3 { - static int staticNonFinal = 74; - static { - System.out.println("Initializing Initable3"); - } + static int staticNonFinal = 74; + + static { + System.out.println("Initializing Initable3"); + } } public class ClassInitialization { - public static Random rand = new Random(47); - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - Class initable = Initable.class; - System.out.println("After creating Initable ref"); - // Does not trigger initialization: - System.out.println(Initable.staticFinal); - // Does trigger initialization: - System.out.println(Initable.staticFinal2); - // Does trigger initialization: - System.out.println(Initable2.staticNonFinal); - Class initable3 = Class.forName("Initable3"); - System.out.println("After creating Initable3 ref"); - System.out.println(Initable3.staticNonFinal); - } + public static Random rand = new Random(47); + + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + Class initable = Initable.class; + System.out.println("After creating Initable ref"); + // Does not trigger initialization: + System.out.println(Initable.staticFinal); + // Does trigger initialization: + System.out.println(Initable.staticFinal2); + // Does trigger initialization: + System.out.println(Initable2.staticNonFinal); + Class initable3 = Class.forName("Initable3"); + System.out.println("After creating Initable3 ref"); + System.out.println(Initable3.staticNonFinal); + } } /* Output: After creating Initable ref 47 diff --git a/src/typeinfo/FamilyVsExactType.java b/src/typeinfo/FamilyVsExactType.java index 1cbe2e1..fdb4662 100644 --- a/src/typeinfo/FamilyVsExactType.java +++ b/src/typeinfo/FamilyVsExactType.java @@ -1,32 +1,37 @@ //: typeinfo/FamilyVsExactType.java // The difference between instanceof and class package typeinfo; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; -class Base {} -class Derived extends Base {} +class Base { +} + +class Derived extends Base { +} public class FamilyVsExactType { - static void test(Object x) { - print("Testing x of type " + x.getClass()); - print("x instanceof Base " + (x instanceof Base)); - print("x instanceof Derived "+ (x instanceof Derived)); - print("Base.isInstance(x) "+ Base.class.isInstance(x)); - print("Derived.isInstance(x) " + - Derived.class.isInstance(x)); - print("x.getClass() == Base.class " + - (x.getClass() == Base.class)); - print("x.getClass() == Derived.class " + - (x.getClass() == Derived.class)); - print("x.getClass().equals(Base.class)) "+ - (x.getClass().equals(Base.class))); - print("x.getClass().equals(Derived.class)) " + - (x.getClass().equals(Derived.class))); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - test(new Base()); - test(new Derived()); - } + static void test(Object x) { + print("Testing x of type " + x.getClass()); + print("x instanceof Base " + (x instanceof Base)); + print("x instanceof Derived " + (x instanceof Derived)); + print("Base.isInstance(x) " + Base.class.isInstance(x)); + print("Derived.isInstance(x) " + + Derived.class.isInstance(x)); + print("x.getClass() == Base.class " + + (x.getClass() == Base.class)); + print("x.getClass() == Derived.class " + + (x.getClass() == Derived.class)); + print("x.getClass().equals(Base.class)) " + + (x.getClass().equals(Base.class))); + print("x.getClass().equals(Derived.class)) " + + (x.getClass().equals(Derived.class))); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + test(new Base()); + test(new Derived()); + } } /* Output: Testing x of type class typeinfo.Base x instanceof Base true diff --git a/src/typeinfo/FilledList.java b/src/typeinfo/FilledList.java index 1d026cf..95dfff6 100644 --- a/src/typeinfo/FilledList.java +++ b/src/typeinfo/FilledList.java @@ -1,31 +1,41 @@ package typeinfo;//: typeinfo/FilledList.java + import java.util.*; class CountedInteger { - private static long counter; - private final long id = counter++; - public String toString() { return Long.toString(id); } + private static long counter; + private final long id = counter++; + + @Override + public String toString() { + return Long.toString(id); + } } public class FilledList { - private Class type; - public FilledList(Class type) { this.type = type; } - public List create(int nElements) { - List result = new ArrayList(); - try { - for(int i = 0; i < nElements; i++) { - result.add(type.newInstance()); - } - } catch(Exception e) { - throw new RuntimeException(e); + private Class type; + + public FilledList(Class type) { + this.type = type; + } + + public List create(int nElements) { + List result = new ArrayList(); + try { + for (int i = 0; i < nElements; i++) { + result.add(type.newInstance()); + } + } catch (Exception e) { + throw new RuntimeException(e); + } + return result; + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + FilledList fl = + new FilledList(CountedInteger.class); + System.out.println(fl.create(15)); } - return result; - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - FilledList fl = - new FilledList(CountedInteger.class); - System.out.println(fl.create(15)); - } } /* Output: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14] *///:~ diff --git a/src/typeinfo/GenericClassReferences.java b/src/typeinfo/GenericClassReferences.java index 54772e6..3b5bcbe 100644 --- a/src/typeinfo/GenericClassReferences.java +++ b/src/typeinfo/GenericClassReferences.java @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ package typeinfo;//: typeinfo/GenericClassReferences.java public class GenericClassReferences { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Class intClass = int.class; - Class genericIntClass = int.class; - genericIntClass = Integer.class; // Same thing - intClass = double.class; - // genericIntClass = double.class; // Illegal - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + Class intClass = int.class; + Class genericIntClass = int.class; + genericIntClass = Integer.class; // Same thing + intClass = double.class; + // genericIntClass = double.class; // Illegal + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/typeinfo/HiddenImplementation.java b/src/typeinfo/HiddenImplementation.java index 35f4ecf..f5fdecd 100644 --- a/src/typeinfo/HiddenImplementation.java +++ b/src/typeinfo/HiddenImplementation.java @@ -1,32 +1,35 @@ package typeinfo;//: typeinfo/HiddenImplementation.java // Sneaking around package access. + import typeinfo.interfacea.*; import typeinfo.packageaccess.*; + import java.lang.reflect.*; public class HiddenImplementation { - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - A a = HiddenC.makeA(); - a.f(); - System.out.println(a.getClass().getName()); - // Compile error: cannot find symbol 'C': + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + A a = HiddenC.makeA(); + a.f(); + System.out.println(a.getClass().getName()); + // Compile error: cannot find symbol 'C': /* if(a instanceof C) { C c = (C)a; c.g(); } */ - // Oops! Reflection still allows us to call g(): - callHiddenMethod(a, "g"); - // And even methods that are less accessible! - callHiddenMethod(a, "u"); - callHiddenMethod(a, "v"); - callHiddenMethod(a, "w"); - } - static void callHiddenMethod(Object a, String methodName) - throws Exception { - Method g = a.getClass().getDeclaredMethod(methodName); - g.setAccessible(true); - g.invoke(a); - } + // Oops! Reflection still allows us to call g(): + callHiddenMethod(a, "g"); + // And even methods that are less accessible! + callHiddenMethod(a, "u"); + callHiddenMethod(a, "v"); + callHiddenMethod(a, "w"); + } + + static void callHiddenMethod(Object a, String methodName) + throws Exception { + Method g = a.getClass().getDeclaredMethod(methodName); + g.setAccessible(true); + g.invoke(a); + } } /* Output: public C.f() typeinfo.packageaccess.C diff --git a/src/typeinfo/InnerImplementation.java b/src/typeinfo/InnerImplementation.java index f978f58..276b809 100644 --- a/src/typeinfo/InnerImplementation.java +++ b/src/typeinfo/InnerImplementation.java @@ -1,30 +1,49 @@ package typeinfo;//: typeinfo/InnerImplementation.java // Private inner classes can't hide from reflection. + import typeinfo.interfacea.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; class InnerA { - private static class C implements A { - public void f() { print("public C.f()"); } - public void g() { print("public C.g()"); } - void u() { print("package C.u()"); } - protected void v() { print("protected C.v()"); } - private void w() { print("private C.w()"); } - } - public static A makeA() { return new C(); } -} + private static class C implements A { + public void f() { + print("public C.f()"); + } + + public void g() { + print("public C.g()"); + } + + void u() { + print("package C.u()"); + } + + protected void v() { + print("protected C.v()"); + } + + private void w() { + print("private C.w()"); + } + } + + public static A makeA() { + return new C(); + } +} public class InnerImplementation { - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - A a = InnerA.makeA(); - a.f(); - System.out.println(a.getClass().getName()); - // Reflection still gets into the private class: - HiddenImplementation.callHiddenMethod(a, "g"); - HiddenImplementation.callHiddenMethod(a, "u"); - HiddenImplementation.callHiddenMethod(a, "v"); - HiddenImplementation.callHiddenMethod(a, "w"); - } + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + A a = InnerA.makeA(); + a.f(); + System.out.println(a.getClass().getName()); + // Reflection still gets into the private class: + HiddenImplementation.callHiddenMethod(a, "g"); + HiddenImplementation.callHiddenMethod(a, "u"); + HiddenImplementation.callHiddenMethod(a, "v"); + HiddenImplementation.callHiddenMethod(a, "w"); + } } /* Output: public C.f() InnerA$C diff --git a/src/typeinfo/InterfaceViolation.java b/src/typeinfo/InterfaceViolation.java index d5163a0..8f73eac 100644 --- a/src/typeinfo/InterfaceViolation.java +++ b/src/typeinfo/InterfaceViolation.java @@ -1,23 +1,27 @@ package typeinfo;//: typeinfo/InterfaceViolation.java // Sneaking around an interface. + import typeinfo.interfacea.*; class B implements A { - public void f() {} - public void g() {} + public void f() { + } + + public void g() { + } } public class InterfaceViolation { - public static void main(String[] args) { - A a = new B(); - a.f(); - // a.g(); // Compile error - System.out.println(a.getClass().getName()); - if(a instanceof B) { - B b = (B)a; - b.g(); + public static void main(String[] args) { + A a = new B(); + a.f(); + // a.g(); // Compile error + System.out.println(a.getClass().getName()); + if (a instanceof B) { + B b = (B) a; + b.g(); + } } - } } /* Output: B *///:~ diff --git a/src/typeinfo/ModifyingPrivateFields.java b/src/typeinfo/ModifyingPrivateFields.java index cfc1fc7..a81e640 100644 --- a/src/typeinfo/ModifyingPrivateFields.java +++ b/src/typeinfo/ModifyingPrivateFields.java @@ -1,35 +1,38 @@ package typeinfo;//: typeinfo/ModifyingPrivateFields.java + import java.lang.reflect.*; class WithPrivateFinalField { - private int i = 1; - private final String s = "I'm totally safe"; - private String s2 = "Am I safe?"; - public String toString() { - return "i = " + i + ", " + s + ", " + s2; - } + private int i = 1; + private final String s = "I'm totally safe"; + private String s2 = "Am I safe?"; + + @Override + public String toString() { + return "i = " + i + ", " + s + ", " + s2; + } } public class ModifyingPrivateFields { - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - WithPrivateFinalField pf = new WithPrivateFinalField(); - System.out.println(pf); - Field f = pf.getClass().getDeclaredField("i"); - f.setAccessible(true); - System.out.println("f.getInt(pf): " + f.getInt(pf)); - f.setInt(pf, 47); - System.out.println(pf); - f = pf.getClass().getDeclaredField("s"); - f.setAccessible(true); - System.out.println("f.get(pf): " + f.get(pf)); - f.set(pf, "No, you're not!"); - System.out.println(pf); - f = pf.getClass().getDeclaredField("s2"); - f.setAccessible(true); - System.out.println("f.get(pf): " + f.get(pf)); - f.set(pf, "No, you're not!"); - System.out.println(pf); - } + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + WithPrivateFinalField pf = new WithPrivateFinalField(); + System.out.println(pf); + Field f = pf.getClass().getDeclaredField("i"); + f.setAccessible(true); + System.out.println("f.getInt(pf): " + f.getInt(pf)); + f.setInt(pf, 47); + System.out.println(pf); + f = pf.getClass().getDeclaredField("s"); + f.setAccessible(true); + System.out.println("f.get(pf): " + f.get(pf)); + f.set(pf, "No, you're not!"); + System.out.println(pf); + f = pf.getClass().getDeclaredField("s2"); + f.setAccessible(true); + System.out.println("f.get(pf): " + f.get(pf)); + f.set(pf, "No, you're not!"); + System.out.println(pf); + } } /* Output: i = 1, I'm totally safe, Am I safe? f.getInt(pf): 1 diff --git a/src/typeinfo/NullRobot.java b/src/typeinfo/NullRobot.java index 23d2bd0..6f22e7c 100644 --- a/src/typeinfo/NullRobot.java +++ b/src/typeinfo/NullRobot.java @@ -1,46 +1,59 @@ package typeinfo;//: typeinfo/NullRobot.java // Using a dynamic proxy to create a Null Object. + import java.lang.reflect.*; import java.util.*; + import net.mindview.util.*; class NullRobotProxyHandler implements InvocationHandler { - private String nullName; - private Robot proxied = new NRobot(); - NullRobotProxyHandler(Class type) { - nullName = type.getSimpleName() + " NullRobot"; - } - private class NRobot implements Null, Robot { - public String name() { return nullName; } - public String model() { return nullName; } - public List operations() { - return Collections.emptyList(); + private String nullName; + private Robot proxied = new NRobot(); + + NullRobotProxyHandler(Class type) { + nullName = type.getSimpleName() + " NullRobot"; + } + + private class NRobot implements Null, Robot { + public String name() { + return nullName; + } + + public String model() { + return nullName; + } + + public List operations() { + return Collections.emptyList(); + } + } + + @Override + public Object + invoke(Object proxy, Method method, Object[] args) + throws Throwable { + return method.invoke(proxied, args); } - } - public Object - invoke(Object proxy, Method method, Object[] args) - throws Throwable { - return method.invoke(proxied, args); - } } public class NullRobot { - public static Robot - newNullRobot(Class type) { - return (Robot)Proxy.newProxyInstance( - NullRobot.class.getClassLoader(), - new Class[]{ Null.class, Robot.class }, - new NullRobotProxyHandler(type)); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - Robot[] bots = { - new SnowRemovalRobot("SnowBee"), - newNullRobot(SnowRemovalRobot.class) - }; - for(Robot bot : bots) { - Robot.Test.test(bot); + public static Robot + newNullRobot(Class type) { + return (Robot) Proxy.newProxyInstance( + NullRobot.class.getClassLoader(), + new Class[]{Null.class, Robot.class}, + new NullRobotProxyHandler(type)); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + Robot[] bots = { + new SnowRemovalRobot("SnowBee"), + newNullRobot(SnowRemovalRobot.class) + }; + for (Robot bot : bots) { + Robot.Test.test(bot); + } } - } } /* Output: Robot name: SnowBee Robot model: SnowBot Series 11 diff --git a/src/typeinfo/Operation.java b/src/typeinfo/Operation.java index b39f899..aa343e9 100644 --- a/src/typeinfo/Operation.java +++ b/src/typeinfo/Operation.java @@ -1,6 +1,7 @@ package typeinfo;//: typeinfo/Operation.java public interface Operation { - String description(); - void command(); + String description(); + + void command(); } ///:~ diff --git a/src/typeinfo/Person.java b/src/typeinfo/Person.java index 52816c5..5c9418b 100644 --- a/src/typeinfo/Person.java +++ b/src/typeinfo/Person.java @@ -1,24 +1,36 @@ package typeinfo;//: typeinfo/Person.java // A class with a Null Object. + import net.mindview.util.*; class Person { - public final String first; - public final String last; - public final String address; - // etc. - public Person(String first, String last, String address){ - this.first = first; - this.last = last; - this.address = address; - } - public String toString() { - return "Person: " + first + " " + last + " " + address; - } - public static class NullPerson - extends Person implements Null { - private NullPerson() { super("None", "None", "None"); } - public String toString() { return "NullPerson"; } - } - public static final Person NULL = new NullPerson(); + public final String first; + public final String last; + public final String address; + + // etc. + public Person(String first, String last, String address) { + this.first = first; + this.last = last; + this.address = address; + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return "Person: " + first + " " + last + " " + address; + } + + public static class NullPerson + extends Person implements Null { + private NullPerson() { + super("None", "None", "None"); + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return "NullPerson"; + } + } + + public static final Person NULL = new NullPerson(); } ///:~ diff --git a/src/typeinfo/PetCount.java b/src/typeinfo/PetCount.java index b19ad16..9cda598 100644 --- a/src/typeinfo/PetCount.java +++ b/src/typeinfo/PetCount.java @@ -1,70 +1,75 @@ package typeinfo;//: typeinfo/PetCount.java // Using instanceof. + import typeinfo.pets.*; + import java.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class PetCount { - static class PetCounter extends HashMap { - public void count(String type) { - Integer quantity = get(type); - if(quantity == null) { - put(type, 1); - } else { - put(type, quantity + 1); - } + static class PetCounter extends HashMap { + public void count(String type) { + Integer quantity = get(type); + if (quantity == null) { + put(type, 1); + } else { + put(type, quantity + 1); + } + } } - } - public static void - countPets(PetCreator creator) { - PetCounter counter= new PetCounter(); - for(Pet pet : creator.createArray(20)) { - // List each individual pet: - printnb(pet.getClass().getSimpleName() + " "); - if(pet instanceof Pet) { - counter.count("Pet"); - } - if(pet instanceof Dog) { - counter.count("Dog"); - } - if(pet instanceof Mutt) { - counter.count("Mutt"); - } - if(pet instanceof Pug) { - counter.count("Pug"); - } - if(pet instanceof Cat) { - counter.count("Cat"); - } - if(pet instanceof Manx) { - counter.count("EgyptianMau"); - } - if(pet instanceof Manx) { - counter.count("Manx"); - } - if(pet instanceof Manx) { - counter.count("Cymric"); - } - if(pet instanceof Rodent) { - counter.count("Rodent"); - } - if(pet instanceof Rat) { - counter.count("Rat"); - } - if(pet instanceof Mouse) { - counter.count("Mouse"); - } - if(pet instanceof Hamster) { - counter.count("Hamster"); - } + + public static void + countPets(PetCreator creator) { + PetCounter counter = new PetCounter(); + for (Pet pet : creator.createArray(20)) { + // List each individual pet: + printnb(pet.getClass().getSimpleName() + " "); + if (pet instanceof Pet) { + counter.count("Pet"); + } + if (pet instanceof Dog) { + counter.count("Dog"); + } + if (pet instanceof Mutt) { + counter.count("Mutt"); + } + if (pet instanceof Pug) { + counter.count("Pug"); + } + if (pet instanceof Cat) { + counter.count("Cat"); + } + if (pet instanceof Manx) { + counter.count("EgyptianMau"); + } + if (pet instanceof Manx) { + counter.count("Manx"); + } + if (pet instanceof Manx) { + counter.count("Cymric"); + } + if (pet instanceof Rodent) { + counter.count("Rodent"); + } + if (pet instanceof Rat) { + counter.count("Rat"); + } + if (pet instanceof Mouse) { + counter.count("Mouse"); + } + if (pet instanceof Hamster) { + counter.count("Hamster"); + } + } + // Show the counts: + print(); + print(counter); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + countPets(new ForNameCreator()); } - // Show the counts: - print(); - print(counter); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - countPets(new ForNameCreator()); - } } /* Output: Rat Manx Cymric Mutt Pug Cymric Pug Manx Cymric Rat EgyptianMau Hamster EgyptianMau Mutt Mutt Cymric Mouse Pug Mouse Cymric {Pug=3, Cat=9, Hamster=1, Cymric=7, Mouse=2, Mutt=3, Rodent=5, Pet=20, Manx=7, EgyptianMau=7, Dog=6, Rat=2} diff --git a/src/typeinfo/PetCount2.java b/src/typeinfo/PetCount2.java index 4a6f2b7..2e06bcd 100644 --- a/src/typeinfo/PetCount2.java +++ b/src/typeinfo/PetCount2.java @@ -1,8 +1,9 @@ package typeinfo;//: typeinfo/PetCount2.java + import typeinfo.pets.*; public class PetCount2 { - public static void main(String[] args) { - PetCount.countPets(Pets.creator); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + PetCount.countPets(Pets.creator); + } } /* (Execute to see output) *///:~ diff --git a/src/typeinfo/PetCount3.java b/src/typeinfo/PetCount3.java index f331659..999681f 100644 --- a/src/typeinfo/PetCount3.java +++ b/src/typeinfo/PetCount3.java @@ -1,48 +1,56 @@ package typeinfo;//: typeinfo/PetCount3.java // Using isInstance() + import typeinfo.pets.*; + import java.util.*; + import net.mindview.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class PetCount3 { - static class PetCounter - extends LinkedHashMap,Integer> { - public PetCounter() { - super(MapData.map(LiteralPetCreator.allTypes, 0)); + static class PetCounter + extends LinkedHashMap, Integer> { + public PetCounter() { + super(MapData.map(LiteralPetCreator.allTypes, 0)); + } + + public void count(Pet pet) { + // Class.isInstance() eliminates instanceofs: + for (Map.Entry, Integer> pair + : entrySet()) { + if (pair.getKey().isInstance(pet)) { + put(pair.getKey(), pair.getValue() + 1); + } + } + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder("{"); + for (Map.Entry, Integer> pair + : entrySet()) { + result.append(pair.getKey().getSimpleName()); + result.append("="); + result.append(pair.getValue()); + result.append(", "); + } + result.delete(result.length() - 2, result.length()); + result.append("}"); + return result.toString(); + } } - public void count(Pet pet) { - // Class.isInstance() eliminates instanceofs: - for(Map.Entry,Integer> pair - : entrySet()) { - if(pair.getKey().isInstance(pet)) { - put(pair.getKey(), pair.getValue() + 1); - } - } - } - public String toString() { - StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder("{"); - for(Map.Entry,Integer> pair - : entrySet()) { - result.append(pair.getKey().getSimpleName()); - result.append("="); - result.append(pair.getValue()); - result.append(", "); - } - result.delete(result.length()-2, result.length()); - result.append("}"); - return result.toString(); + + public static void main(String[] args) { + PetCounter petCount = new PetCounter(); + for (Pet pet : Pets.createArray(20)) { + printnb(pet.getClass().getSimpleName() + " "); + petCount.count(pet); + } + print(); + print(petCount); } - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - PetCounter petCount = new PetCounter(); - for(Pet pet : Pets.createArray(20)) { - printnb(pet.getClass().getSimpleName() + " "); - petCount.count(pet); - } - print(); - print(petCount); - } } /* Output: Rat Manx Cymric Mutt Pug Cymric Pug Manx Cymric Rat EgyptianMau Hamster EgyptianMau Mutt Mutt Cymric Mouse Pug Mouse Cymric {Pet=20, Dog=6, Cat=9, Rodent=5, Mutt=3, Pug=3, EgyptianMau=2, Manx=7, Cymric=5, Rat=2, Mouse=2, Hamster=1} diff --git a/src/typeinfo/PetCount4.java b/src/typeinfo/PetCount4.java index 4ac44e3..a2a2237 100644 --- a/src/typeinfo/PetCount4.java +++ b/src/typeinfo/PetCount4.java @@ -1,18 +1,20 @@ package typeinfo;//: typeinfo/PetCount4.java + import typeinfo.pets.*; import net.mindview.util.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class PetCount4 { - public static void main(String[] args) { - TypeCounter counter = new TypeCounter(Pet.class); - for(Pet pet : Pets.createArray(20)) { - printnb(pet.getClass().getSimpleName() + " "); - counter.count(pet); + public static void main(String[] args) { + TypeCounter counter = new TypeCounter(Pet.class); + for (Pet pet : Pets.createArray(20)) { + printnb(pet.getClass().getSimpleName() + " "); + counter.count(pet); + } + print(); + print(counter); } - print(); - print(counter); - } } /* Output: (Sample) Rat Manx Cymric Mutt Pug Cymric Pug Manx Cymric Rat EgyptianMau Hamster EgyptianMau Mutt Mutt Cymric Mouse Pug Mouse Cymric {Mouse=2, Dog=6, Manx=7, EgyptianMau=2, Rodent=5, Pug=3, Mutt=3, Cymric=5, Cat=9, Hamster=1, Pet=20, Rat=2} diff --git a/src/typeinfo/Position.java b/src/typeinfo/Position.java index 4ea36b2..09a9965 100644 --- a/src/typeinfo/Position.java +++ b/src/typeinfo/Position.java @@ -1,31 +1,43 @@ package typeinfo;//: typeinfo/Position.java class Position { - private String title; - private Person person; - public Position(String jobTitle, Person employee) { - title = jobTitle; - person = employee; - if(person == null) { + private String title; + private Person person; + + public Position(String jobTitle, Person employee) { + title = jobTitle; + person = employee; + if (person == null) { + person = Person.NULL; + } + } + + public Position(String jobTitle) { + title = jobTitle; person = Person.NULL; } - } - public Position(String jobTitle) { - title = jobTitle; - person = Person.NULL; - } - public String getTitle() { return title; } - public void setTitle(String newTitle) { - title = newTitle; - } - public Person getPerson() { return person; } - public void setPerson(Person newPerson) { - person = newPerson; - if(person == null) { - person = Person.NULL; + + public String getTitle() { + return title; + } + + public void setTitle(String newTitle) { + title = newTitle; + } + + public Person getPerson() { + return person; + } + + public void setPerson(Person newPerson) { + person = newPerson; + if (person == null) { + person = Person.NULL; + } + } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return "Position: " + title + " " + person; } - } - public String toString() { - return "Position: " + title + " " + person; - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/typeinfo/RegisteredFactories.java b/src/typeinfo/RegisteredFactories.java index 536987b..3423548 100644 --- a/src/typeinfo/RegisteredFactories.java +++ b/src/typeinfo/RegisteredFactories.java @@ -1,98 +1,122 @@ package typeinfo;//: typeinfo/RegisteredFactories.java // Registering Class Factories in the base class. + import typeinfo.factory.*; + import java.util.*; class Part { - public String toString() { - return getClass().getSimpleName(); - } - static List> partFactories = - new ArrayList>(); - static { - // Collections.addAll() gives an "unchecked generic - // array creation ... for varargs parameter" warning. - partFactories.add(new FuelFilter.Factory()); - partFactories.add(new AirFilter.Factory()); - partFactories.add(new CabinAirFilter.Factory()); - partFactories.add(new OilFilter.Factory()); - partFactories.add(new FanBelt.Factory()); - partFactories.add(new PowerSteeringBelt.Factory()); - partFactories.add(new GeneratorBelt.Factory()); - } - private static Random rand = new Random(47); - public static Part createRandom() { - int n = rand.nextInt(partFactories.size()); - return partFactories.get(n).create(); - } -} + @Override + public String toString() { + return getClass().getSimpleName(); + } -class Filter extends Part {} + static List> partFactories = + new ArrayList>(); + + static { + // Collections.addAll() gives an "unchecked generic + // array creation ... for varargs parameter" warning. + partFactories.add(new FuelFilter.Factory()); + partFactories.add(new AirFilter.Factory()); + partFactories.add(new CabinAirFilter.Factory()); + partFactories.add(new OilFilter.Factory()); + partFactories.add(new FanBelt.Factory()); + partFactories.add(new PowerSteeringBelt.Factory()); + partFactories.add(new GeneratorBelt.Factory()); + } + + private static Random rand = new Random(47); + + public static Part createRandom() { + int n = rand.nextInt(partFactories.size()); + return partFactories.get(n).create(); + } +} + +class Filter extends Part { +} class FuelFilter extends Filter { - // Create a Class Factory for each specific type: - public static class Factory - implements typeinfo.factory.Factory { - public FuelFilter create() { return new FuelFilter(); } - } + // Create a Class Factory for each specific type: + public static class Factory + implements typeinfo.factory.Factory { + @Override + public FuelFilter create() { + return new FuelFilter(); + } + } } class AirFilter extends Filter { - public static class Factory - implements typeinfo.factory.Factory { - public AirFilter create() { return new AirFilter(); } - } -} + public static class Factory + implements typeinfo.factory.Factory { + @Override + public AirFilter create() { + return new AirFilter(); + } + } +} class CabinAirFilter extends Filter { - public static class Factory - implements typeinfo.factory.Factory { - public CabinAirFilter create() { - return new CabinAirFilter(); + public static class Factory + implements typeinfo.factory.Factory { + @Override + public CabinAirFilter create() { + return new CabinAirFilter(); + } } - } } class OilFilter extends Filter { - public static class Factory - implements typeinfo.factory.Factory { - public OilFilter create() { return new OilFilter(); } - } -} + public static class Factory + implements typeinfo.factory.Factory { + @Override + public OilFilter create() { + return new OilFilter(); + } + } +} -class Belt extends Part {} +class Belt extends Part { +} class FanBelt extends Belt { - public static class Factory - implements typeinfo.factory.Factory { - public FanBelt create() { return new FanBelt(); } - } + public static class Factory + implements typeinfo.factory.Factory { + @Override + public FanBelt create() { + return new FanBelt(); + } + } } class GeneratorBelt extends Belt { - public static class Factory - implements typeinfo.factory.Factory { - public GeneratorBelt create() { - return new GeneratorBelt(); + public static class Factory + implements typeinfo.factory.Factory { + @Override + public GeneratorBelt create() { + return new GeneratorBelt(); + } } - } -} +} class PowerSteeringBelt extends Belt { - public static class Factory - implements typeinfo.factory.Factory { - public PowerSteeringBelt create() { - return new PowerSteeringBelt(); + public static class Factory + implements typeinfo.factory.Factory { + @Override + public PowerSteeringBelt create() { + return new PowerSteeringBelt(); + } } - } -} +} public class RegisteredFactories { - public static void main(String[] args) { - for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { - System.out.println(Part.createRandom()); + public static void main(String[] args) { + for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { + System.out.println(Part.createRandom()); + } } - } } /* Output: GeneratorBelt CabinAirFilter diff --git a/src/typeinfo/Robot.java b/src/typeinfo/Robot.java index aca8946..64b71ae 100644 --- a/src/typeinfo/Robot.java +++ b/src/typeinfo/Robot.java @@ -1,22 +1,27 @@ package typeinfo;//: typeinfo/Robot.java + import java.util.*; + import net.mindview.util.*; public interface Robot { - String name(); - String model(); - List operations(); - class Test { - public static void test(Robot r) { - if(r instanceof Null) { - System.out.println("[Null Robot]"); - } - System.out.println("Robot name: " + r.name()); - System.out.println("Robot model: " + r.model()); - for(Operation operation : r.operations()) { - System.out.println(operation.description()); - operation.command(); - } + String name(); + + String model(); + + List operations(); + + class Test { + public static void test(Robot r) { + if (r instanceof Null) { + System.out.println("[Null Robot]"); + } + System.out.println("Robot name: " + r.name()); + System.out.println("Robot model: " + r.model()); + for (Operation operation : r.operations()) { + System.out.println(operation.description()); + operation.command(); + } + } } - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/typeinfo/SelectingMethods.java b/src/typeinfo/SelectingMethods.java index 39fd5e1..ae73017 100644 --- a/src/typeinfo/SelectingMethods.java +++ b/src/typeinfo/SelectingMethods.java @@ -1,50 +1,71 @@ package typeinfo;//: typeinfo/SelectingMethods.java // Looking for particular methods in a dynamic proxy. + import java.lang.reflect.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; class MethodSelector implements InvocationHandler { - private Object proxied; - public MethodSelector(Object proxied) { - this.proxied = proxied; - } - public Object - invoke(Object proxy, Method method, Object[] args) - throws Throwable { - if(method.getName().equals("interesting")) { - print("Proxy detected the interesting method"); + private Object proxied; + + public MethodSelector(Object proxied) { + this.proxied = proxied; } - return method.invoke(proxied, args); - } -} + + @Override + public Object + invoke(Object proxy, Method method, Object[] args) + throws Throwable { + if (method.getName().equals("interesting")) { + print("Proxy detected the interesting method"); + } + return method.invoke(proxied, args); + } +} interface SomeMethods { - void boring1(); - void boring2(); - void interesting(String arg); - void boring3(); + void boring1(); + + void boring2(); + + void interesting(String arg); + + void boring3(); } class Implementation implements SomeMethods { - public void boring1() { print("boring1"); } - public void boring2() { print("boring2"); } - public void interesting(String arg) { - print("interesting " + arg); - } - public void boring3() { print("boring3"); } -} + @Override + public void boring1() { + print("boring1"); + } + + @Override + public void boring2() { + print("boring2"); + } + + @Override + public void interesting(String arg) { + print("interesting " + arg); + } + + @Override + public void boring3() { + print("boring3"); + } +} class SelectingMethods { - public static void main(String[] args) { - SomeMethods proxy= (SomeMethods)Proxy.newProxyInstance( - SomeMethods.class.getClassLoader(), - new Class[]{ SomeMethods.class }, - new MethodSelector(new Implementation())); - proxy.boring1(); - proxy.boring2(); - proxy.interesting("bonobo"); - proxy.boring3(); - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + SomeMethods proxy = (SomeMethods) Proxy.newProxyInstance( + SomeMethods.class.getClassLoader(), + new Class[]{SomeMethods.class}, + new MethodSelector(new Implementation())); + proxy.boring1(); + proxy.boring2(); + proxy.interesting("bonobo"); + proxy.boring3(); + } } /* Output: boring1 boring2 diff --git a/src/typeinfo/Shapes.java b/src/typeinfo/Shapes.java index d64365a..e91ac13 100644 --- a/src/typeinfo/Shapes.java +++ b/src/typeinfo/Shapes.java @@ -1,32 +1,46 @@ package typeinfo;//: typeinfo/Shapes.java + import java.util.*; abstract class Shape { - void draw() { System.out.println(this + ".draw()"); } - abstract public String toString(); + void draw() { + System.out.println(this + ".draw()"); + } + + @Override + abstract public String toString(); } class Circle extends Shape { - public String toString() { return "Circle"; } + @Override + public String toString() { + return "Circle"; + } } class Square extends Shape { - public String toString() { return "Square"; } + @Override + public String toString() { + return "Square"; + } } class Triangle extends Shape { - public String toString() { return "Triangle"; } -} + @Override + public String toString() { + return "Triangle"; + } +} public class Shapes { - public static void main(String[] args) { - List shapeList = Arrays.asList( - new Circle(), new Square(), new Triangle() - ); - for(Shape shape : shapeList) { - shape.draw(); + public static void main(String[] args) { + List shapeList = Arrays.asList( + new Circle(), new Square(), new Triangle() + ); + for (Shape shape : shapeList) { + shape.draw(); + } } - } } /* Output: Circle.draw() Square.draw() diff --git a/src/typeinfo/ShowMethods.java b/src/typeinfo/ShowMethods.java index 78e0161..1d87c6c 100644 --- a/src/typeinfo/ShowMethods.java +++ b/src/typeinfo/ShowMethods.java @@ -2,57 +2,60 @@ package typeinfo;//: typeinfo/ShowMethods.java // Using reflection to show all the methods of a class, // even if the methods are defined in the base class. // {Args: ShowMethods} + import java.lang.reflect.*; import java.util.regex.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; public class ShowMethods { - private static String usage = - "usage:\n" + - "ShowMethods qualified.class.name\n" + - "To show all methods in class or:\n" + - "ShowMethods qualified.class.name word\n" + - "To search for methods involving 'word'"; - private static Pattern p = Pattern.compile("\\w+\\."); - public static void main(String[] args) { - if(args.length < 1) { - print(usage); - System.exit(0); - } - int lines = 0; - try { - Class c = Class.forName(args[0]); - Method[] methods = c.getMethods(); - Constructor[] ctors = c.getConstructors(); - if(args.length == 1) { - for(Method method : methods) { - print( - p.matcher(method.toString()).replaceAll("")); + private static String usage = + "usage:\n" + + "ShowMethods qualified.class.name\n" + + "To show all methods in class or:\n" + + "ShowMethods qualified.class.name word\n" + + "To search for methods involving 'word'"; + private static Pattern p = Pattern.compile("\\w+\\."); + + public static void main(String[] args) { + if (args.length < 1) { + print(usage); + System.exit(0); } - for(Constructor ctor : ctors) { - print(p.matcher(ctor.toString()).replaceAll("")); - } - lines = methods.length + ctors.length; - } else { - for(Method method : methods) { - if(method.toString().indexOf(args[1]) != -1) { - print( - p.matcher(method.toString()).replaceAll("")); - lines++; + int lines = 0; + try { + Class c = Class.forName(args[0]); + Method[] methods = c.getMethods(); + Constructor[] ctors = c.getConstructors(); + if (args.length == 1) { + for (Method method : methods) { + print( + p.matcher(method.toString()).replaceAll("")); + } + for (Constructor ctor : ctors) { + print(p.matcher(ctor.toString()).replaceAll("")); + } + lines = methods.length + ctors.length; + } else { + for (Method method : methods) { + if (method.toString().indexOf(args[1]) != -1) { + print( + p.matcher(method.toString()).replaceAll("")); + lines++; + } + } + for (Constructor ctor : ctors) { + if (ctor.toString().indexOf(args[1]) != -1) { + print(p.matcher( + ctor.toString()).replaceAll("")); + lines++; + } + } } + } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) { + print("No such class: " + e); } - for(Constructor ctor : ctors) { - if(ctor.toString().indexOf(args[1]) != -1) { - print(p.matcher( - ctor.toString()).replaceAll("")); - lines++; - } - } - } - } catch(ClassNotFoundException e) { - print("No such class: " + e); } - } } /* Output: public static void main(String[]) public native int hashCode() diff --git a/src/typeinfo/SimpleDynamicProxy.java b/src/typeinfo/SimpleDynamicProxy.java index 5f58bee..a925d06 100644 --- a/src/typeinfo/SimpleDynamicProxy.java +++ b/src/typeinfo/SimpleDynamicProxy.java @@ -1,40 +1,45 @@ package typeinfo;//: typeinfo/SimpleDynamicProxy.java + import java.lang.reflect.*; class DynamicProxyHandler implements InvocationHandler { - private Object proxied; - public DynamicProxyHandler(Object proxied) { - this.proxied = proxied; - } - public Object - invoke(Object proxy, Method method, Object[] args) - throws Throwable { - System.out.println("**** proxy: " + proxy.getClass() + - ", method: " + method + ", args: " + args); - if(args != null) { - for(Object arg : args) { - System.out.println(" " + arg); - } + private Object proxied; + + public DynamicProxyHandler(Object proxied) { + this.proxied = proxied; } - return method.invoke(proxied, args); - } -} + + @Override + public Object + invoke(Object proxy, Method method, Object[] args) + throws Throwable { + System.out.println("**** proxy: " + proxy.getClass() + + ", method: " + method + ", args: " + args); + if (args != null) { + for (Object arg : args) { + System.out.println(" " + arg); + } + } + return method.invoke(proxied, args); + } +} class SimpleDynamicProxy { - public static void consumer(Interface iface) { - iface.doSomething(); - iface.somethingElse("bonobo"); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - RealObject real = new RealObject(); - consumer(real); - // Insert a proxy and call again: - Interface proxy = (Interface)Proxy.newProxyInstance( - Interface.class.getClassLoader(), - new Class[]{ Interface.class }, - new DynamicProxyHandler(real)); - consumer(proxy); - } + public static void consumer(Interface iface) { + iface.doSomething(); + iface.somethingElse("bonobo"); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + RealObject real = new RealObject(); + consumer(real); + // Insert a proxy and call again: + Interface proxy = (Interface) Proxy.newProxyInstance( + Interface.class.getClassLoader(), + new Class[]{Interface.class}, + new DynamicProxyHandler(real)); + consumer(proxy); + } } /* Output: (95% match) doSomething somethingElse bonobo diff --git a/src/typeinfo/SimpleProxyDemo.java b/src/typeinfo/SimpleProxyDemo.java index bee7101..085a1cc 100644 --- a/src/typeinfo/SimpleProxyDemo.java +++ b/src/typeinfo/SimpleProxyDemo.java @@ -1,42 +1,55 @@ package typeinfo;//: typeinfo/SimpleProxyDemo.java + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; interface Interface { - void doSomething(); - void somethingElse(String arg); + void doSomething(); + + void somethingElse(String arg); } class RealObject implements Interface { - public void doSomething() { print("doSomething"); } - public void somethingElse(String arg) { - print("somethingElse " + arg); - } -} + @Override + public void doSomething() { + print("doSomething"); + } + + @Override + public void somethingElse(String arg) { + print("somethingElse " + arg); + } +} class SimpleProxy implements Interface { - private Interface proxied; - public SimpleProxy(Interface proxied) { - this.proxied = proxied; - } - public void doSomething() { - print("SimpleProxy doSomething"); - proxied.doSomething(); - } - public void somethingElse(String arg) { - print("SimpleProxy somethingElse " + arg); - proxied.somethingElse(arg); - } -} + private Interface proxied; + + public SimpleProxy(Interface proxied) { + this.proxied = proxied; + } + + @Override + public void doSomething() { + print("SimpleProxy doSomething"); + proxied.doSomething(); + } + + @Override + public void somethingElse(String arg) { + print("SimpleProxy somethingElse " + arg); + proxied.somethingElse(arg); + } +} class SimpleProxyDemo { - public static void consumer(Interface iface) { - iface.doSomething(); - iface.somethingElse("bonobo"); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - consumer(new RealObject()); - consumer(new SimpleProxy(new RealObject())); - } + public static void consumer(Interface iface) { + iface.doSomething(); + iface.somethingElse("bonobo"); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + consumer(new RealObject()); + consumer(new SimpleProxy(new RealObject())); + } } /* Output: doSomething somethingElse bonobo diff --git a/src/typeinfo/SnowRemovalRobot.java b/src/typeinfo/SnowRemovalRobot.java index 83947b8..b50f7b0 100644 --- a/src/typeinfo/SnowRemovalRobot.java +++ b/src/typeinfo/SnowRemovalRobot.java @@ -1,42 +1,63 @@ package typeinfo;//: typeinfo/SnowRemovalRobot.java + import java.util.*; public class SnowRemovalRobot implements Robot { - private String name; - public SnowRemovalRobot(String name) {this.name = name;} - public String name() { return name; } - public String model() { return "SnowBot Series 11"; } - public List operations() { - return Arrays.asList( - new Operation() { - public String description() { - return name + " can shovel snow"; - } - public void command() { - System.out.println(name + " shoveling snow"); - } - }, - new Operation() { - public String description() { - return name + " can chip ice"; - } - public void command() { - System.out.println(name + " chipping ice"); - } - }, - new Operation() { - public String description() { - return name + " can clear the roof"; - } - public void command() { - System.out.println(name + " clearing roof"); - } - } - ); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - Robot.Test.test(new SnowRemovalRobot("Slusher")); - } + private String name; + + public SnowRemovalRobot(String name) { + this.name = name; + } + + public String name() { + return name; + } + + public String model() { + return "SnowBot Series 11"; + } + + public List operations() { + return Arrays.asList( + new Operation() { + @Override + public String description() { + return name + " can shovel snow"; + } + + @Override + public void command() { + System.out.println(name + " shoveling snow"); + } + }, + new Operation() { + @Override + public String description() { + return name + " can chip ice"; + } + + @Override + public void command() { + System.out.println(name + " chipping ice"); + } + }, + new Operation() { + @Override + public String description() { + return name + " can clear the roof"; + } + + @Override + public void command() { + System.out.println(name + " clearing roof"); + } + } + ); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + Robot.Test.test(new SnowRemovalRobot("Slusher")); + } } /* Output: Robot name: Slusher Robot model: SnowBot Series 11 diff --git a/src/typeinfo/Staff.java b/src/typeinfo/Staff.java index 0922d66..aca7e99 100644 --- a/src/typeinfo/Staff.java +++ b/src/typeinfo/Staff.java @@ -1,53 +1,61 @@ package typeinfo;//: typeinfo/Staff.java + import java.util.*; public class Staff extends ArrayList { - public void add(String title, Person person) { - add(new Position(title, person)); - } - public void add(String... titles) { - for(String title : titles) { - add(new Position(title)); + public void add(String title, Person person) { + add(new Position(title, person)); } - } - public Staff(String... titles) { add(titles); } - public boolean positionAvailable(String title) { - for(Position position : this) { - if(position.getTitle().equals(title) && - position.getPerson() == Person.NULL) { - return true; + + public void add(String... titles) { + for (String title : titles) { + add(new Position(title)); } } - return false; - } - public void fillPosition(String title, Person hire) { - for(Position position : this) { - if(position.getTitle().equals(title) && - position.getPerson() == Person.NULL) { - position.setPerson(hire); - return; + + public Staff(String... titles) { + add(titles); + } + + public boolean positionAvailable(String title) { + for (Position position : this) { + if (position.getTitle().equals(title) && + position.getPerson() == Person.NULL) { + return true; + } } + return false; } - throw new RuntimeException( - "Position " + title + " not available"); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - Staff staff = new Staff("President", "CTO", - "Marketing Manager", "Product Manager", - "Project Lead", "Software Engineer", - "Software Engineer", "Software Engineer", - "Software Engineer", "Test Engineer", - "Technical Writer"); - staff.fillPosition("President", - new Person("Me", "Last", "The Top, Lonely At")); - staff.fillPosition("Project Lead", - new Person("Janet", "Planner", "The Burbs")); - if(staff.positionAvailable("Software Engineer")) { - staff.fillPosition("Software Engineer", - new Person("Bob", "Coder", "Bright Light City")); + + public void fillPosition(String title, Person hire) { + for (Position position : this) { + if (position.getTitle().equals(title) && + position.getPerson() == Person.NULL) { + position.setPerson(hire); + return; + } + } + throw new RuntimeException( + "Position " + title + " not available"); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + Staff staff = new Staff("President", "CTO", + "Marketing Manager", "Product Manager", + "Project Lead", "Software Engineer", + "Software Engineer", "Software Engineer", + "Software Engineer", "Test Engineer", + "Technical Writer"); + staff.fillPosition("President", + new Person("Me", "Last", "The Top, Lonely At")); + staff.fillPosition("Project Lead", + new Person("Janet", "Planner", "The Burbs")); + if (staff.positionAvailable("Software Engineer")) { + staff.fillPosition("Software Engineer", + new Person("Bob", "Coder", "Bright Light City")); + } + System.out.println(staff); } - System.out.println(staff); - } } /* Output: [Position: President Person: Me Last The Top, Lonely At, Position: CTO NullPerson, Position: Marketing Manager NullPerson, Position: Product Manager NullPerson, Position: Project Lead Person: Janet Planner The Burbs, Position: Software Engineer Person: Bob Coder Bright Light City, Position: Software Engineer NullPerson, Position: Software Engineer NullPerson, Position: Software Engineer NullPerson, Position: Test Engineer NullPerson, Position: Technical Writer NullPerson] *///:~ diff --git a/src/typeinfo/SweetShop.java b/src/typeinfo/SweetShop.java index d163c7e..48ff6fb 100644 --- a/src/typeinfo/SweetShop.java +++ b/src/typeinfo/SweetShop.java @@ -1,33 +1,40 @@ package typeinfo;//: typeinfo/SweetShop.java // Examination of the way the class loader works. + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; class Candy { - static { print("Loading Candy"); } + static { + print("Loading Candy"); + } } class Gum { - static { print("Loading Gum"); } + static { + print("Loading Gum"); + } } class Cookie { - static { print("Loading Cookie"); } + static { + print("Loading Cookie"); + } } public class SweetShop { - public static void main(String[] args) { - print("inside main"); - new Candy(); - print("After creating Candy"); - try { - Class.forName("Gum"); - } catch(ClassNotFoundException e) { - print("Couldn't find Gum"); + public static void main(String[] args) { + print("inside main"); + new Candy(); + print("After creating Candy"); + try { + Class.forName("Gum"); + } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) { + print("Couldn't find Gum"); + } + print("After Class.forName(\"Gum\")"); + new Cookie(); + print("After creating Cookie"); } - print("After Class.forName(\"Gum\")"); - new Cookie(); - print("After creating Cookie"); - } } /* Output: inside main Loading Candy diff --git a/src/typeinfo/WildcardClassReferences.java b/src/typeinfo/WildcardClassReferences.java index 04dfc5f..b6b0c56 100644 --- a/src/typeinfo/WildcardClassReferences.java +++ b/src/typeinfo/WildcardClassReferences.java @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ package typeinfo;//: typeinfo/WildcardClassReferences.java public class WildcardClassReferences { - public static void main(String[] args) { - Class intClass = int.class; - intClass = double.class; - } + public static void main(String[] args) { + Class intClass = int.class; + intClass = double.class; + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/typeinfo/build.xml b/src/typeinfo/build.xml index bef1704..cb849c3 100644 --- a/src/typeinfo/build.xml +++ b/src/typeinfo/build.xml @@ -1,370 +1,370 @@ + basedir="." + default="run" + name="Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel (chapter: typeinfo)"> - - build.xml for the source code for the typeinfo chapter of - Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel - Source code available at http://www.MindView.net - See copyright notice in CopyRight.txt + + build.xml for the source code for the typeinfo chapter of + Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel + Source code available at http://www.MindView.net + See copyright notice in CopyRight.txt - Ant available from: http://jakarta.apache.org/ant + Ant available from: http://jakarta.apache.org/ant - To see options, type: ant -p + To see options, type: ant -p - This file was automatically generated by AntBuilder - + This file was automatically generated by AntBuilder + - - - + + + - - - - - - + + + + + + - - - - - - + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - - - + + + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/src/typeinfo/factory/Factory.java b/src/typeinfo/factory/Factory.java index cfd268f..af61da8 100644 --- a/src/typeinfo/factory/Factory.java +++ b/src/typeinfo/factory/Factory.java @@ -1,3 +1,6 @@ //: typeinfo/factory/Factory.java package typeinfo.factory; -public interface Factory { T create(); } ///:~ + +public interface Factory { + T create(); +} ///:~ diff --git a/src/typeinfo/interfacea/A.java b/src/typeinfo/interfacea/A.java index d1eb6c6..9f4931c 100644 --- a/src/typeinfo/interfacea/A.java +++ b/src/typeinfo/interfacea/A.java @@ -2,5 +2,5 @@ package typeinfo.interfacea; public interface A { - void f(); + void f(); } ///:~ diff --git a/src/typeinfo/packageaccess/HiddenC.java b/src/typeinfo/packageaccess/HiddenC.java index 2505e50..c3ac2cb 100644 --- a/src/typeinfo/packageaccess/HiddenC.java +++ b/src/typeinfo/packageaccess/HiddenC.java @@ -1,16 +1,35 @@ //: typeinfo/packageaccess/HiddenC.java package typeinfo.packageaccess; + import typeinfo.interfacea.*; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; class C implements A { - public void f() { print("public C.f()"); } - public void g() { print("public C.g()"); } - void u() { print("package C.u()"); } - protected void v() { print("protected C.v()"); } - private void w() { print("private C.w()"); } + @Override + public void f() { + print("public C.f()"); + } + + public void g() { + print("public C.g()"); + } + + void u() { + print("package C.u()"); + } + + protected void v() { + print("protected C.v()"); + } + + private void w() { + print("private C.w()"); + } } public class HiddenC { - public static A makeA() { return new C(); } + public static A makeA() { + return new C(); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/typeinfo/pets/Cat.java b/src/typeinfo/pets/Cat.java index eba7fe4..c55b106 100644 --- a/src/typeinfo/pets/Cat.java +++ b/src/typeinfo/pets/Cat.java @@ -2,6 +2,11 @@ package typeinfo.pets; public class Cat extends Pet { - public Cat(String name) { super(name); } - public Cat() { super(); } + public Cat(String name) { + super(name); + } + + public Cat() { + super(); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/typeinfo/pets/Cymric.java b/src/typeinfo/pets/Cymric.java index 60d5a95..cf9f5f4 100644 --- a/src/typeinfo/pets/Cymric.java +++ b/src/typeinfo/pets/Cymric.java @@ -2,6 +2,11 @@ package typeinfo.pets; public class Cymric extends Manx { - public Cymric(String name) { super(name); } - public Cymric() { super(); } + public Cymric(String name) { + super(name); + } + + public Cymric() { + super(); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/typeinfo/pets/Dog.java b/src/typeinfo/pets/Dog.java index 1cd2e44..237748b 100644 --- a/src/typeinfo/pets/Dog.java +++ b/src/typeinfo/pets/Dog.java @@ -2,6 +2,11 @@ package typeinfo.pets; public class Dog extends Pet { - public Dog(String name) { super(name); } - public Dog() { super(); } + public Dog(String name) { + super(name); + } + + public Dog() { + super(); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/typeinfo/pets/EgyptianMau.java b/src/typeinfo/pets/EgyptianMau.java index 68480d1..7b9bdf9 100644 --- a/src/typeinfo/pets/EgyptianMau.java +++ b/src/typeinfo/pets/EgyptianMau.java @@ -2,6 +2,11 @@ package typeinfo.pets; public class EgyptianMau extends Cat { - public EgyptianMau(String name) { super(name); } - public EgyptianMau() { super(); } + public EgyptianMau(String name) { + super(name); + } + + public EgyptianMau() { + super(); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/typeinfo/pets/ForNameCreator.java b/src/typeinfo/pets/ForNameCreator.java index 54d57ea..5bf78e5 100644 --- a/src/typeinfo/pets/ForNameCreator.java +++ b/src/typeinfo/pets/ForNameCreator.java @@ -1,32 +1,41 @@ //: typeinfo/pets/ForNameCreator.java package typeinfo.pets; + import java.util.*; public class ForNameCreator extends PetCreator { - private static List> types = - new ArrayList>(); - // Types that you want to be randomly created: - private static String[] typeNames = { - "typeinfo.pets.Mutt", - "typeinfo.pets.Pug", - "typeinfo.pets.EgyptianMau", - "typeinfo.pets.Manx", - "typeinfo.pets.Cymric", - "typeinfo.pets.Rat", - "typeinfo.pets.Mouse", - "typeinfo.pets.Hamster" - }; - @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") - private static void loader() { - try { - for(String name : typeNames) { - types.add( - (Class)Class.forName(name)); - } - } catch(ClassNotFoundException e) { - throw new RuntimeException(e); + private static List> types = + new ArrayList>(); + // Types that you want to be randomly created: + private static String[] typeNames = { + "typeinfo.pets.Mutt", + "typeinfo.pets.Pug", + "typeinfo.pets.EgyptianMau", + "typeinfo.pets.Manx", + "typeinfo.pets.Cymric", + "typeinfo.pets.Rat", + "typeinfo.pets.Mouse", + "typeinfo.pets.Hamster" + }; + + @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") + private static void loader() { + try { + for (String name : typeNames) { + types.add( + (Class) Class.forName(name)); + } + } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) { + throw new RuntimeException(e); + } + } + + static { + loader(); + } + + @Override + public List> types() { + return types; } - } - static { loader(); } - public List> types() {return types;} } ///:~ diff --git a/src/typeinfo/pets/Hamster.java b/src/typeinfo/pets/Hamster.java index a797677..46616b7 100644 --- a/src/typeinfo/pets/Hamster.java +++ b/src/typeinfo/pets/Hamster.java @@ -2,6 +2,11 @@ package typeinfo.pets; public class Hamster extends Rodent { - public Hamster(String name) { super(name); } - public Hamster() { super(); } + public Hamster(String name) { + super(name); + } + + public Hamster() { + super(); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/typeinfo/pets/Individual.java b/src/typeinfo/pets/Individual.java index 8cf7727..e44d331 100644 --- a/src/typeinfo/pets/Individual.java +++ b/src/typeinfo/pets/Individual.java @@ -2,43 +2,59 @@ package typeinfo.pets; public class Individual implements Comparable { - private static long counter = 0; - private final long id = counter++; - private String name; - public Individual(String name) { this.name = name; } - // 'name' is optional: - public Individual() {} - public String toString() { - return getClass().getSimpleName() + - (name == null ? "" : " " + name); - } - public long id() { return id; } - public boolean equals(Object o) { - return o instanceof Individual && - id == ((Individual)o).id; - } - public int hashCode() { - int result = 17; - if(name != null) { - result = 37 * result + name.hashCode(); + private static long counter = 0; + private final long id = counter++; + private String name; + + public Individual(String name) { + this.name = name; } - result = 37 * result + (int)id; - return result; - } - public int compareTo(Individual arg) { - // Compare by class name first: - String first = getClass().getSimpleName(); - String argFirst = arg.getClass().getSimpleName(); - int firstCompare = first.compareTo(argFirst); - if(firstCompare != 0) { - return firstCompare; + + // 'name' is optional: + public Individual() { } - if(name != null && arg.name != null) { - int secondCompare = name.compareTo(arg.name); - if(secondCompare != 0) { - return secondCompare; - } + + @Override + public String toString() { + return getClass().getSimpleName() + + (name == null ? "" : " " + name); + } + + public long id() { + return id; + } + + @Override + public boolean equals(Object o) { + return o instanceof Individual && + id == ((Individual) o).id; + } + + @Override + public int hashCode() { + int result = 17; + if (name != null) { + result = 37 * result + name.hashCode(); + } + result = 37 * result + (int) id; + return result; + } + + @Override + public int compareTo(Individual arg) { + // Compare by class name first: + String first = getClass().getSimpleName(); + String argFirst = arg.getClass().getSimpleName(); + int firstCompare = first.compareTo(argFirst); + if (firstCompare != 0) { + return firstCompare; + } + if (name != null && arg.name != null) { + int secondCompare = name.compareTo(arg.name); + if (secondCompare != 0) { + return secondCompare; + } + } + return (arg.id < id ? -1 : (arg.id == id ? 0 : 1)); } - return (arg.id < id ? -1 : (arg.id == id ? 0 : 1)); - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/typeinfo/pets/LiteralPetCreator.java b/src/typeinfo/pets/LiteralPetCreator.java index 5b853e0..af53db1 100644 --- a/src/typeinfo/pets/LiteralPetCreator.java +++ b/src/typeinfo/pets/LiteralPetCreator.java @@ -1,26 +1,30 @@ //: typeinfo/pets/LiteralPetCreator.java // Using class literals. package typeinfo.pets; + import java.util.*; public class LiteralPetCreator extends PetCreator { - // No try block needed. - @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") - public static final List> allTypes = - Collections.unmodifiableList(Arrays.asList( - Pet.class, Dog.class, Cat.class, Rodent.class, - Mutt.class, Pug.class, EgyptianMau.class, Manx.class, - Cymric.class, Rat.class, Mouse.class,Hamster.class)); - // Types for random creation: - private static final List> types = - allTypes.subList(allTypes.indexOf(Mutt.class), - allTypes.size()); - public List> types() { - return types; - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - System.out.println(types); - } + // No try block needed. + @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") + public static final List> allTypes = + Collections.unmodifiableList(Arrays.asList( + Pet.class, Dog.class, Cat.class, Rodent.class, + Mutt.class, Pug.class, EgyptianMau.class, Manx.class, + Cymric.class, Rat.class, Mouse.class, Hamster.class)); + // Types for random creation: + private static final List> types = + allTypes.subList(allTypes.indexOf(Mutt.class), + allTypes.size()); + + @Override + public List> types() { + return types; + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + System.out.println(types); + } } /* Output: [class typeinfo.pets.Mutt, class typeinfo.pets.Pug, class typeinfo.pets.EgyptianMau, class typeinfo.pets.Manx, class typeinfo.pets.Cymric, class typeinfo.pets.Rat, class typeinfo.pets.Mouse, class typeinfo.pets.Hamster] *///:~ diff --git a/src/typeinfo/pets/Manx.java b/src/typeinfo/pets/Manx.java index 939b11d..66a2462 100644 --- a/src/typeinfo/pets/Manx.java +++ b/src/typeinfo/pets/Manx.java @@ -2,6 +2,11 @@ package typeinfo.pets; public class Manx extends Cat { - public Manx(String name) { super(name); } - public Manx() { super(); } + public Manx(String name) { + super(name); + } + + public Manx() { + super(); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/typeinfo/pets/Mouse.java b/src/typeinfo/pets/Mouse.java index d4795b5..1685063 100644 --- a/src/typeinfo/pets/Mouse.java +++ b/src/typeinfo/pets/Mouse.java @@ -2,6 +2,11 @@ package typeinfo.pets; public class Mouse extends Rodent { - public Mouse(String name) { super(name); } - public Mouse() { super(); } + public Mouse(String name) { + super(name); + } + + public Mouse() { + super(); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/typeinfo/pets/Mutt.java b/src/typeinfo/pets/Mutt.java index 4646967..ff8eb4a 100644 --- a/src/typeinfo/pets/Mutt.java +++ b/src/typeinfo/pets/Mutt.java @@ -2,6 +2,11 @@ package typeinfo.pets; public class Mutt extends Dog { - public Mutt(String name) { super(name); } - public Mutt() { super(); } + public Mutt(String name) { + super(name); + } + + public Mutt() { + super(); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/typeinfo/pets/Person.java b/src/typeinfo/pets/Person.java index 83ac004..91370ca 100644 --- a/src/typeinfo/pets/Person.java +++ b/src/typeinfo/pets/Person.java @@ -2,5 +2,7 @@ package typeinfo.pets; public class Person extends Individual { - public Person(String name) { super(name); } + public Person(String name) { + super(name); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/typeinfo/pets/Pet.java b/src/typeinfo/pets/Pet.java index fb390c9..b4a6eb3 100644 --- a/src/typeinfo/pets/Pet.java +++ b/src/typeinfo/pets/Pet.java @@ -2,6 +2,11 @@ package typeinfo.pets; public class Pet extends Individual { - public Pet(String name) { super(name); } - public Pet() { super(); } + public Pet(String name) { + super(name); + } + + public Pet() { + super(); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/typeinfo/pets/PetCreator.java b/src/typeinfo/pets/PetCreator.java index a62ccd9..1ca6df5 100644 --- a/src/typeinfo/pets/PetCreator.java +++ b/src/typeinfo/pets/PetCreator.java @@ -1,32 +1,37 @@ //: typeinfo/pets/PetCreator.java // Creates random sequences of Pets. package typeinfo.pets; + import java.util.*; public abstract class PetCreator { - private Random rand = new Random(47); - // The List of the different types of Pet to create: - public abstract List> types(); - public Pet randomPet() { // Create one random Pet - int n = rand.nextInt(types().size()); - try { - return types().get(n).newInstance(); - } catch(InstantiationException e) { - throw new RuntimeException(e); - } catch(IllegalAccessException e) { - throw new RuntimeException(e); + private Random rand = new Random(47); + + // The List of the different types of Pet to create: + public abstract List> types(); + + public Pet randomPet() { // Create one random Pet + int n = rand.nextInt(types().size()); + try { + return types().get(n).newInstance(); + } catch (InstantiationException e) { + throw new RuntimeException(e); + } catch (IllegalAccessException e) { + throw new RuntimeException(e); + } } - } - public Pet[] createArray(int size) { - Pet[] result = new Pet[size]; - for(int i = 0; i < size; i++) { - result[i] = randomPet(); + + public Pet[] createArray(int size) { + Pet[] result = new Pet[size]; + for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) { + result[i] = randomPet(); + } + return result; + } + + public ArrayList arrayList(int size) { + ArrayList result = new ArrayList(); + Collections.addAll(result, createArray(size)); + return result; } - return result; - } - public ArrayList arrayList(int size) { - ArrayList result = new ArrayList(); - Collections.addAll(result, createArray(size)); - return result; - } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/typeinfo/pets/Pets.java b/src/typeinfo/pets/Pets.java index bedf658..f029b0d 100644 --- a/src/typeinfo/pets/Pets.java +++ b/src/typeinfo/pets/Pets.java @@ -1,18 +1,22 @@ //: typeinfo/pets/Pets.java // Facade to produce a default PetCreator. package typeinfo.pets; + import java.util.*; public class Pets { - public static final PetCreator creator = - new LiteralPetCreator(); - public static Pet randomPet() { - return creator.randomPet(); - } - public static Pet[] createArray(int size) { - return creator.createArray(size); - } - public static ArrayList arrayList(int size) { - return creator.arrayList(size); - } + public static final PetCreator creator = + new LiteralPetCreator(); + + public static Pet randomPet() { + return creator.randomPet(); + } + + public static Pet[] createArray(int size) { + return creator.createArray(size); + } + + public static ArrayList arrayList(int size) { + return creator.arrayList(size); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/typeinfo/pets/Pug.java b/src/typeinfo/pets/Pug.java index 853b969..7935361 100644 --- a/src/typeinfo/pets/Pug.java +++ b/src/typeinfo/pets/Pug.java @@ -2,6 +2,11 @@ package typeinfo.pets; public class Pug extends Dog { - public Pug(String name) { super(name); } - public Pug() { super(); } + public Pug(String name) { + super(name); + } + + public Pug() { + super(); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/typeinfo/pets/Rat.java b/src/typeinfo/pets/Rat.java index 7e89c14..31b6838 100644 --- a/src/typeinfo/pets/Rat.java +++ b/src/typeinfo/pets/Rat.java @@ -2,6 +2,11 @@ package typeinfo.pets; public class Rat extends Rodent { - public Rat(String name) { super(name); } - public Rat() { super(); } + public Rat(String name) { + super(name); + } + + public Rat() { + super(); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/typeinfo/pets/Rodent.java b/src/typeinfo/pets/Rodent.java index 6ed2c14..a01ec5b 100644 --- a/src/typeinfo/pets/Rodent.java +++ b/src/typeinfo/pets/Rodent.java @@ -2,6 +2,11 @@ package typeinfo.pets; public class Rodent extends Pet { - public Rodent(String name) { super(name); } - public Rodent() { super(); } + public Rodent(String name) { + super(name); + } + + public Rodent() { + super(); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/typeinfo/toys/GenericToyTest.java b/src/typeinfo/toys/GenericToyTest.java index a07425a..ef3358b 100644 --- a/src/typeinfo/toys/GenericToyTest.java +++ b/src/typeinfo/toys/GenericToyTest.java @@ -3,14 +3,14 @@ package typeinfo.toys; public class GenericToyTest { - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - Class ftClass = FancyToy.class; - // Produces exact type: - FancyToy fancyToy = ftClass.newInstance(); - Class up = ftClass.getSuperclass(); - // This won't compile: - // Class up2 = ftClass.getSuperclass(); - // Only produces Object: - Object obj = up.newInstance(); - } + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + Class ftClass = FancyToy.class; + // Produces exact type: + FancyToy fancyToy = ftClass.newInstance(); + Class up = ftClass.getSuperclass(); + // This won't compile: + // Class up2 = ftClass.getSuperclass(); + // Only produces Object: + Object obj = up.newInstance(); + } } ///:~ diff --git a/src/typeinfo/toys/ToyTest.java b/src/typeinfo/toys/ToyTest.java index d52ab47..4fceb1f 100644 --- a/src/typeinfo/toys/ToyTest.java +++ b/src/typeinfo/toys/ToyTest.java @@ -1,57 +1,69 @@ //: typeinfo/toys/ToyTest.java // Testing class Class. package typeinfo.toys; + import static net.mindview.util.Print.*; -interface HasBatteries {} -interface Waterproof {} -interface Shoots {} +interface HasBatteries { +} + +interface Waterproof { +} + +interface Shoots { +} class Toy { - // Comment out the following default constructor - // to see NoSuchMethodError from (*1*) - Toy() {} - Toy(int i) {} + // Comment out the following default constructor + // to see NoSuchMethodError from (*1*) + Toy() { + } + + Toy(int i) { + } } class FancyToy extends Toy -implements HasBatteries, Waterproof, Shoots { - FancyToy() { super(1); } + implements HasBatteries, Waterproof, Shoots { + FancyToy() { + super(1); + } } public class ToyTest { - static void printInfo(Class cc) { - print("Class name: " + cc.getName() + - " is interface? [" + cc.isInterface() + "]"); - print("Simple name: " + cc.getSimpleName()); - print("Canonical name : " + cc.getCanonicalName()); - } - public static void main(String[] args) { - Class c = null; - try { - c = Class.forName("typeinfo.toys.FancyToy"); - } catch(ClassNotFoundException e) { - print("Can't find FancyToy"); - System.exit(1); + static void printInfo(Class cc) { + print("Class name: " + cc.getName() + + " is interface? [" + cc.isInterface() + "]"); + print("Simple name: " + cc.getSimpleName()); + print("Canonical name : " + cc.getCanonicalName()); } - printInfo(c); - for(Class face : c.getInterfaces()) { - printInfo(face); + + public static void main(String[] args) { + Class c = null; + try { + c = Class.forName("typeinfo.toys.FancyToy"); + } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) { + print("Can't find FancyToy"); + System.exit(1); + } + printInfo(c); + for (Class face : c.getInterfaces()) { + printInfo(face); + } + Class up = c.getSuperclass(); + Object obj = null; + try { + // Requires default constructor: + obj = up.newInstance(); + } catch (InstantiationException e) { + print("Cannot instantiate"); + System.exit(1); + } catch (IllegalAccessException e) { + print("Cannot access"); + System.exit(1); + } + printInfo(obj.getClass()); } - Class up = c.getSuperclass(); - Object obj = null; - try { - // Requires default constructor: - obj = up.newInstance(); - } catch(InstantiationException e) { - print("Cannot instantiate"); - System.exit(1); - } catch(IllegalAccessException e) { - print("Cannot access"); - System.exit(1); - } - printInfo(obj.getClass()); - } } /* Output: Class name: typeinfo.toys.FancyToy is interface? [false] Simple name: FancyToy diff --git a/xml/People.java b/xml/People.java index 4ad6690..ecb8097 100644 --- a/xml/People.java +++ b/xml/People.java @@ -2,21 +2,24 @@ // {Requires: nu.xom.Node; You must install // the XOM library from http://www.xom.nu } // {RunFirst: Person} + import nu.xom.*; + import java.util.*; public class People extends ArrayList { - public People(String fileName) throws Exception { - Document doc = new Builder().build(fileName); - Elements elements = - doc.getRootElement().getChildElements(); - for(int i = 0; i < elements.size(); i++) - add(new Person(elements.get(i))); - } - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - People p = new People("People.xml"); - System.out.println(p); - } + public People(String fileName) throws Exception { + Document doc = new Builder().build(fileName); + Elements elements = + doc.getRootElement().getChildElements(); + for (int i = 0; i < elements.size(); i++) + add(new Person(elements.get(i))); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + People p = new People("People.xml"); + System.out.println(p); + } } /* Output: [Dr. Bunsen Honeydew, Gonzo The Great, Phillip J. Fry] *///:~ diff --git a/xml/Person.java b/xml/Person.java index 1167140..349f9ee 100644 --- a/xml/Person.java +++ b/xml/Person.java @@ -2,56 +2,66 @@ // Use the XOM library to write and read XML // {Requires: nu.xom.Node; You must install // the XOM library from http://www.xom.nu } + import nu.xom.*; + import java.io.*; import java.util.*; public class Person { - private String first, last; - public Person(String first, String last) { - this.first = first; - this.last = last; - } - // Produce an XML Element from this Person object: - public Element getXML() { - Element person = new Element("person"); - Element firstName = new Element("first"); - firstName.appendChild(first); - Element lastName = new Element("last"); - lastName.appendChild(last); - person.appendChild(firstName); - person.appendChild(lastName); - return person; - } - // Constructor to restore a Person from an XML Element: - public Person(Element person) { - first= person.getFirstChildElement("first").getValue(); - last = person.getFirstChildElement("last").getValue(); - } - public String toString() { return first + " " + last; } - // Make it human-readable: - public static void - format(OutputStream os, Document doc) throws Exception { - Serializer serializer= new Serializer(os,"ISO-8859-1"); - serializer.setIndent(4); - serializer.setMaxLength(60); - serializer.write(doc); - serializer.flush(); - } - public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { - List people = Arrays.asList( - new Person("Dr. Bunsen", "Honeydew"), - new Person("Gonzo", "The Great"), - new Person("Phillip J.", "Fry")); - System.out.println(people); - Element root = new Element("people"); - for(Person p : people) - root.appendChild(p.getXML()); - Document doc = new Document(root); - format(System.out, doc); - format(new BufferedOutputStream(new FileOutputStream( - "People.xml")), doc); - } + private String first, last; + + public Person(String first, String last) { + this.first = first; + this.last = last; + } + + // Produce an XML Element from this Person object: + public Element getXML() { + Element person = new Element("person"); + Element firstName = new Element("first"); + firstName.appendChild(first); + Element lastName = new Element("last"); + lastName.appendChild(last); + person.appendChild(firstName); + person.appendChild(lastName); + return person; + } + + // Constructor to restore a Person from an XML Element: + public Person(Element person) { + first = person.getFirstChildElement("first").getValue(); + last = person.getFirstChildElement("last").getValue(); + } + + public String toString() { + return first + " " + last; + } + + // Make it human-readable: + public static void + format(OutputStream os, Document doc) throws Exception { + Serializer serializer = new Serializer(os, "ISO-8859-1"); + serializer.setIndent(4); + serializer.setMaxLength(60); + serializer.write(doc); + serializer.flush(); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { + List people = Arrays.asList( + new Person("Dr. Bunsen", "Honeydew"), + new Person("Gonzo", "The Great"), + new Person("Phillip J.", "Fry")); + System.out.println(people); + Element root = new Element("people"); + for (Person p : people) + root.appendChild(p.getXML()); + Document doc = new Document(root); + format(System.out, doc); + format(new BufferedOutputStream(new FileOutputStream( + "People.xml")), doc); + } } /* Output: [Dr. Bunsen Honeydew, Gonzo The Great, Phillip J. Fry] diff --git a/xml/build.xml b/xml/build.xml index 04c70f1..3cbfe1c 100644 --- a/xml/build.xml +++ b/xml/build.xml @@ -1,85 +1,85 @@ + basedir="." + default="run" + name="Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel (chapter: xml)"> - - build.xml for the source code for the xml chapter of - Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel - Source code available at http://www.MindView.net - See copyright notice in CopyRight.txt + + build.xml for the source code for the xml chapter of + Thinking in Java, 4th Edition by Bruce Eckel + Source code available at http://www.MindView.net + See copyright notice in CopyRight.txt - Ant available from: http://jakarta.apache.org/ant + Ant available from: http://jakarta.apache.org/ant - To see options, type: ant -p + To see options, type: ant -p - This file was automatically generated by AntBuilder - + This file was automatically generated by AntBuilder + - - - + + + - + - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - - - - + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + +